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  • A Modified Dynamic Shear Modulus Model For Rockfill Materials Under A Wide Range of Shear Strain Amplitudes

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    A Modified Dynamic Shear Modulus Model for Rockfill Materials Under a Wide Range of Shear Strain Amplitudes

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    A Modified Dynamic Shear Modulus Model For Rockfill Materials Under A Wide Range of Shear Strain Amplitudes

    Enviado por

    ed142857
    dinamica de suelos

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    Contents liste available at ScionceDisest Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Journal homepage: wivw.clsevier.comilocetelsoildyn A modified dynamic shear modulus model for rockfill materials under a wide range of shear strain amplitudes Qs Wei Zhou, Yuan Chen, Gang Ma’, Lifu Yang, Xiaolin Chang Sate Key Laburatory of Water esses and Hyahopewernginerng Since, Wuhan Universi, 430072 Wibe, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Fewer Tigh ek dame experience a wide ange of thea sin amples during earthqules. To prove moe Sear ods ‘lable mater propert destin for eathuate renee anal of fh rok dame thi stave ed Invetgae the dynamic properties of rocklil mater tn» wide san ange by lageale cle aa roc mae toting wth highenainy oer enor. Te revi eve the ose meer f sear dss Serena Seer of daping rao mith ineressing cong pres for «gen i sn rad he signet sta sc ae fe ofthe nal ses no onthe malts shear medlus hd nome shat modulus Previuly roped equations were fond to imprest pie he rartion of he dau shear mols of ok Sutras fr a wide san range, Freee daa her ods dependent on the Ii ste ‘iin the anisrope sess eed. Based on the exiting hype mode + modified mode for ek teria suggested to acutely estimate the nota Dba. The appabity of te odifed mal to previo sts fo voll materials ae assesed nh estimation of he nomad shea dah. The ‘esuls roid «reference for evsuatng the serie shear ted in' wide strain rnge fr scone cearthquake motions. 1. Introduction Many high rockill dams are being built around the world, especially in China. According to statistics, 17 rockill dams in western China ‘exceed 200m in height, These dams are mostly located inthe eazth- ‘qvake-intense area of western China, If these high dams fil during an ‘earthquake, not only woul significant economic losses occur but also the life and property ofthe residents inthe downstream area would be threatened, Therefore, evaluation of the dynamic response of high rockfll dams during earthquakes is of major importance. The «mall strain shear modalue (Gya.), normalized shear modulus (G/Gay.) and damping ratio (D) are important parameters for seismic response analysis. These parameters are generally determined based on the ‘equivalent linear vscosity—elasticty model, which utilizes iterative ‘aleulation to match the dynamic characteristics and computed strain ‘with the modulus reduction and damping ratio increase curvesie., @ ‘and D versus shear stain amplitude y measured in laboratory [1 Extensive studies have been dedicated tothe relationships between dynamic properties and shear strain amplitude for sandy soils and ‘cohesive soils [2-15]. The experimental tues by Senetakis etal. [1 15) focused on the elfect of the mineralogy of the particle form, particulary onthe dynamie properties of granular sil. Tt was revealed {hat at small to medium shear strains the dynamic properties ofthe voleanic granular materials and pumice sands are remarkably more linear in comparison to the response of quarte sands. And for the voleanie and pumice sands, the elastic threshold and volumetric threshold are shifted to higher strain levels. However, the modulus reduction model for gravels and rockflls receives less attention than that for sandy and cohesive sil. In the past two decades, experimental results of gravee and rocks have also been obtained using advanced devices (13-25). Seed et a. (15) eompared the dynamic behavior of gravels with that of sands and concluded that the normalized shear todulus reduction curve of gravee significantly divergee beneath the curve of sands. Tae damping ratio increasing curves of sands and ‘gravels are roughly similar, Rollie et al. [18] reviewed extensive