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FINAL EXAM MYCOLOGY

1. What cellular characteristic was the major factor stimulating the development of the three-
domain system?
2. Characteristic of Fungi?
3. Describe Fungal Disease cause by Aspergillus sp. (3 Animal/Human and 3 Plant)?
4. Explain7 Species Fungi non-pathogenic and his role for Medicine and Industry?
5. And 7 pathogenic fungi?
6. Describe different Spore Produce by sexual and aseksual?

1. What cellular characteristic was the major factor stimulating the development of the three-
domain system?
Carl Woese divides cellular lifeforms into three doamain, archaea, bacteria,
and eukaryote domains, according of presence or absence of the nuclei-membrane and
the difference in metabolic processes that occur within the cell. In particular, it
emphasizes the separation of prokaryotes into two groups, originally
called Eubacteria (now Bacteria) and Archaebacteria (now Archaea).
Woese argued that, on the basis of differences in 16S rRNA genes (genetic
endowments), these two groups and the eukaryotes each arose separately from an
ancestor with poorly developed genetic machinery
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2. Characteristic of Fungi
1) Body Form
a) unicellular
b) filamentous (tube-like strands called hypha (singular) or hyphae (plural)
c) mycelium -aggregate of hyphae
d) sclerotium = hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering
stage.
e) Multicellular, Such as mycelial cords, rhizomorphs, and fruit bodies (mushrooms)
2) Heterotrophy - 'other food'
a) Saprophytes or saprobes - feed on dead tissues or organic waste (decomposers)
b) Symbionts - mutually beneficial relationship between a fungus and another organism
c) Parasites - feeding on living tissue of a host.
3) Parasites that cause disease are called pathogens.
4) Fungus is often hidden from view. It grows through its food source (substratum),
excretes extracellular digestive enzymes, and absorbs dissolved food.
5) Indeterminate clonal growth.
6) Vegetative phase of fungus is generally sedentary.
7) Cell wall present, composed of cellulose and/or chitin.
8) Food storage - generally in the form of lipids and glycogen.
9) Eukaryotes - true nucleus and other organelles present.
10) All fungi require water and oxygen (no obligate anaerobes).
11) Fungi grow in almost every habitat imaginable, as long as there is some type of
organic matter present and the environment is not too extreme.
12) Diverse group, number of described species is somewhere between 69,000 to
100,000 (estimated 1.5 million species total).

3. Describe Fungal Disease cause by Aspergillus sp. (3 Animal/Human and 3 Plant)

No Deseases At Human/ Animal Species that Caused
1 AFLATOXICOSIS (Called also Groundnut Poisoning) Aspergillus flavus
Caused by the toxin aflatoxin produse by aspergillus sp, Aspergillus parasiticus
it is a toxin of major importance being hepatotoxic,
carcinogenic, teratogenic and immune suppressant.
2 ASPERGILLOMA (Called also Mycetoma / Fungus Ball) Aspergillus fumigatus
Is a clump of mold which exists in a body cavity such as
a paranasal sinus or an organ such as the lung. Colonization
in a pre- existing cavity (tubercular) .
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3 ASPERGILLOSIS (Called also Brooder Pneumonia) Aspergillus fumigatus,

Is systemic infection in immunocompromised as well as Aspergillus flavus,
immunocompetent individuals. Caused include allergic Aspergillus niger
reactions, lung infections, and infections in other organs Aspergillus Ochracius
OTOMYCOSIS (Fungal ear infections) Aspergillus niger
Cause pain, temporary hearing loss, and, in severe cases,
damage to the ear canal and tympanic membrane.
4 INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS Aspergillus ustus
Important cause of morbidity & mortality in immuno- Aspergillus lentulus
compromised patients, especially those who receive
hematopoetic stem cell transplants. May disseminate to
kidneys & brain.

No Deseases At Plant Species that Caused

1 BLACK MOLD, Crown or Colar rot (attack grapes, apricots, Aspergillus niger
onions, and peanuts,) Black root of Union, Kernel root of
Maize
2 Opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects developing maize Aspergillus flavus
kernels (reduction of grain quality and contamination of Aspergillus paracticus
kernels with the highly carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin.
3 Initiates apoptosis of plant cells and produce ochratoxin Aspergillus ochraceus

