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Tattoo
A tattoo is a form of body modification where a design is made by inserting
ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of
the skin to change the pigment. Tattoos fall into three broad categories: purely
decorative (with no specific meaning); symbolic (with a specific meaning
pertinent to the wearer); pictorial (a depiction of a specific person or item).
Tattoos have long been associated by 'the west' with the uncivilised and over
the last 100 years with sailors and working men. By the end of the 20th
Century many western stigmas of the tattoo culture had gone and it moved into
the realm of being a fashion accessory for people of all genders.

Contents
Etymology
Types
Traumatic tattoos
Amateur and professional tattoos Symbolic tattoo - Hand of Fatima,
Identification model Casini
Cosmetic
Functional
Medical
History
United States
Protection papers
Freedom papers

Process
Associations
Historical associations
Modern associations
Advertising and marketing
Health risks
A rope-and-anchor tattoo, against
Removal
the original sketch of the design
Temporary tattoos
Types of temporary tattoos
Decal-style temporary tattoos
Metallic jewelry tattoos
Airbrush temporary tattoos
Henna temporary tattoos
Temporary tattoo safety
Decal-style temporary tattoo safety
Airbrush tattoo safety
Henna tattoo safety

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Religious views
See also
Styles
Others
References
Bibliography
Notes
External links

Etymology
The word tattoo, or tattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian word
tatau, meaning "to write".[1] The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of
tattoo as "In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. From Polynesian (Samoan, Tahitian, Tongan, etc.)
tatau. In Marquesan, tatu." Before the importation of the Polynesian word, the practice
of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring, or staining.[2]

This is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or
performance see military tattoo. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from
the Dutch word taptoe.[3]

A Mori chief with tattoos
(moko) seen by Cook and
his crew
The first written reference to the word tattoo (or tatau) appears in the journal of
Joseph Banks (24 February 1743 19 June 1820), the naturalist aboard explorer
Captain Cook's ship the HMS Endeavour: "I shall now mention the way they mark
themselves indelibly, each of them is so marked by their humour or disposition". The
word tattoo was brought to Europe by Cook, when he returned in 1769 from his first
voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand. In his narrative of the voyage, he refers to an
operation called "tattaw".

Tattoo enthusiasts may refer to tattoos as "ink", "pieces", "skin art", "tattoo art", "tats", or "work"; to the creators as "tattoo
artists", "tattooers", or "tattooists"; and to places where they work as "tattoo shops", "tattoo studios", or "tattoo parlors".

Mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin, at the
Museum of Croydon. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as "flash", a
notable instance of industrial design. Flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of
providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers.

The Japanese word irezumi means "insertion of ink" and can mean tattoos using tebori, the traditional Japanese hand
method, a Western-style machine, or any method of tattooing using insertion of ink. The most common word used for
traditional Japanese tattoo designs is horimono. Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of
tattooing.

Anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the
names "tatu", "moko", "cicatrix", and "keloid".[4]

Types

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The American Academy of Dermatology distinguishes five types of tattoos:[5]

traumatic tattoos, also called "natural tattoos", that result from injuries,
especially asphalt from road injuries or pencil lead; amateur tattoos;
professional tattoos, both via traditional methods and modern tattoo
machines; cosmetic tattoos, also known as "permanent makeup"; and medical
tattoos.

Traumatic tattoos
According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos
owing to coal dust getting into wounds.[6] This can also occur with substances
like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as
asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or
A tattooed man's back, Japan, c.
trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread
1875
across several layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost
unavoidable depending on the location. An amalgam tattoo is when amalgam
particles are implanted in to the soft tissues of the mouth, usually the gums, during dental filling placement or removal;
another example of such accidental tattoos is the result of a deliberate or accidental stabbing with a pencil or pen, leaving
graphite or ink beneath the skin.

