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(Humboldt, 1836). His view that a language "makes infinite use of finite means"
and that its grammar must describe the processes that make this possible is
The term syntax (E Greek arrangement) is used to refer to the rules of
language for the grouping of words into larger units, i.e. sentences. The basic unit of
syntax is the sentence just as the morpheme is that of morphology, for example. When
dealing with the sentence the first matter to stress is that its formation is rule-governed.
This fact is obvious if one considers for a moment how a child acquires a language. To
begin with children are exposed to the speech of others around them (their family,
playmates, etc.). They slowly learn to abstract from sentences they hear the structures
which lie behind them. Equipped with this structural knowledge they can then at a later
stage produce sentences not necessarily heard before. This is known as the generative
aspect of syntax. Children after the age of 6 or 7 have a store of words (a lexicon) and a
set of sentence patterns abstracted from what they heard in the first few years of life. By
combining the two they theoretically have access to an infinite number of sentences.
Each sentence has a definite structure which is in keeping with the rules for sentence
formation in a given language, i.e. it is well-formed (the latter

Competence
Competence is a persons underlying (subconscious) linguistic ability to create and
understand sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.Its a
person's acquaintance with a set of grammatical rules and is different from the
actual linguistic activities.
Linguistic competence includes components such as phonetics, phonology,
syntax, semantics and morphology.
Competence enables native speaker to recognize ambiguous sentences or accept
even apparently meaningless sentences as syntactically correct (and even making
some sense). Even if youve never heard these before, you know which one is
English and which one isnt.Example:
Eight very lazy elephants drank brandy.
*Eight elephants very lazy brandy drank.
Performance
Performance is the real world linguistic output. May accurately reflect
competence, but it also may include speech errors.
Performance may be flawed because of memory limitations, distractions, shifts of
attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) or other
psychological factors. Represents only a small sample of possible utterances.
Performance error The performance of a speaker may not be fault free, even
though his competence is perfect. Example :Learning and riding a bike.
Native speaker have intuition
Should linguistics be descriptive or prescriptive
Writing languages are purer than others
Speech communities are not homogenous.