APPLIED

THERMAL
ENGINEERING
Prof. K. K.SHARMA
 CONTENTS
a) Power producing devices
Boiler

Internal combustion engine

Turbines

b) Power absorbing devices

Pump

Compressor

Refrigeration

Window air conditioner

 CONTENTS
c) Power plant engineering
Conventional & non-conventional
energy resources
Thermal power plant
Hydro-electric power plant
Nuclear power plant
Wind power plant
Solar power plant
 POWER PRODUCING
DEVICES
Boiler

Internal combustion
engine (I.C. ENGINE)

Turbines
Boiler or steam generator
FUNCTION
It converts the
water in to steam by
application of heat
energy.
The heat energy
required for generation
of steam is produced by
burning of fuel in closed
furnace.
STEAM POWER PLANT
CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER
A.) According to relative position
of Water and Flue gases

1. Fire Tube Boiler

2. Water Tube Boiler

CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER
B) According to water circulation
arrangement
1)Natural circulation
2)Forced circulation
C) According to use
1) Stationary boilers
2) Mobile boilers
 CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER
D) According to position of furnace
1) Internally fired
2) Externally fired

E) According to position of
boiler
1) Horizontal boiler
2) Vertical boiler
3) Inclined boiler
 CLASSIFICATION OF BOILER
F) According to pressure of steam
generation
1) Low pressure boiler (15-20 bar)
2) Medium pressure boiler (20-80bar)
3) High pressure boiler ( more than 80 bar)
4) Super critical boiler (more than 150 bar)
 WATER TUBE BOILER
Water is flowing through the tube
which are surrounded by hot combustion
gases
Examples of Water Tube
Boiler
Babcock- Wilcox

Stirling & package boilers

 FIRE TUBE BOILER
Hot combustion gases flow
through tube which are surrounded by
water
 Examples of Fire Tube
Boiler

Cochran

Lancashire

Locomotive & package boiler

 CRITERIA FOR
SELECTION OF BOILER
1. Floor area available
2. Rate of steam generation
3. Working pressure required
4. Quality of steam required
5. Fuel & water available
6. Repair , operating & maintains cost
Internal combustion
engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
a) According to number of stroke
1. Two stroke engine
2. Four stroke engine
b) According to cycle of combustion
1. Otto cycle engine
2. Diesel cycle engine
3. Dual cycle engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C.
ENGINE
c) According to fuel used
1. Petrol engine

2. Gas engine

3. Diesel engine

d) According to method of ignition

1. S.I. engine

2. C.I. engine
Classification of I.C. engine
e) According cooling system

1. Air cooled engine

2.Water cooled engine

 Classification of i.C. Engine
f) According to speed of engine
1. Low speed engine

2. Medium speed engine

3. High speed engine

 Classification of I.C. engine
g) According to arrangement of cylinder
1. Horizontal engine 2. Vertical engine

3. V-type engine
4. Radial engine
Classification of I.C. engine
h) According to number of cylinder
1. Single cylinder engine

2. Multicylinder engine
Classification of I.C. engine

I) According to their use

1. Stationary engine

2. Marine engine

3. Automobile engine

4. Aero engine
 CONSTRUCTION OF I.C.
ENGINE
A. Parts common to both Petrol and Diesel
engine:
1.Cylinder, 2.Cylinder head,
3. Piston, 4.Piston rings,
5.Gudgeon pin, 6.Connecting rod,
7.Crankshaft, 8.Crank,
9.Engine bearing, 10.Crank case.
11.Flywheel, 12.Governor,
13. Valves and valve operating mechanism.
B. Parts for Petrol engines only:
1. Spark plug,
2. Carburetor,
C. Parts for Diesel engine only :
1. Fuel pump,
2. Injector.
PARTS OF
I.C.
ENGINE

Cylinder

Piston
 Cylinder
It is heart of the engine, in which the piston
reciprocates (moves to and fro) in order to develop
power. It is made of C.I.