Amateur and professional tattoos

Many tattoos serve as rites of passage, marks of status and rank, symbols of religious
and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, sexual lures and marks of fertility,
pledges of love, amulets and talismans, protection, and as punishment, like the marks
of outcasts, slaves and convicts. The symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different
places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative (commonly
mother/father or daughter/son) or about an unrelated person.[7] Today, people choose
to be tattooed for artistic, cosmetic, sentimental/memorial, religious, and magical
reasons, and to symbolize their belonging to or identification with particular groups,
including criminal gangs (see criminal tattoos) or a particular ethnic group or law-
abiding subculture. Some Mori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In
Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the yantra tattoo is used for protection against evil and
to increase luck. Text-based tattoos including quotes, lyrics, personal mottos or
scripture are popular in western culture. As an example some Christians might have a Tattooing among females of
the Koita people of Papua
Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body. Popular verses include John 3:16,
New Guinea traditionally
Philippians 4:13, and Psalms 23.[8]
began at age five and was
added to each year, with
In the Philippines certain tribal groups believe tattoos have magical qualities, and help
the V-shaped tattoo on the
to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the chest indicating that she
bearer's accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. had reached marriageable
age. Photo taken in 1912.
Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows
and by performance artists who follow in their tradition.

Identification

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People have also been forcibly tattooed.

A well-known example is the Nazi practice of forcibly tattooing Nazi

concentration camp inmates with identification numbers during The
Holocaust as part of the Nazis' identification system, beginning in fall
1941.[9] The Nazis' SS introduced the practice at Auschwitz concentration
camp in order to identify the bodies of registered prisoners in the
An identification tattoo on a survivor of
concentration camps. During registration, the Nazis would pierce the
the Auschwitz concentration camp
outlines of the serial-number digits onto the prisoners' arms. Of the Nazi
concentration camps, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates.[10] The tattoo
was the prisoner's camp number, sometimes with a special symbol added: some Jews had a triangle, and Romani had the
letter "Z" (from German Zigeuner for "Gypsy"). In May 1944, the Jewish men received the letters "A" or "B" to indicate
particular series of numbers. For unknown reasons, this number series for women never began again with the "B" series
after they had reached the number limit of 20,000 for the "A" series.[11] The practice continued until the last days of
Auschwitz.[12]

Tattoos have also been used for identification in other ways. As early as the Zhou, Chinese authorities would employ facial
tattoos as a punishment for certain crimes or to mark prisoners or slaves. During the Roman Empire, Roman soldiers were
required by law to have identifying tattoos on their hands in order to make desertion difficult. Gladiators and slaves were
likewise tattooed: exported slaves were tattooed with the words "tax paid", and it was a common practice to tattoo "Stop
me, I'm a runaway" on their foreheads.[13] Owing to the Biblical strictures against the practice,[14] Emperor Constantine I
banned tattooing the face around AD 330, and the Second Council of Nicaea banned all body markings as a pagan practice
in AD 787.[15]

In the period of early contact between the Mori and Europeans, the Maori people hunted and decapitated each other for
their moko tattoos, which they traded for European items including axes and firearms.[16] Moko tattoos were facial designs
worn to indicate lineage, social position, and status within the tribe. The tattoo art was a sacred marker of identity among
the Maori and also referred to as a vehicle for storing one's tapu, or spiritual being, in the afterlife.[17]

Tattoos are sometimes used by forensic pathologists to help them identify

burned, putrefied, or mutilated bodies. As tattoo pigment lies encapsulated
deep in the skin, tattoos are not easily destroyed even when the skin is
burned.[18]

Tattoos are also placed on animals, though rarely for decorative reasons. Pets,
show animals, thoroughbred horses, and livestock are sometimes tattooed with
identification and other marks. Tattooing with a 'slap mark' on the shoulder or
on the ear is the standard identification method in commercial pig farming.
Tattoo marking a deserter from the Branding is used for similar reasons and is often performed without
British Army; skin removed post- anesthesia, but is different from tattooing as no ink or dye is inserted during
mortem
the process, the mark instead being caused by permanent scarring of the
skin.[19] Pet dogs and cats are sometimes tattooed with a serial number
(usually in the ear, or on the inner thigh) via which their owners can be identified. However, the use of a microchip has
become an increasingly popular choice and since 2016 is a legal requirement for all 8.5 million pet dogs in the UK.[20]

Cosmetic

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The cosmetic surgery industry continues to see a trend of increased popularity

for both surgical and noninvasive procedures.[21] When used as a form of
cosmetics, tattooing includes permanent makeup and hiding or neutralizing
skin discolorations. Permanent makeup is the use of tattoos to enhance
eyebrows, lips (liner and/or lipstick), eyes (liner), and even moles, usually with
natural colors, as the designs are intended to resemble makeup.