Published experimental results of gravels and presented the range of AAynamsie behavior of gravels. The experimental study by Senetakis etal [13] have shown that the curves by Rollins et al deseribed satisfactorily the dynamie properties data of quartic erushed rock inthe range of small to medium shea strain amplitudes. In the literature, the dynamic Dehavior of gravels and rockflls within a range of shear strain amplitude from 5*10™'% to about 510% has been examined ‘Bina eddrees or msl com (W- ae), anny 1018s, Cea, mapigtirhetcs (Ma), yagiao5980165.om ( Yog chanplew de Gk Cha) ete 1 March 2016 Reseed in coved fr 4 Jl 2016 Accepted 16 Oxtsber 2016 21], Hardin and Kalinsk (15) investigated the shear modulus reduction of gravelly soils at the shear strain level less than (0.05% and expanded the modulus reduction model originally devel ‘oped for sands, silts and clays to Include gravels, The experimental results of Kenaki [21] showed that the modulus curves proposed by ‘Stokoe [17] and Hardin and Kalinski (15) are lower and higher than ‘the measured data of gravels at the large strain level, respectively, However, for highly compacted rockfll material, the shear strain level ‘an reach upto 0.1% or higher in earthquakes [25]. The construction of hhh rockill dams in high-intensity seismic regions raises the demand, {ora fall description ofthe dynamic characteristics of rockfill materials corresponding to a wide range of shear strain levels. Rollins etal. 18) analyzed the effect of gravel content, maximum ‘grain size, relative density and confining pressure on the extensive ‘dynamie nonlinear behavior of the gravels, which implies that both GiGau ~ logy and D — logy curves are less sensitive to these parameters except for confining pressure. The pre-earthquake static stresses in roekfill dams are simulated in cyelie tiaxal test by ‘onsolidatng specimens. It should be noted that most of the investgae tions have been conducted under isotropic compression conditions Decause it was commonly performed [1'—I8, 27]; Several studies ‘considered the sgniieant influence of stress anisotropy on the dynamic characteristics of sands [26,15]. Yu and Richart [15] demonstrated the ‘effect of etrece ratio on the emall-strain shear moduli for sands and. found thatthe shear modulue decreased as the strecs rato increasing. "The experimental results have shown that the normalized shear ‘modulus in the same shear strain increased ar the strese ratio decreased 26), Less attention has been paid to the effect of the anisotropic stress state on the dynamic responce of rocill materiale. ‘Cyclic triaxial tests conducted by Araciet al. (25-25) demonstrated ‘that both the confining pressure and anisotropic stress condition have significant influences on the dynamic properties of rockSll materials. ‘The available experimental results on the dynamie properties of roc materials under anisoteopie stress state are alo limited The modulus reduction and damping increase characteristics are ‘commonly abtained by eyeie triaxial test [27~S1), resonant column tests [31,32], and eyeie torsional shear tests [29,53~35], Onsite and in-laboratory wave velocity testing can only determine Gouin the small strain on an order of magnitude of 10° [3640]. However, the lage- scale cyclic trasial tects and the high-sensitivity laser teste enable measurement ofthe dynamic properties of rockill materials fom small ‘rain to large strain levels [1—), This study presente the results of a series of large-scale cyclic ‘sianial tests for rockll materials in a wide strain range from the orders ‘of 10°*-10", and the effects of high confining pressure and intial stress ratio on the dynamic properties are evaluated. Based on the ‘modulus reduction equations developed by Stokoe (27), a modified model is developed to accurately characterize the normalized she ‘modulus of rookfil material. Using the experimental data the applic ability of the modified model is assessed in the estimation of the normalized shear modulus. The improved model is compared against previous studies, and the results provide a reference for estimating the ddynamie properties of rockfill materiale for a wide strain range 2. Previous studies to estimate shear modulus Many empitical equations have been developed to estimate the hear