Piston
It is reciprocating member of an I.C. engine.
Main function is to transmit the force exerted by the
burning of charge to the connecting rod. The piston
are generally made of aluminum alloys which are light
in weight.
 PARTS OF I.C. ENGINE
Piston
Ring

Piston
 Piston Ring
Generally, there are two sets of rings mounted for
the piston.
The function of the upper rings is to provide air tight
seal to prevent leakage of the burnt gases into the
lower portion.
Similarly, the function of the lower rings is to
provide effective seal to prevent leakage of the oil
into the engine cylinder
 Fuel Cylinder Head
Injector

Cylinder
Head
Cylinder Head
It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, while
other end is open to crank case.
The cylinder head contains inlet and exit
valves for admitting fresh charge and
exhausting the burnt gases
 Connecting Rod

Gudgeon
Pin

Connecting
Rod Crank-
Shaft
Connecting Rod
It is a link between the
piston and crankshaft.
whose main function is
to transmit force from
the piston to the
crankshaft.
Moreover, it converts
reciprocating motion of
the piston into circular
motion of the crankshaft.
 Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon Pin

Gudgeon pin is used to connect piston and

connecting rod
 Crank & Crank Shaft

Crank-Shaft
 Crank shaft
It is considered as the backbone of an I.C.
engine.
The power developed by the engine is
transmitted outside by this shaft.
Valves
Inlet valve
Exhaust valve
 Valves Inlet valve
Exhaust valve
Inlet Cam Exhaust Cam
& Valve & Valve

Spring

Inlet Exhaust
Passage Passage
Valves
Two types of valves are
used in I.C engine :-
1) Inlet valve :- This
valve is used to admit
charge into cylinders.

2) Outlet valve :- This

valve is used to remove
exhaust gases from the
cylinder.
 Flywheel

Crank-
Shaft
 Flywheel
It is a big wheel, mounted on the crankshaft.
It is done by storing excess energy during
power stroke, which is returned during other
stroke.
PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY
Carburetor
 Carburetor
Main function of carburetor is to supply
limited quantity of fuel to engine
PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINES ONLY
Spark plug
Spark plug
It is provided on
petrol engine.
Main function is
ignite air fuel
mixture by
producing spark at
the end of
compression stroke
PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY
Fuel Injector

Nozzle tip with

several small
holes for fuel
spray
 Fuel Injector
Itis provided on Diesel
Engine.
Its function is to inject
diesel at the end of
compression stroke at
very high pressure
PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINES ONLY
Fuel Pump
It is used in diesel engine
It forces the fuel at high pressure
through fuel injector in to the
cylinder at the end of compression
stroke.
 I . C. engine
terminology
1.Bore
The inside
diameter of the
cylinder is called
bore.
 2. Top dead centre (TDC)

The top most

position of piston
towards the cylinder
head is called top
dead centre.
3. Bottom dead centre (BDC)
The Lowest position
of piston towards the
crank case is called
bottom dead centre.
4. Stroke
The maximum
distance travel by
the piston during
its motion from
TDC to BDC is
called stroke.
5. Clearance Volume
The volume
contained in the
cylinder above the
top of the piston,
when the piston is at
top dead centre, is
called the clearance
volume.
 Four Stroke petrol Engine
(S.I. Engine)
The four strokes of a internal combustion engine are:
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust
Each stroke = 180 of
crankshaft revolution.
Each cycle requires two
revolutions of the crankshaft (720
rotation), and one revolution of
the camshaft to complete (360
rotation).
 Intake Stroke
First Stroke
The piston moves down the
cylinder from TDC (Top Dead
Center) to BDC (Bottom Dead
Center).
This movement of piston causes
low air pressure in the cylinder
(vacuum)
Mixture of Air and Fuel in the
ratio of 14.7 : 1 (air : fuel) is drawn
into the cylinder.
Intake valve stays open and the
Exhaust valve stays closed during
this stroke.
 Compression stroke
Second stroke
The piston moves from BDC to TDC
Intake and exhaust valves stay closed