A growing trend in the US and UK is to place artistic titoos over the surgical
scars of a mastectomy. "More women are choosing not to reconstruct after a
mastectomy and tattoo over the scar tissue instead.... The mastectomy tattoo Tattooed lip makeup
will become just another option for post cancer patients and a truly personal
way of regaining control over post cancer bodies and proving once and for all
that breast cancer is not just a pink ribbon."[22] The tattooing of nipples on reconstructed breasts remains in high demand,
however.[23]

Functional
Functional tattoos are used primarily for a purpose other than aesthetics. One such use is to tattoo Alzheimer patients with
their name, so they may be easily identified if they go missing.[24]

Medical
Medical tattoos are used to ensure instruments are properly located for
repeated application of radiotherapy and for the areola in some forms of breast
reconstruction. Tattooing has also been used to convey medical information
about the wearer (e.g., blood group, medical condition, etc.). Additionally,
tattoos are used in skin tones to cover vitiligo, a skin pigmentation disorder.[25]

SS blood group tattoos (German: Blutgruppenttowierung) were worn by

members of the Waffen-SS in Nazi Germany during World War II to identify
Medical tattoo: blood type. the individual's blood type. After the war, the tattoo was taken to be prima
facie, if not perfect, evidence of being part of the Waffen-SS, leading to
potential arrest and prosecution. This led a number of Ex-Waffen-SS to shoot
themselves through the arm with a gun, removing the tattoo and leaving scars like the ones resulting from pox inoculation,
making the removal less obvious.

Tattoos were probably also used in ancient medicine as part of the treatment of the patient. In 1898, Daniel Fouquet, a
medical doctor, wrote an article on medical tattooing practices in Ancient Egypt, in which he describes the tattooed
markings on the female mummies found at the Deir el-Bahari site. He speculated that the tattoos and other scarifications
observed on the bodies may have served a medicinal or therapeutic purpose: "The examination of these scars, some white,
others blue, leaves in no doubt that they are not, in essence, ornament, but an established treatment for a condition of the
pelvis, very probably chronic pelvic peritonitis."[26]

History
Preserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout the world for
many centuries.[27] The Ainu, an indigenous people of Japan, traditionally had facial tattoos, as did the Austroasians.
Today, one can find Atayal, Seediq, Truku, and Saisiyat of Taiwan, Berbers of Tamazgha (North Africa), Yoruba, Fulani
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and Hausa people of Nigeria, and Mori of New Zealand with facial tattoos.[1][28]
Tattooing was popular among certain ethnic groups in southern China, Polynesia,
Africa, Borneo, Cambodia, Europe, Japan, the Mentawai Islands, MesoAmerica, New
Zealand, North America and South America, the Philippines, Iron Age Britain, and
Taiwan. In 2015, scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed
mummies, identified tzi as the oldest currently known example. This body, with 61
tattoos, was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps, and was dated to 3,250
BC.[27][29]

It is a myth that the modern revival of tattooing stems from Captain James Cook's three
voyages to the South Pacific in the late 18th century.[30] Certainly, Cook's voyages and
the dissemination of the texts and images from them brought more awareness about
tattooing (and, as noted above, imported the word "tattow" into Western languages),
but Europeans have been tattooed throughout history. On Cook's first voyage in 1768,
his science officer and expedition botanist, Sir Joseph Banks, as well as artist Sydney
Parkinson and many others of the crew, returned to England with tattoos, although
many of these men would have had pre-existing tattoos. Banks was a highly regarded
member of the English aristocracy that had acquired his position with Cook by co-
A pe'a is a traditional male
financing the expedition with ten thousand pounds, a very large sum at the time. In tattoo in Samoa. Samoan
turn, Cook brought back with him a tattooed Raiatean man, Omai, whom he presented tattooing was practiced
to King George and the English Court. On subsequent voyages other crew members, continuously despite
from officers, such as American John Ledyard, to ordinary seamen, were tattooed. attempts at suppression
during the 1830s.
The first documented professional tattooist in Britain was established in the port of
Liverpool in the 1870s. In Britain tattooing was still largely associated with sailors[31]
and the lower or even criminal class,[32] but by the 1870s had become fashionable among some members of the upper
classes, including royalty,[2][33] and in its upmarket form it could be an expensive[34] and sometimes painful[35] process. A
marked class division on the acceptability of the practice continued for some time in Britain.[36] Recently a trend has
arisen marketed as 'Stick and Poke' tattooing; primitive figures are permanently inscribed by the user himself after he
obtains a 'DIY' kit containing needles, ink and a collection of suggestions.[37]

United States
As most tattoos in the U.S. were done by Polynesian and Japanese amateurs,
tattoo artists were in great demand in port cities all over the world, especially by
European and American sailors. The first recorded professional tattoo artist in
the United States was a German immigrant, Martin Hildebrandt.