madulus, Considering the effets of void ratio «and anisotropic stress, the relationship between Cpu and mean effective confining. pressure is expressed in the form of 1547) Goes Fist) o where p= (a! + of +«i/3 isthe mean effective confining pressure, 2 t ‘the atmospheric pressure, F() sa funetion of the void ratio, and A and ‘i ynamis an Baha Bngineting 92 27) 29-238 nate material constants ‘The hyperbolic model proposed by Hardin (52) ie widely used in seismie analysis To improve the ft to the test data, Stokoe etal. [27] inteoduced a curvature coefficient m. Ithas been demonstrated that the modified hyperbolic model can adequately describe the behavior of sandy gravel [21] The model is expressed as e Gam Ton @ where, isthe reference shear strain used to normalize the shear strain amplitude, which isthe shear strain when GiGi if equal tO. m is sseumed to be a constant, which is suggested to be 0:92 by Darendeli [], The reference strain varies significantly with the mean effective sarees rant 3 where yi the reference strain at an atmospheric pressure, and k ie an exponent that expresses the slope of the relation between, and pin 4 log scale. 5. Test materials, specimen preparation and testing procedure 3.1. Material properties ‘he tested rockfills samples used in this study were obtained from ‘the rockil materials of the Houriyan concrete-faced rockiill dam (CFRD) and the Lianghekou core rorkill dam (CFD) in China. The limestone rockflls in the diferent parts of Houziyan CFRD—namely, HZV-1, HZ¥.2, and HZY-3—correspond to the mein rockfill zone, the transition layer and the cushion layer, respectively. Additionally, rhyolite rockfil used in the main roekfill zone are named HZY-4 “The natural sandy gravels located in the overburden layer ofthe two dams are named HZY-5 and LHK-2, respectively. The main rockfill zone of Lianghekow CRD is constructed with granite rock gra, whieh is named LHK-L. The main properties ofthe rockfil materials at listed in Table 1, the percentage of gravel size particle varied from 68% to 192%, The gran size distributions of the materials are shown in Vi ‘with maximum particle sizes of 60 mm. 3.2, Specimen preparation and testing procedure (jel tests were conducted on large seale specimens with 300 mm in diameter and 750 mm in height under different confining pressure and anisotropic state condition. The testing program was performed in the large seale tisil equipment, which is equipped with electe- hydraulic servo contvoller for vertical loa. Static capacity of the ‘equipment specification is 1000 KN and dynamie capacity of lad is +500 KN. Lateral pressure for rockill specimen is limited to 3.5 MPa. ‘Waveforms are sinusoidal, triangle and rectangle. High sensitive laser ‘eansducer i equipped to obtain the dynamic stress-strain relations in the small strain Tevel of 10 or les. Specimen was prepared by vibrating the dry rocks in a split mold to the desired density. The ‘Table Sat ofthe materi properties wf ek material in yea es Mueral AG! * Gy Dom Dipl) Pent Peet mit Ge co feel 0) ne C0) Zhou et _ = a eagle y eee } i. ph ae He fa Grain sie distribution (mm) ig. 1 Gans debt, specimen war enclosed in rubber membranes and placed inside a ‘tiaxal cell and was reconstituted in five layers of necessary weight [After compacted one layer, the layer interface was made sufficiently ‘coarse to ensure the two layers be integrated. After filling the dry rockfills, the vacuum pumping technique was applied for removing the air in the specimen, Then the specimen was partially saturated by ‘ling degassed water through the base ofthe triaxial ell and the back, pressure method was also used to achieve full saturation, When the ‘Skempton’s Bealue parameter reached 2 value of 0.97 or large, the specimen was consolidated in anisotropic state to a range of elective feonfining. pressures in this study. For the completed anisotropic consolidated specimens, undrained cyclic loading traxial tests were ‘carried out under strest-ontzol condition according to China standard code DLT 5355-2006 (45). Roekfil specimens were prepared and. tested under different confining pressures and anisotropic conditions. A bbydrostatic pressure was applied on the specimens and then the axial pressures were applied to follow the desired anisotropic conditions. [After