4. Explain7 Species Fungi non-pathogenic and his role for Medicine and Industry And 7
pathogenic fungi
a. Sevent Species non-Pathogenic Fungi and His Role in Medicine and Industri
1) Medicine
No Species Properties/Product Useful
1) Penicillium Penicillin Antibiotic for Bacteria
chrysogenum
2) Cephalosporium sp. Cephalosporins Antibiotics for Bacteria that
(Betta Lactam Ring) Resistent with Penicillin or Combine
With Penicillin
3) Penicillium griseofulvin Griseofulvin Antifungal
4) Trichoderma Cyclosporin A immunosuppressant in mammals
polysporum and
Cylindrocarpon lucidum
5) Aspergillus terreus Statins/ lovastatin Reduce or remove low density
Phoma sp
Squalestatin lipoproteins from blood vessels in
humans.
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Reducing the chance of a heart

attack, strokes and diabetes.
6) Claviceps purpurea Ergot Alkaloid Used to induce uterine
contractions, treatment of
migraines, Vasodilator activity
reduces tension during an attack
7) Sacchromyces Protease Vaccines for Hepatitis B
cerevisiae Vaccines
Penicilliumr equiforty
Agaricus comprestis

2) Industries
No Species Properties/Product Useful
1) Sacchromyces cerevisiae brewing and baking Alcoholic fermentation
enzyme complex called Producing Co2 (Dry Ice)
zymase
2) Mucor racemosus Amilase employed as starters to bring
about scarification of the starch
during Producing Alkohol by Yeast
3) Aspergillus flavus (Takamine) Digestin, used for dextrinization of starch
Aspergillus oryzae Polyzime, Taka and desiring of textiles.
diastase
4) Saccharoymces cerevisiae Invertase hydrolyses sucrose to a mixture of
glucose and fructose.
5) Aspergillus niger Oxalic acid Food and Drink Flafor
6) Peniccillium sp Citric acid Food and Drink Flafor
7) Gibberella fujikuroi Gibberellins plant hormones
8) Penicillium camemberti and Camembert and Brie Cheese Industry
P. caseicolum types
9) P. roqueforti Roquefort Gorgonzola Cheese Industry
and Stilton types
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b. Seven Species Pathogenic Fungi

No Species Deseases
1) Aspergillus flavus AFLATOXICOSIS (Called also Groundnut Poisoning)
Aspergillus parasticus
2) Candida albicans CANDIDIASIS (vaginal yeast infection).
3) Aspergillus fumigatus ASPERGILLOMA (Called also Mycetoma / Fungus
Ball)
4) Aspergillus ustus INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS (cause of morbidity &
mortality in immuno-compromised patients)
5) Penicillium marneffei PENICILLIOSIS (related opportunistic infection
after TB & Cryptococcosis)
6) Histoplasma HISTOPLASMOSIS (cause symptoms similar to those
capsulatum. of tuberculosis, because inhaled his peoras)
7) Trichophyton rubrum ONYCHOMYCOSIS (also known as tinea unguium, is
a fungal infection of the nail.)
8) Claviceps purpurea ERGOT ( a disease of cereal crops (especially of rye))

5. Describe different Spore Produce by sexual and aseksual.

1) Sexual --> by formation of zygospores, ascospores or basidiospores
2) Asexual
a) By budding or fission
b) Spores (conidia) are formed on or in specialized structures.
c) Spores vary in size, shape & colour but these characteristics are constant for a
particular species

6. One fungi have more one names, why

1) One according teleomorph (sexual reproductive stage) name and others under the
anamorph (sexual reproductive stage) name.
Fungi are classified primarily based on the structures associated with sexual
reproduction, However, many fungi reproduce only asexually, some produce both
asexual and sexual states (holomorph).These problematic species are often members
of the Ascomycota, but a few of them belong to the Basidiomycota.
Teleomorph: typically a fruiting body (e.g., Morchella esculenta, Agaricus

brunescens).
Anamorph: often mold-like (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solam).
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When a single fungus produces multiple morphologically distinct anamorphs, they are
called synanamorphs.
Holomorph: the whole fungus, including all anamorphs and the teleomorph.

2) Historically, Article 59 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permitted

mycologists to give asexually reproducing fungi (anamorphs) separate names from
their sexual states (teleomorphs) althoug this practice was discontinued as of 1 January
2013.

3) The fundamental difference in the size of fungi and plants had a role in the origin of
dual nomenclature and continues to hinder the development of an ICBN that fully
accommodates microscopic fungi.

4) Even among fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually, often only one method of
reproduction can be observed at a specific point in time or under specific conditions.

5) Fungi typically grow in mixed colonies and sporulate amongst each other. These facts
have made it very difficult to link the various states of the same fungus.