He opened a shop in New York City in 1846 and quickly became popular during
the American Civil War among soldiers and sailors of both Union and
Confederate militaries. Hildebrandt began traveling from camp to camp to tattoo
soldiers, making his popularity increase, and also giving birth to the tradition of
getting tattoos while being an American serviceman. Soon after the Civil War,
tattoos became fashionable among upper-class young adults. This trend lasted
until the beginning of World War I. The invention of the electric tattoo machine Tattooed sailor aboard USS New
caused popularity of tattoos among the wealthy to drop off. The machine made Jersey in 1944
the tattooing procedure both much easier and cheaper, thus, eliminating the

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status symbol tattoos previously held, as they were now affordable for all socioeconomic classes. The status symbol of a
tattoo shifted from a representation of wealth, to a mark typically seen on rebels and criminals. Despite this change,
tattoos remained popular among military servicemen, and the tradition continues today.

Many studies have been done of the tattooed population and society's view of tattoos. In June 2006, the Journal of the
American Academy of Dermatology published the results of a telephone survey of 2004. It found that 36% of Americans
ages 1829, 24% of those 3040, and 15% of those 4151 had a tattoo.[38] In September 2006, the Pew Research Center
conducted a telephone survey that found that 36% of Americans ages 1825, 40% of those 2640 and 10% of those 4164
had a tattoo. They concluded that Generation X and Generation Y are not afraid to express themselves through their
appearance, and tattoos are the most popular form of self-expression.[39] In January 2008, a survey conducted online by
Harris Interactive estimated that 14% of all adults in the United States have a tattoo, slightly down from 2003, when 16%
had a tattoo. Among age groups, 9% of those ages 1824, 32% of those 2529, 25% of those 3039 and 12% of those 40
49 have tattoos, as do 8% of those 5064. Men are slightly more likely to have a tattoo than women.

Richmond, Virginia, has been cited as one of the most tattooed cities in the United States.[40] That distinction led the
Valentine Richmond History Center to create an online exhibit titled "History, Ink: The Tattoo Archive Project (https://w
ww.google.com/culturalinstitute/u/0/exhibit/history-ink/wQx72HUG?hl=en)." The introduction to the exhibit notes, "In
the past, western culture associated tattoos with those individuals who lived on the edge of society; however, today they
are recognized as a legitimate art form and widely accepted in mainstream culture."

Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common among all genders, to all economic
classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a
decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. The tattoo has "undergone dramatic redefinition" and has
shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression.[41]

Protection papers
Protection papers were used by American sailors to prevent themselves from being taken off American ships and
impressed into the Royal Navy. These were simple documents that described the sailor as being an American sailor. Many
of the protection certificates were so general, and it was so easy to abuse the system, that many impressment officers of the
Royal Navy paid no attention to them. "In applying for a duplicate Seaman's Protection Certificate in 1817, James Francis
stated that he 'had a protection granted him by the Collector of this Port on or about 12 March 1806 which was torn up and
destroyed by a British Captain when at sea.'" [42] One way of making them more specific was to describe a tattoo, which is
highly personal, and thus use that description to identify the seaman. As a result, many of the later certificates carried
information about tattoos and scars, as well as other specific information. This also perhaps led to an increase and
proliferation of tattoos among American seamen. "Frequently their 'protection papers' made reference to tattoos, clear
evidence that individual was a seafaring man; rarely did members of the general public adorn themselves with tattoos."[43]

"In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, tattoos were as much about self-expression as they were about
having a unique way to identify a sailor's body should he be lost at sea or impressed by the British navy. The best source
for early American tattoos is the protection papers issued following a 1796 congressional act to safeguard American
seamen from impressment. These proto-passports catalogued tattoos alongside birthmarks, scars, race, and height. Using
simple techniques and tools, tattoo artists in the early republic typically worked on board ships using anything available as
pigments, even gunpowder and urine. Men marked their arms and hands with initials of themselves and loved ones,
significant dates, symbols of the seafaring life, liberty poles, crucifixes, and other symbols."[44]