these specimens ace sheared to a prescribed anisotropic eteest state, six eyees of loading with the desired loading frequencies were applied on the same specimen, and the shear modulus and damping ralio were determined the value at the fifth eyele. In the dynamic tests, ‘the specimen was loaded under the undrained condition. The pore pressure that took place was dissipated at the end of each eyele by ‘opening the drainage valve. When the pore pressure i close to zero, the Arainage valve can be closed to regain the original eflective stresses in the saturated specimens. This procedure was then repeated until the maximum strain level wat achieved. The axial loads, the vertical displacements and the pore pressures were measured at periodic interval of 0.025 for the applied cyclic loade with frequencies of (0.8 He. The sampling frequency vas 50 data points per eyle according to DL/T 5355-2006 45]. The test conditions are summarized in ‘Table 2 Sera abel i iP) Kemi agen of lading wma 1000, 2000, 3000 15,2025 08 wats ooo, 20,000 18.2028 O ‘i ynamics an Baha Bngineting 92 2017) 29-238 4. Modulus relationships and damping relationships 4.1, Smallstrain shear modults Gaus ig. 2a shows the variations of Gay versus the mean effective confining pressure for different rockill material, It ean be observed that, in general, the values of Guyx increase with ineveasing p. In ig. 2b, the relationships between Gy and p of HZY-1 materials are shown under diferent values of inital stress ratio K. The linear curves (of Gy. versus p in the double logarithmic coordinates conform with ‘the power law described in Eq, (1). This reveals that Gay increases ‘with increasing K,, which is consistent with the observation of Araci [29|, Pig. Ja and biluctrate the relationshipe among Gay. p and void ratio ¢ for limestone groups at the inital stress ratios of 1.5 and 25, ‘espectvely. These indicate that the smallztrain shear modulus is ‘dependent upon bath the confining pressure and void ratio, which _generally decteases with increasing void ratio and decreasing confining, pressure. 42, Bffects of shear strain amplitude, confining pressure and initial stress ratio on Gane ‘The nonlinear shear modulus and damping ratio curves of rockill materials with diferent confining pressures and inital stress ratios are presented in Figs 4 anc 5 ina semilogarithmic graph. The shear strain amplitude in this study is extended to 0.3%, and all experimental data {all insie the range identified by Seed etal. [15] nd Rollins etal. 5) Itean be observed that both G/Cau, and D are strongly dependent upon the shear strain amplitude. As expected, the increase in shear strsin amplitude reduces the normalized shear modulus but increases the ‘damping ratio. I is noted that GiGgy, decreases dramatically in the _xtain range between 0.001% and 0.05%, whereas the dectement rate declines at larger shear strain levels, The evolutions of Gian. for diferent cockfil materiale aze compliant with the typical hyperbolic sress~strain relationship [19]. The results alzo reveal thatthe normal ized shear modulus inereases and the damping ratio decreases with increasing. confining. pressure) for a given inital stress ratio ‘Moreover, the effet ofthe confining pressure becomes more significant at larger shear strains. In addition, the normalized shear modulus inereases with increasing intial stress ratio under the same confining pressure. The experimental results of sand and rockfll materials have Aemonstrated that GiOny, values increase with increasing mean ‘effective pressure under the isotropic state (15,16). The values of GiGgx, With «= 2MPs and K,=25—ie,p = 3MPa—ae higher than ‘the corresponding values with 9} = 3MPa and K, = 15 at a same shear strain amplitude, which indicates that the influence ofthe intial stress "ato is significant and cannot be ignored in the shear modulus model. ‘This evolution isin agreement with the experimental observations of ‘Ara et al. (24), Therefore, itis suggested to modify the original model ‘tw include the etfect of mean effete stress and initial stress ratio on the shear modulus. As observed in Fig. 5, the damping ratio increases continuously ‘with ineveasing shear steain amplitude, which implies that more energy

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