Air and fuel mixture is compressed

8:1 to 12:1

The pressure in the cylinder is raised

 Power stroke
Third stroke
At the end of compression
stroke the sparkplug fires, igniting
the air/fuel mixture.
Both the valves stay closed
in this stroke.
The expanding gases from
the combustion in the cylinder
(with no escape) push the piston
down.
The piston travels from TDC
to BDC.
 Exhaust stroke
Fourth and last stroke
The momentum created
by the Counter-weights on
the crank shaft, move the
piston from BDC to TDC.
The exhaust valve
opens and the burned gases
escape into the exhaust
system.
Intake valve remains closed.
Four strokes

All four strokes :-

1.Suction
2.Compression
3.Power
4.Exhaust
 Four Stroke Diesel Engine
(C.I. Engine)

The only difference

between diesel engine and a
four-stroke gasoline engine
is:
No sparkplug on Diesel
engine.
Has a higher compression
ratio(14:1 to 25:1)
Better fuel mileage.
 Diesel Engine
Intake Stroke:
Piston moves from
TDC to BDC creating
vacuum in the cylinder
Intake valve opens
allowing only air to enter
the cylinder and exhaust
valve remains closed
 Diesel Engine
Compression Stroke
Both valves stay closed
Piston moves from
BDC to TDC , compressing
air to 22:1
Compressing the air
to this extent increases the
temperature inside the
cylinder to above 1000
degree F.
 Diesel Engine
Power Stroke
Both valves stay closed
When the piston is at the
end of compression stroke(TDC)
the injector sprays a mist of
diesel fuel into the cylinder.
When hot air mixes with
diesel fuel an explosion takes
place in the cylinder.
Expanding gases push the
piston from TDC to BDC
 Diesel Engine
Exhaust Stroke

Piston moves from

BDC to TDC
Exhaust valve
opens and the exhaust
gases escape
Intake valve remains
closed
 Diesel Engine Operation
Stroke 3
Stroke 1
(power)
(intake)
diesel is
only air injected, high
enters air temperature
cylinder. ignites diesel.

Stroke 2
(compression)
air is Stroke 4
compressed to (exhaust) burnt
high extent, gases are expelled
raising its from the engine.
temperature.
 Diesel Engine
Four Strokes of Diesel Engine
Operation of two-stroke engine
The two stroke engine
employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to
achieve all the elements of
the cycle in only two
strokes of the piston.
360 degrees rotation
of crankshaft completes
the cycle.
 Intake &
Compression stroke
Intake:- The fuel/air mixture is
first drawn into the crankcase by
the vacuum created during the
upward stroke of the piston
through the reed valve.
Compression:- The piston then
rises, driven by flywheel
momentum, and compresses the
fuel mixture. (At the same time,
another intake stroke is happening
beneath the piston).
Power & Exhaust/Transfer
Stroke
Power:- At the top of the stroke the
spark plug ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands, driving
the piston downward.
Exhaust/Transfer :- Toward the
end of the stroke, the piston exposes
the intake port, allowing the
compressed fuel/air mixture in the
crankcase to escape around the
piston into the main cylinder. This
expels the exhaust gasses out the
exhaust port, usually located on the
opposite side of the cylinder.
Operation of Two-stroke
Operation of Two-stroke
Sr. PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE
no. (S.I. ENGINE) (C.I. ENGINE)

01 Based on Otto cycle Based on diesel cycle

02 Petrol used as fuel. Diesel used as fuel .

03 For ignition Spark plug Spark plug is not

is required. required.

04 In these engine, air In these engine, only

fuel mixture is sucked air is sucked during
during suction stroke. suction stroke.
Sr. PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE
no. (S.I. ENGINE) (C.I. ENGINE)
05 Compression ratio is low Compression ratio is high
(about 6 to 12) (about 14 to 22)

06 Light in weight. Heavier in weight.

07 Due to light in weight threes Due to heavy in weight
engines can rotate at high threes engines can not
speed. rotate at high speed
08 The operation of these The operation of these
engine is silent engine is noisy.