Freedom papers

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Because these protection papers were used to define freemen and citizenship, many black sailors and other men also used
them to show that they were freemen if they were stopped by officials or slave catchers. They also called them "free
papers" because they certified their non-slave status. Many of the freed blacks used descriptions of tattoos for
identification purposes on their freedom papers.[45]

Process
Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis, the layer of
dermal tissue underlying the epidermis. After initial injection, pigment is
dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the
epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material
activates the immune system's phagocytes to engulf the pigment particles. As
Man getting a tattoo healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface
pigment) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue forms, which is later
converted to connective tissue by collagen growth. This mends the upper
dermis, where pigment remains trapped within fibroblasts, ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the
dermis/epidermis boundary. Its presence there is stable, but in the long term (decades) the pigment tends to migrate
deeper into the dermis, accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos.[46]

Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoos by cutting designs into the
skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents; some
cultures continue this practice, which may be an adjunct to scarification. Some
cultures create tattooed marks by hand-tapping the ink into the skin using
sharpened sticks or animal bones (made like needles) with clay formed disks
or, in modern times, needles.

The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo
machine, which inserts ink into the skin via a single needle or a group of
needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit.
The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin,
usually 80 to 150 times a second. The needles are single-use needles that come
packaged individually. A two coil tattoo machine

Tattooing is regulated in many countries because of the associated health risks

to client and practitioner, specifically local infections and virus transmission. Disposable plastic aprons and eye protection
can be worn depending on the risk of blood or other secretions splashing into the eyes or clothing of the tattoist. Hand
hygiene, assessment of risks and appropriate disposal of all sharp objects and materials contaminated with blood are
crucial areas. The tattoo artist must wash his or her hands and must also wash the area that will be tattooed. Gloves must
be worn at all times and the wound must be wiped frequently with a wet disposable towel of some kind. All equipment
must be sterilized in a certified autoclave before and after every use. It is good practice to provide clients with a printed
consent form that outlines risks and complications as well as instructions for after care.[47]

Associations

Historical associations

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The Government of Meiji Japan had outlawed tattoos in the 19th century, a
prohibition that stood for 70 years before being repealed in 1948.[48] As of 6
June 2012 all new tattoos are forbidden for employees of the city of Osaka.
Existing tattoos are required to be covered with proper clothing. The
regulations were added to Osaka's ethical codes, and employees with tattoos
were encouraged to have them removed. This was done because of the strong
connection of tattoos with the yakuza, or Japanese organized crime, after an
Osaka official in February 2012 threatened a schoolchild by showing his tattoo.

Tattoos had negative connotations in historical China, where criminals often

had been marked by tattooing.[49][50] The association of tattoos with criminals
was transmitted from China to influence Japan.[49] Today, tattoos have
remained a taboo in Chinese society.[51]

The Romans tattooed criminals and slaves, and in the 19th century released US
convicts and British army deserters were identified by tattoos. Prisoners in
Nazi concentration camps were tattooed with an identification number. Today,
many prison inmates still tattoo themselves as an indication of time spent in An 1888 Japanese woodblock print
of a prostitute biting her
prison.[2]
handkerchief in pain as her arm is
tattooed. Based on historical
Native Americans also used tattoos to represent their tribe. Catholic Croats of
practice, the tattoo is likely the name
Bosnia used religious Christian tattooing, especially of children and women,
of her lover.
for protection against conversion to Islam during the Ottoman rule in the
Balkans.[52]

Modern associations
Tattoos are strongly empirically associated with deviance, personality
disorders, and criminality.[53][54] Although the general acceptance of tattoos is
on the rise in Western society, they still carry a heavy stigma among certain
social groups. Tattoos are generally considered an important part of the culture
of the Russian mafia.

