Radar Communications

4/6/2014

Radar Equation
Nikesh Bajaj
nikesh.14730@lpu.co.in
Asst. Prof., ECE Dept.
Lovely Professional University
Overview
Signal to Noise Ratio
Probability of false alarm
Probability of Detection
Radar Cross Section
Transmitted Power
PRF
Antenna Parameter
System Losses
Other Considerations
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Radar Equation
Ba Detection
Probability of false alarm
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Minimum Detectable Signal Signal to Noise Ratio

False Alarm Thermal Noise Power= kTBn
Missed Detection k = Boltzmann Constant = 1.38x 10 -23 J/deg
Bn =Noise Bandwidth
Matched Filter

B = Half Power BW
Type of Error
Noise Figure Fn
Fn = noise out of practical Rx / Noise from Ideal Rx at T
= Nout / kT0BGa
Ga =Available Gain
T0 = 290K =62F =room Temp.
kT0 = 4x 10-21 W/Hz

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Radar equation with SNR PDFs

Ga = S0/Sin
Ni = kT0Bn
Noise Figure Fn
Fn = (Sin/Ni) / (S0/No)

Si = kT0BFnS0 / N0

Smin = kT0BFn (S0/N0)min

R4 mx = PtGA / ((4) 2 kT0BFn(S/N)min )

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Uniform
Ba Gaussian
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Rayleigh Expo.

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SNR

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Pd and Pfa
Ba Probability of FA
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Probability of Detection Probability of Detection

Prob. Of Detection Simplified

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Probability of Detection Probability of Detection

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Radar Cross Section
Ba Radar Cross Section
Scattering in all direction
PP and OP
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Radar Cross Section Radar Cross Section

In far filed (i,i) = (s,s) : Monostatic RCS
(i,i) (s,s) : Bistatic RCS
Monostatic RCS/Backscattered RCS / Target RCS
Backscattered RCS:
from all waves scattered in direction to radar Ant. With same
polarization
Spherical coordinates (,,)
at target scattered cross section =f(,)
Incident wave (i,i)

Scattered wave (s,s)

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Radar Cross Section RCS

Amount of backscattered wave =f( size/) RCS Prediction:
L band,weather Radar Rain drops

Exact is very complex
Invisible if size<<
RCS Measurement in frequency rang
Rayleigh Region: Target and are comparable
Optical Region : Target >>
Majority of Radars in Optical Region RCS Dependency on
Far field monostatic RCS in Optical region Aspect Angle and Frequency
Polorization
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RCS dependency
Ba RCS dependency on F & A
RCS fluctuates with aspect angle and Frq. Isotropic points
Two unity (1m2) isotropic scatters at zero aspect angle in far
field at R with place of 1m
If changed to 180 deg. Then it is composite RCS
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RCS dependency on F & A

RCS
Es = 2(Ss/ )*cos()

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Ba RCS: Spherical section
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RCS
Three regions
1. Optical Region
2. Rayleigh Region
3. Mie or resonance region
Between of two

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RCS RCS

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Ba
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Transmitted Pulse Energy PRF

Pt peak power of pulse (not inst.)

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Antenna Parameters: Gain
Ba
Power Gain
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System losses in Radar

Microwave Plummbing losses
Transmission Line Loss
Duplexer Loss
Antenna Losses
Beam-Shape Loss
Scanning Loss
Radome
Phase Array Loss

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System losses in Radar Predicting Range: All parameters

Signal Processing Losses Collapsing Loss
Nonmatched Filter Operator Loss
Constant False Alarm Equipment Degradation
Rate(CFAR)
Propagation Effects
Automatic Integrators
Radar system Losses
Threshold Level
Limiting Loss
Straddline Loss
Sampling Loss

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Conclusion
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Radar equation in term of transmitted pulse Radar equation for predicting range of radar
energy considering all the factors and losses.
Effect of changing PRF over range of Radar
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Effect of Cross section of target to radar
with example of spherical section
Propagation losses in radar
Effect of Gain of Antenna
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System losses
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