09 Initial cost is low. Initial cost is high.

10 These engines are used in These engines are used
light duty vehicle like heavy duty vehicle like
motor cycle, scooters, buses, trucks etc.
SR. TWO STROKE FOUR STROKE
NO. ENGINE ENGINE

01 The cycle is completed in The cycle is completed in

two stroke of piston or four stroke of piston or
one revolution of crank two revolution of crank
shaft. shaft.
02 One power stroke is One power stroke is
obtained in each obtained in every two
revolution of crank shaft. revolution of crank shaft

03 2- stroke engine have port 4- stroke engine have valve

mechanism. mechanism.

04 The piston head has The piston head is flat.

crown shape.
SR. TWO STROKE FOUR STROKE
NO. ENGINE ENGINE

05 Engine is lighter. Engine is heavier.

06 Construction is Construction is
simple. complicated.

07 Initial cost is less. Initial cost is high.

08 Efficiency is low Efficiency is high.

 Two-stroke engines have three important
advantages over four-stroke engines:

Two-stroke engines do not have valves, which

simplifies their construction and lowers their
weight.
Two-stroke engines fire once every revolution,
while four-stroke engines fire once every other
revolution. This gives two-stroke engines a
significant power boost.
Two-stroke engines can work in any orientation,
which can be important in something like a
chainsaw. A standard four-stroke engine may
have problems with oil flow unless it is upright,
and solving this problem can add complexity to
the engine.
 Two Stroke Advantages
These advantages make two-stroke engines lighter,
simpler and less expensive to manufacture.
Two-stroke engines also have the potential to pack
about twice the power into the same space because
there are twice as many power strokes per
revolution.
The combination of light weight and twice the power
gives two-stroke engines a great power-to-weight
ratio compared to many four-stroke engine designs.
You don't normally see two-stroke engines in cars,
however. That's because two-stroke engines have a
couple of significant disadvantages that will make
more sense once we look at how it operates.
 You can see that the piston is really
doing three different things in a two-
stroke engine:

On one side of the piston is the combustion

chamber, where the piston is compressing the
air/fuel mixture and capturing the energy
released by the ignition of the fuel.
On the other side of the piston is the crankcase,
where the piston is creating a vacuum to suck
in air/fuel from the carburetor through the reed
valve and then pressurizing the crankcase so
that air/fuel is forced into the combustion
chamber.
Meanwhile, the sides of the piston are acting
like valves, covering and uncovering the intake
and exhaust ports drilled into the side of the
cylinder wall.
Oil Requirements
It's really pretty neat to see the piston
doing so many different things! That's
what makes two-stroke engines so
simple and lightweight.
If you have ever used a two-stroke
engine, you know that you have to mix
special two-stroke oil in with the
gasoline.
Now that you understand the two-stroke
cycle you can see why.
In a four-stroke engine, the crankcase is
completely separate from the combustion
chamber, so you can fill the crankcase with
heavy oil to lubricate the crankshaft bearings,
the bearings on either end of the piston's
connecting rod and the cylinder wall.
In a two-stroke engine, on the other hand, the
crankcase is serving as a pressurization
chamber to force air/fuel into the cylinder, so it
can't hold a thick oil. Instead, you mix oil in with
the gas to lubricate the crankshaft, connecting
rod and cylinder walls.
If you forget to mix in the oil, the engine isn't
going to last very long!
 Two-Strokes Usage

You can now see that two-stroke

engines have two important
advantages over four-stroke
engines: They are simpler and
lighter, and they produce about
twice as much power. So why do
cars and trucks use four-stroke
engines?
There are four main reasons:

1. Two-stroke engines don't last nearly as long as four-stroke

engines. The lack of a dedicated lubrication system means that
the parts of a two-stroke engine wear a lot faster.
2. Two-stroke oil is expensive, and you need about 4 ounces of it
per gallon of gas. You would burn about a gallon of oil every
1,000 miles if you used a two-stroke engine in a car.
3. Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would
get fewer miles per gallon.
4. Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution -- so much, in
fact, that it is likely that you won't see them around too much
longer. The pollution comes from two sources. The first is the
combustion of the oil. The oil makes all two-stroke engines
smoky to some extent, and a badly worn two-stroke engine can
emit huge clouds of oily smoke.