Current cultural understandings of tattoos in Europe and North America have

been greatly influenced by long-standing stereotypes based on deviant social
groups in the 19th and 20th centuries. Particularly in North America tattoos
Latin Kings gang member showing
have been associated with stereotypes, folklore, and racism.[17] Not until the
his gang tattoo
1960s and 1970s did people associate tattoos with such societal outcasts as
bikers and prisoners.[55] Today, in the United States many prisoners and
criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational
affiliation.[56] A teardrop tattoo, for example, can be symbolic of murder, or each tear represents the death of a friend. At
the same time, members of the U.S. military have an equally well-established and longstanding history of tattooing to
indicate military units, battles, kills, etc., an association that remains widespread among older Americans. In Japan
tattoos are associated with yakuza criminal groups but there are non-yakuza groups such as Fukushi Masaichi's tattoo
association that sought to preserve the skins of dead Japanese who have extensive tattoos. Tattooing is also common in the
British Armed Forces. Depending on vocation tattoos are accepted in a number of professions in America. Companies
across many fields are increasingly focused on diversity and inclusion.[57]

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In Britain, there is evidence of women with tattoos, concealed by their clothing, throughout the 20th century, and records
of women tattoists such as Jessie Knight from the 1920s.[58] A study of "at-risk" (as defined by school absenteeism and
truancy) adolescent girls showed a positive correlation between body modification and negative feelings towards the body
and low self-esteem; however, the study also demonstrated that a strong motive for body modification is the search for
"self and attempts to attain mastery and control over the body in an age of increasing alienation".[59] The prevalence of
women in the tattoo industry in the 21st century, along with larger numbers of women bearing tattoos, appears to be
changing negative perceptions.

Advertising and marketing

Former sailor Rowland Hussey Macy, who formed Macy's department stores, used a
red star tattoo that he had on his hand for the store's logo.[60]

Tattoos have also been used in marketing and advertising with companies paying
people to have logos of brands like HBO, Red Bull, ASOS.com, and Sailor Jerry's rum
tattooed in their bodies.[61] This practice is known as "skinvertising".[62]

B.T.'s Smokehouse, a barbecue restaurant located in Massachusetts, offered customers

free meals for life if they had the logo of the establishment tattooed on a visible part of
their bodies. Nine people took the business up on the offer.[63]

Health risks
Because it requires breaking the skin barrier,
tattooing carries health risks including infection and
allergic reactions. Tattooing can be uncomfortable to Retired wrestler CM Punk is
excruciating depending on the area and can result in very well known for his
tattoos.
the person fainting. Modern tattooists reduce risks
by following universal precautions working with
single-use items and sterilizing their equipment after each use. Many jurisdictions
require that tattooists have blood-borne pathogen training such as that provided
through the Red Cross and OSHA. As of 2009 (in the United States) there have been no
reported cases of HIV contracted from tattoos.[64]

In amateur tattooing, such as that practiced in prisons, however, there is an elevated

risk of infection. Infections that can theoretically be transmitted by the use of
Modern tattoo artist's nitrile unsterilized tattoo equipment or contaminated ink include surface infections of the
gloves and sterilized skin, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, herpes simplex virus, HIV, staph,
equipment tetanus, and tuberculosis.[65]

Tattoo inks have been described as "remarkably nonreactive histologically".[46]

However, cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks, particularly certain colors, have been medically documented. This is
sometimes due to the presence of nickel in an ink pigment, which triggers a common metal allergy. Occasionally, when a
blood vessel is punctured during the tattooing procedure, a bruise/hematoma may appear.

Certain colours - red or similar colours such as purple, pink, and orange - tend to cause more problems and damage
compared to other colours.[66] Red ink has even caused skin and flesh damages so severe that the amputation of a leg or an
arm has been necessary. If part of a tattoo (especially if red) begins to cause even minor troubles, like becoming itchy or

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worse, lumpy, then Danish experts strongly suggest to remove the red parts.[67]

In 2017, researchers from the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France say the chemicals in tattoo ink can travel
in the bloodstream and accumulate in the lymph nodes, obstructing their ability to fight infections. However, the authors
noted in their paper that most tattooed individuals including the donors analyzed do not suffer from chronic
inflammation.[68]

Removal
While tattoos are considered permanent, it is sometimes possible to remove them, fully or partially, with laser treatments.
Typically, black and some colored inks can be removed more completely than inks of other colors. The expense and pain
associated with removing tattoos are typically greater than the expense and pain associated with applying them. Pre-laser
tattoo removal methods include dermabrasion, salabrasion (scrubbing the skin with salt), cryosurgery, and excision
which is sometimes still used along with skin grafts for larger tattoos. These older methods, however, have been nearly
completely replaced by laser removal treatment options.[69]

Temporary tattoos
A temporary tattoo is a non-permanent image on the skin resembling a
permanent tattoo. Temporary tattoos can be drawn, painted, airbrushed or
needled as a permanent tattoo with an ink which can be dissolved in blood
within 6 months of art as a form of body painting.

