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a 16.4 Liquid-Liquid Separeton 773 Length fy = 430092 = 32 m, Hokdsap volume = 0.33237 5 123 /00289 = 426 = 7 minutes This is wnsatisfactory, as 1 mines einimnany is required We need 10 increase the liq volume, This is best done by increasing the vessel diameter. [the lig height is kept at hall the vessel diameter, the diasseter mus he inereased ya factor of omy (LTP = 12 Now Dy =092X 1.25 Ll m (Check lg residence ime x 4 new higuid voluexe = XM.5x(4x 11) = 2009 8 new residence ie = 209/0000289 = 7236= Increasing the vessel diameter will have also changed the vapor velocity and the height abowe the lg saiiace. The lil separation wil ill he saistactory as the velaiy, andl hence the residence sie, is inversely Proportional to the diameter squared whereas the distance the droplets have to fal) s dineetly properional #0 the siameter In practice the distance traveled by the sapar wll be Jess than the vessel length, ss the vapor inlet and out- 16.4 LIQUID-LIQUID SEPARATION Separation of sw liquid phases. immiscite ar partslly miscible quid. is a common requirement in the process industries. For example, in single-stage Iguid-liquid extraction, the liquid contacting step must be followed by a seithng stage. Iris alo often negessary to separate small quantities of entrained water from organi phase provess steams. The Simplest forma of equipnient used 10 sepa rate Tiyuid phases is she seiting tank, the decanter. Various types of proprietary equipment ae also used to promote caslescence ank! inpaowe separation in difficult systems, or where emt le sons are likely to Form, Centnhiges and hyeeyclones ate also use Liquid: liqid exsraction can alo be carsied out as multist. .e countercurrent process. ‘This is 16.4.1 Decanters (Settlers) bs Liquids for the droplets to settle eadily. Decanters sre essentially tanks tht the in 1 dlistinet zones or bails: clear h tiga santers are used ta separate liguids where there is a sufficient difference in density between the sullicient reside time for the droplets of the dispersed phase to rise (or sestle) face between she phase avy liquid sand coalesce. In un opetatin separating dispersed liyuid (he dispersion zone), and clear | 774 CHAPTER 16 Separation of Fluids s the same design principles apply Decanters sae normally designed for continues operation nters, but for most applications a to batch operated uniss. Many vessel shapes are used for wah oF without the use of igure 16.13 pressine balance. Neglecting friction hr of the heavy and highs liquiel nthe Figure 16.13 es 16.13 und 16.14, The position of the intert the height of the take-off ean be determined by makin, loss in the pipes. the pressure exerted by the combined he hence 68 where p= densiy of the lshs igus het ppesdennty ofthe heavy tg bet? vent Lan, 7 tes Hoavy liquid EEL liquid te tot Ny ng NI Datum FHGURE 16.13, Vertical dea peta ‘ont Le _, Heavy Hi FIGURE 16.14 Honzorta ca a 16.4 Liquid-Liquid Separeton 775 Liaht Tia FIGURE 16.15 level contol oi w from: data +0 Hight liquid overflow, a ht trom datum t@ heavy Kquid overflows, ot ftom datum to the interface, m ‘he height of the liquid interf close. when one component is present only in small quantties, or when the throug ve should be measured accurately when che liquid densities we hput is very sauall. A gpical scheme for the automatic contol of the interface, using a level insteumient that can Figure 16.15. Where one phase is present only in small amounts itis offen reeyeled so the dee: teed to give more stable operation. Decanter Design A rough estimate of the decanter volume required ean be made by taking a holup time of S to 10 minutes, which is usually stficient where emulsions are not bkely co fom. Methods for the design Hooper 11997) a7 Signales (2975), The general spproach taken is out Example 16.4 ‘he decanter vessel is sized on the basis that the velocity of the continuous phase must be less than the setling velocity ofthe droplets of the dispersed phase. Plug flow is ssurned, andl the velo ay of the continuous phase is ealeulsted using the ares of the interface Le 9 w= Bay 6 ertling velocity of the dispersed phase droplets, mis loci of the continuous phase mis £,=contimious phase volumette flow rate, mis A where, wea of the interface, of Stokes? Richardson er af (2002 Chapter 3) is used to determine the settling vel the droplets 6.10) koplet diameter, m crtling fterminal) velocity of the dispersed phase droplets with diameter dk mis a 776 CHAPTER 16 ation of Fluids pe =dlensity of the continuous phase, ke pam density of the dispersed phase, ky/nr c= viscosity of the continuous phase, N sfor favitaional acveleration, 9.81 avs Equation 16.10is used to calculate the settling velocity with an assurned droplet size of 150 jam, which is well below the droplet sizes norauilly found in decanter feeds. Ifthe calculated seting velocity is greater dhan 4% 107° rw, then « figure of 4 107° nus is used For a honzoncal, eylindical, decanter vessel, the interfacial area will depend on the position of and where width of the interface, m1 hei nt of the amterface from the buse of the vessel, m, th of the cylinder, m rrenudius of the eylinder, m For a vertical, eylindrical decanter Asa ‘The position of the interface should be such that the band of droplets that collect at the interface Ryon, Daley, and Lownie (1959) a0 Mizrahi and Barnea (1973) have shown thas the depth of the dispersion band is « function of the liquid flow sate and the interfacial area, A value of 105% oF the decanter height is usually taken for design purposes. If the performance of the decanter is hkely to be critical to process performance. the design ean be investigated using seule models. The model should be sealed to operste at the sume Reynolds number us the proposed design, so that the effect Hooper (1975), Design a decanter to separate Hight oi fom ster The vil is the dispersed phase Oil, flow rate 1008 kefh, density 90 kant, viseosity 3 mN Siar Water, Now rate SOD kai, density IHW kgin® wisosity LmN si Solution a 16.4 Liquid-Liquid Separeton 777 Tale ej= 180 yn As the flow Take the he Take the dispersion bard as HSE ofthe heh Choo the This is satisfactory as time of (1S 10- 0816900 1000) Isxixii 2.0012 mis, = 12 mmistrising} 1 resis and =e = 4 13010 — "on ‘Lie =061m y diameter = jl as tice the dancer a reasonable Gale Fr ds height= 2am 02 24 5 sminttes is normally recomended for canta pamoses. Check the sizeof the water (continous, heasy phase) droplets that could be entrained with the wl light phase Veloe ot oilphase = 7a om TB =27x10 Equation 1610 which is sasfactory Ly xii xis ax ior)! ‘STI = 90 12x10 mS 12hpm sl 150 jan) 778 CHAPTER 16 Separation of Fluids Tio minimize entainment by the jet of laid entering the vessel, dhe inlet velocity Fors decanter shuld be Sept below mus non, San) x T LPXNO x4 <1 m, say Flow rate= SLX ms Areao! pipe = =17«10 Pipediamoter = Take the position of the interface as hallway up the vessel and the light Liguid offtake as at 90%% of the vessel height. thea =0.9x24=2.16m 95x24= 12m 68) Xone 1 say 4.2m Dain valves should be filed atthe interface so that aay tesdeney for an emulsion wo form ean be cheeked - 16.4.2 Plate Separators Sucks of horizontal, parallel, phates are used in some proprietary decanter designs to inereuse the interfacial area per unit volume and so reduce turbulence, They effectively convert the decanter 16.4.3 Coalescers Proprietary equipment, in which the dispersion is forved through some form of eoaleseing medium is offen used for the eoslescence and separation of finely dispersed droplei that is preferentially wet A medium is chosen by the dispersed phase; knitted! wire or plastic mesh, beds of fibrous,

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