Energy Conservation By Efficient

Lighting

World Engineering Meeting Cairo – 8-9 Dec 2004

Mohammed Helal, PhD

Executive president Futek Egyptian Micro Electronics
Executive Director FUTEK Lighting Technology –Japan
 LIGHTING
(Egypt case study)
•Lighting is the most commonly used and essential equipment in all the
industries, commercial and residential areas.

• The power consumption by the industrial lighting varies between 2 to 10% of

the total power depending on the type of industry while reaches 35 to 40 % in
residential and up to 45 to 50 % in commercial and office working areas .

•Lighting is consuming at least 1/3 of Egyptian total produced

electric energy .

• Innovation and continuous improvement in the field of lighting has given rise
to tremendous energy saving opportunities in this area.

•Lighting is an area, which provides a major scope to achieve energy efficiency .

 Facts
• Egypt electricity consumption has reached Series2
> 80000 Million of kW/h during 2003/2004 90000

with an annual average growth rate of 7.5 % 80000

during the past 5 years that is expected to
continue with same growth ratio in the 70000

coming years . 60000

50000

40000

30000
To insure sustainable development and to
avoid unnecessary needed investments to 20000

cover expected future consumption needs , 10000

Political policies , green standards that
favor Lighting efficiency products of least 0
98/99 99/2000 00/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04
negative environmental impacts is a priority
demand .

•
 Basic components of a lighting system

• Most of the lighting equipment, composed of the following three

basic components :

• Lamp
• Luminaries
• Gears
 Definitions

Lamp
Lamp is an equipment to produce light.
Luminaries
• This is an apparatus that distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted
from one or more lamps. The Luminaire also includes, all the parts
necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps, except the lamps themselves.
In some cases, luminaries include the necessary circuit auxiliaries, together
with the means for connecting them to the electric supply.
Gears
• The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows:
• Ballast
• A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any
discharge lamps. In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up,
required for starting.
• Ignitor:
• Used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapor lamps.
 Functions of lighting

• The lighting should fulfill the following

three functions:

• Ensure the safety of the people in the interior

• Facilitate performance of visual task

• Aid the creation of an appropriate visual

environment
 Illumination

A lumen is a measure of light output from a lamp (bulb). All lamps are rated in
lumens. A 100-watt incandescent lamp produces about 1200 lumens.

The distribution of light on a horizontal surface is called its illumination .

Illumination is measured in foot-candles. One foot-candle of illumination is a lumen of

light distributed over a 1-sq.-ft. area. (0.09-square meter) area.
1Lux = 10 fc ( foot/candles)

Ideal illumination is the minimum number of foot-candles necessary to allow a task to

be performed comfortably and proficiently without eyestrain.

According to the Illuminating Engineering Society ( IES ) 30 to 50 foot-candles is

adequate for home and office work, while more difficult tasks require 200 to 500 foot-
candles.

The ratio of light output from a lamp to the power it consumes is called its efficacy ,
and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW).
Lighting task
 Light color and color rendering

• Lamps are assigned a color temperature according to the

Kelvin temperature scale, based on their "coolness" (blue-
green) or "warmness" (red). Cool light is preferred for visual
and manual tasks because it produces higher contrast than
warm light. Warm light is preferred for living spaces.

• Artificial light sources vary widely in their color-rendering

indexes (CRI). The CRI is a measure of a light source's ability to
render colors the same as sunlight does. For example,
incandescent lamps are rated at a CRI of 100, nearly equal to
sunlight, while some high-pressure sodium lamps have a CRI
of 22, which means they render colors poorly
 Types of lighting

Four basic types of lighting

• incandescent

• fluorescent

• high-intensity discharge (HID)

• low-pressure sodium
 Incandescent

• Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy

but the most expensive to operate. Incandescent
light is produced by a tiny coil of tungsten wire that
glows when heated by an electrical current. These
lamps have the shortest lives of the common lighting
types, and are relatively inefficient. Common types
of incandescent lights include standard, tungsten
halogen and reflector lamps.
Incandescent
 Fluorescent
• Fluorescent light is produced by an
electric current conducted through a
tube containing mercury and inert
gases. Fluorescent lighting is used
mainly indoors, both for ambient and
task lighting, and is up to four times as
efficient as incandescent lighting.

• Fluorescent lamps last about 10 times

longer than incandescent.