Types of temporary tattoos

Decal-style temporary tattoos

Decal (press-on) temporary tattoos are used to decorate any part of the body.
They may last for a day or for more than a week.[70]

Metallic jewelry tattoos

Foil temporary tattoos are a variation of decal-style temporary tattoos, printed
using a foil stamping technique instead of using ink. The foil design is printed A temporary tattoo being applied.

as a mirror image in order to be viewed in the right direction once it is applied

to the skin. Each metallic tattoo is protected by a transparent protective film.

Airbrush temporary tattoos

Although they have become more popular and usually require a greater investment, airbrush temporary tattoos are less
likely to achieve the look of a permanent tattoo, and may not last as long as press-on temporary tattoos. An artist sprays
on airbrush tattoos using a stencil with alcohol-based, FDA-approved cosmetic inks. Like decal tattoos, airbrush
temporary tattoos also are easily removed with rubbing alcohol or baby oil.

Henna temporary tattoos

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Another tattoo alternative is henna-based tattoos, which generally contain no

additives. Henna is a plant-derived substance which is painted on the skin,
staining it a reddish-orange-to-brown color. Because of the semi-permanent
nature of henna, they lack the realistic colors typical of decal temporary
tattoos. Due to the time-consuming application process, it is a relatively poor
option for children. If you do choose henna temporary tattoos, ensure that they
are pure henna. Dermatological publications report that allergic reactions to
natural henna are very rare and the product is generally considered safe for
skin application. Serious problems can occur, however, from the use of henna
with certain additives. The FDA and medical journals report that painted black
henna temporary tattoos are especially dangerous. Black Henna or Pre-Mixed
Henna Temporary Tattoos May Be Harmful - see below for safety information.
Dermatitis due to a temporary tattoo
(dolphin) made with black henna.

Temporary tattoo safety

Decal-style temporary tattoo safety

Decal temporary tattoos, when legally sold in the United States, have had their color additives approved by the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) as cosmetics --- the FDA has determined these colorants are safe for direct dermal
contact. While the FDA has received some accounts of minor skin irritation, including redness and swelling, from this
type of temporary tattoo, the agency has found these symptoms to be child specific and not significant enough to support
warnings to the public. Unapproved pigments, however, which are sometimes used by non-US manufacturers, can
provoke allergic reactions in anyone. Understanding the types of temporary tattoos available to consumers, knowing
where they are manufactured, and ensuring they come from a reliable source are keys to determining whether temporary
tattoos are safe.

Airbrush tattoo safety

The types of airbrush paints manufactured for crafting, creating art or decorating clothing should never be used for
tattooing. These paints are not approved for direct contact with skin, and can be allergenic or toxic. Always ask the
airbrush tattoo artist what kind of ink he or she is using and whether it meets FDA approval.

Henna tattoo safety

The FDA regularly issues warnings to consumers about avoiding any temporary tattoos labeled as black henna or pre-
mixed henna as these may contain potentially harmful ingredients including silver nitrate, carmine, pyrogallol, disperse
orange dye and chromium. Black henna gets its color from paraphenylenediamine (PPD), a textile dye approved by the
FDA for human use only in hair coloring.[71] In Canada, the use of PPD on the skin, including hair dye, is banned.
Research has linked these and other ingredients to a range of health problems including allergic reactions, chronic
inflammatory reactions, and late-onset allergic reactions to related clothing and hairdressing dyes. They can cause these
reactions long after application. Neither black henna nor pre-mixed henna are approved for cosmetic use by the FDA.

Religious views
Judaism generally prohibits tattoos among its adherents based on the commandments in Leviticus 19. Jews tend to believe
this commandment only applies to Jews and not to gentiles.

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There is no specific rule in the New Testament prohibiting tattoos and most
Christian denominations believe the laws in Leviticus are outdated as well as
believing the commandment only applied to the Israelites, not to the gentiles.
While most Christian groups tolerate tattoos, some Evangelical and
fundamentalist Protestant denominations do believe the commandment does
apply today for Christians and believe it is a sin to get one.

Many Coptic Christians in Egypt take a cross tattoo in their right wrist to differ
from the Muslims.[72] A Christian couple with matching
cross symbol tattoos to associate
Tattoos are considered to be haram in Sunni Islam, based on rulings from with their faith
scholars and passages in the Hadith. Shia Islam does not entirely prohibit
tattooing, although it may be looked down upon in Shia communities.

See also

Styles
Black-and-gray Mehndi (also called henna)
Body painting New school (tattoo)
Body suit (tattoo) Old school (tattoo)
Borneo traditional tattooing Pe'a
Chinese calligraphy tattoos Prison tattooing
Christian tattooing in Bosnia and Herzegovina Sailor tattoos
Criminal tattoo Scarification
Finger moustache tattoo Sleeve tattoo
Genital tattooing Soot tattoo
Irezumi, traditional Japanese tattoo SS blood group tattoo
Lower back tattoo Swallow tattoo
Marquesan tattoo Watercolor

Others
Biomechanical art List of tattoo artists
Body art Lucky Diamond Rich, world's most tattooed person.
Foreign body granuloma Religious perspectives on tattooing
Fusen gum Tattoo convention
Legal status of tattooing in the United States Scleral tattooing
List of cutaneous conditions

References

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Notes
1. Samoa: Samoan Tattoos (http://www.polynesia.com/polynesian_culture/samoa/samoan-tattoos.html), Polynesian
Cultural Center
2. "tattoo". The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide (Credo Reference. Web. ed.).
Helicon. 2010.
3. OED
4. Roth, H. Ling (11 September 1900). On Permanent Artificial Skin Marks: a definition of terms. Bradford:
Anthropological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.
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6. George Orwell (1940). "Down the Mine". Inside the Whale.
7. Johnson, Frankie J (2007). "Tattooing: Mind, Body And Spirit. The Inner Essence Of The Art". Sociological
Viewpoints. 23: 4561.
8. "25 Nobel Bible Verses Tattoos" (http://tattoo-journal.com/25-nobel-bible-verses-tattoos/).
9. [1] (https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007056)
10. https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007056
11. Piper, Franciszek; wiebocka, Teresa, eds. (1996). Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp. Trans. by Douglas Selvage.
Owicim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. pp. 6061. ISBN 9788385047568. OCLC 36524125 (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/36524125).
12. [2] (https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/tattoos1.html)
13. "Marking Slaves" (http://archive.archaeology.org/9903/abstracts/tattoo.html). www.archaeology.org. Retrieved 15 June
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14. Leviticus 19:28
15. Adrienne Mayor (MarchApril 1999). "People Illustrated" (http://www.archaeology.org/9903/abstracts/tattoo.html).
Archaeological Institute of America. 52 (2).
16. "A Strange Trade Deals in Maori Heads Pioneer Artists" (http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-RobMoko-t1-
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17. Michael Atkinson. Tattooed: the sociogenesis of a body art (https://books.google.com/books?id=BUxKHJAUSxgC&pg
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This may be the explanation of the Mermaids, the Cupid's arrows, the name of MARY, the tragic inscription to the
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unnamed Japanese tattooist based in Hong Kong. He charged 4 for a dragon, which would take 5 hours to do. The
article ends "The Hong-Kong operator tattooed the arm of an English Prince, and, in Kioto, was engaged for a whole
month reproducing on the trunk and limbs of an English peer a series of scenes from Japanese history. For this he
was paid about 100. He has also tattooed ladies.... His income from tattooing in Hong Kong is about 1,200 per
annum."
35. Broadwell, Albert H. (27 January 1900). "Sporting pictures on the human skin". Country Life. "In especially sensitive
cases a mild solution of cocaine is injected under the skin, ... and no sensation whatever is felt, while the soothing
solution is so mild that it has no effect ... except locally."
36. In 1969 the House of Lords debated a bill to ban the tattooing of minors, on grounds it had become "trendy" with the
young in recent years but was associated with crime, 40 per cent of young criminals having tattoos. Lord Teynham
and the Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair however rose to object that they had been tattooed as youngsters, with no
ill effects. The Times (London), 29 April 1969, p. 4: "Saving young from embarrassing tattoos".

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External links
Media related to Temporary tattoo at Wikimedia Commons

Tattoos, The Permanent Art (http://video.pbs.org/video/2219469018) Documentary produced by Off Book (web series)
History, Ink (https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/exhibit/history-ink/wQx72HUG?hl=en) produced by Meghan
Glass Hughes for The Valentine Richmond History Center

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This page was last edited on 16 December 2017, at 11:38.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo 18/18