• Energy savings can be increased for

fluorescent lighting by replacing
ballasts and replacing fixtures with
more efficient models.
 Comparison of lighting efficiency

Color
Luminous
Type of Lamp Rendering Remarks
Efficacy lm/W
Properties

Incandescent 10 ~ 18 Excellent Poor luminous efficiency

Halogen 20 ~ 22 Excellent Used in flood lighting installations

and in projectors and motor car
head lamps
Fluorescent 60 - 105 Good depending on the Popular for indoor lighting
fluorescent coating Great opportunity for energy savings
New generations of T5 Ho are used for street
outdoor lighting
Halo powder CFL 25~ 45 Fair Used in low cost CFL , low efficiency , 40% light
depreciation within 1000/hours

Compact fluorescent 3C 55 - 75 Very good Tremendous potential for

energy savings
High pressure mercury vapor 55 Fair Street lighting, high bay lighting

Metal halide 90 - 100 Excellent High luminous efficiency ( cost – 70% lumen
depreciation after 2000/h )
High pressure sodium vapor 145 Fair High efficacy & suitable when color rendering
is not important
Low pressure sodium vapor 200 Poor High energy saving but poor color rendering
Chart of Luminous efficiency
 Light generation
1) Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.

2) Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic

ballasts in place of conventional magnetic ballasts

3) Installation of High Pressure Sodium Vapor (HPSV)

lamps for applications where color rendering is not
critical.
4) Installation of metal halide lamps in place of
mercury / sodium vapor lamps
Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps
(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.

 Compact fluorescent lamps are generally considered

best for replacement of incandescent lamps.

 These lamps have efficacy ranging from 55 to 75

lumens/watt.
CFL's are highly suitable for places such as Living
rooms, Hotel lounges, Bars, Restaurants, Pathways,
Building entrances, Corridors, etc.

 The average rated lamp life is > 10,000 hours, which

is 10 times longer than that of a normal incandescent
lamp
CFL Lamps modern shapes
CFL shape & light efficiencies
 CFL Performance
• CFL lamps can be of HPF or LPF , LPF
CFL are less expensive than HPF by 10
to 12 % .
• LPF CFL have an average PF of < 60%
and THDi > 115 %
• HPF CFL are divided in few categories
depending on the level of THDi < 30% or
< 20% or < 10 % .
HIGH POWER FACTOR CFL Wave
LOW POWER FACTOR CFL lamps Wave
LOW PF & HPF Comparison
 Power Factor
• CFL internal electronic ballast is an inverter that can have low
power factor as low as 40 ~ 60 % and Harmonic distortion
THDi of > 85% ~ 180 % ????

Future expected large use of CFL of Low Power Factor is not in favor
of energy efficiency and distribution facility
A CFL lamp with 50% power factor is efficient 2 Times only than
similar Incandescent lamp , while a CFL of HPF of > 95 % is
efficient 4 Times …

CFL uses high frequency > 20KHz , Correction of Low power Factor
of high frequency CFLs is not practically and economically
possible in addition to possible harm to IT equipments ..
There is no point to allow damage to happen then spend efforts and
resources to cure ( Prevention is better than cure )
High Power factor with low THDi harmonics regulations is a must
mandatory performance to not encourage importers or local
producers to use low quality CFL .
 Environmental aspects

• Lamp disposal regulations

• Waist disposal of heavy metals

• Lamp life Time and relation with

disposal
 2) Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic
ballasts in place of conventional ballasts

• New high frequency (20-60 kHz) electronic ballasts have the following
advantages over the traditional magnetic ballasts:
Ø Energy savings up to 35%
Ø Less heat dissipation, which reduces the air conditioning load
Ø Lights instantly
Ø Improved power factor
Ø Operates in low voltage load
Ø Less in weight
Ø Increases the life of lamp
• The advantage of HF electronic ballasts, out weigh the initial investment
(higher costs when compared with conventional ballast). In the past the
failure rate of electronic ballast was high. Recently, many manufacturers
have improved the design of the ballast leading to drastic improvement in
their reliability. The life of the electronic ballast is high especially when, used
in a lighting circuit fitted with a automatic voltage stabilizer.
.
Ballast test performance
 Environmental considerations

Importance of Power Factor ( Generation)

Importance of Light efficiency ( L/W)
Lamp disposal and life time
relation
Economical Considerations .
 Conclusion
• While the consumer saves watt with any of the compact fluorescent alternatives ,
the utility must generate nearly double amount of VA unit to drive those CFL
lamps . This effect will cut the environmental benefit by 50 % ..

• The answer is to use HPF CFL lamps .

• Standards and codes of performance regulations for CFL is indeed necessary to

secure sustainable lighting energy efficiency .

• Energy code enforced regulations for CFL is an urgent demand to stop flooding of
low quality CFL that damage both economy and environment .

• Will be maybe more convenient for the Egyptian government to subsidies energy
efficiency projects and products than subsidizing the cost of energy .
• Investment in 50 Millions of 23W CFL of HPF will reduce the national
consumption by 10 %
End of first part .

• Thank you
Thak you ..

M.Helal