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Big Question
How did the role of the federal gov. change during world war 1 ?
How did the foreign policy of the US change between 1865 and 1919?
Puerto Rico
Foraker Act (aka Organic Act) April 2, 1900: most important est. Puertorican citizenship, est. the governor and
ectutive council by the President of the US this is not the way that other states came into the US, House of
Represtives was created with 35 elctectorl members the judicial system with a judicial court the judges were
appointed by the governor, the supreme court was appointed by the US, there is a nonresident voting commission
congress, all federal laws are all in effect in Puerto Rico, an anti- imperialist chase this see this as a raw deal for
the imperialists
Jones-Shafroth Act (March 2, 1917): confirmed US citizenship on the Puerticans, it created a govt more on the
line of a US state where you have a governor that is appointed by the President and the judges are appointed by
the President just like we do under territorial actuations but the legislative branch was elected by the people
1952 Puetro Rico will become a self-governing commonwealth. Was treated like a state but it never was really a
state, they ask to become a part of the US several times but they dont. They dont have to pay taxes if they are
not going to be part of the US.
Cuba
US established a military government in Cuba. right after the war, you have to est. civil authority (since there was
a war and the civil authority was taken out it has to be replaced)
The Teller Amendment (April 19, 1898): stated that we were going to withdraw from Cuba but we dont want to
leave them weak
Power vacuum Germany. They are looking for any opportunity to move in a country and take over, and we
didnt want to give them that chance with Cuba so
In 1900 the Cubans wrote a constitution. That was the major thing that we left there, before we leave we revise
the constitution to our liking ex. The Platt amendment
The Platt Amendment (February 1901). 1) We are doing both the Cubans and Americans affair. Est. that Cuba
cant transfer any of its terrority to any country except the US, 2)if they owe money to someone then they want
the land then they can trade their land to pay off the debt so Cuba couldnt borrow money from any foreign
countries that they couldnt pay off with current tax revenue (they cant raise taxes b/c the people will be broke
and have a revolution and the officials dont have any control), 3) it allowed the US to infer with Cuban affairs
when we see it necessary, 4) the US was granted lease of Gitmo Bay (Guantanamo Bay)(one of the coiling
stations) SIGH: even though Cuba was independent, they had limited rights to the say in foreign policy and
financial affairs they were limited on their foreign affairs,
The U.S. withdrew troops in 1902.
China
Open Door Policy Suggested by John Hay to all foreign powers. EQUAL trading rights for all
He told everyone that everyone agreed but China didnt.
Boxer Rebellion- b/w alliance of 8 European powers carved up China with their spheres of influence
The Righteous Harmony Society - Boxers: they take over embassies, wanted to ride foreign
influences, became Chinas defenders against the foreign community
They murdered missionaries and Chinese Christians
The Empress Dowager: de-facto leader of Qing dynasty wanted to ride country of foreigners
Multinational force: Major countries joined together to free their people from China
U.S. issued more Open Door notes.
US Open Doors: allowed for
The Boxer Protocol. 1901, China and 11 other nations signed this and it ended the rebellion
U.S.S. Oregon
Spanish-American War U.S. interest in a canal. The ship took a long time to reach the detines place and at times
wouldnt hear from them for weeks so this brought to our attention that the canal would benefit us
Poor communication.
U.S. was forced to have a 2 ocean navy.: if we didnt have canal then we will have to have 2 Ocean navy (one
navy for each ocean) but with the canal we will only have to have one navy
An empire made a canal a necessity.
Teddy Roosevelt
1900 Election William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt (TR). Roosevelt is the governor of New York, hes a war
hero and he is a progressive, the republicans were okay with him, he goes corrupt parties to try to destroy them,
but then he begins to go after corrupt republicans and they get mad, and then the republicans elect William
McKinley and get him into the President so then Roosevelt will become vice president and he doesnt do anything
but then
September 6, 1901 McKinley assassinated. And then Theodore becomes president Now that damn cowboy is
president (John Hay) and just as Hay has suspected, TR is going to bring in a different foreign policy thing that
he wants
TRs Foreign Policy:
1. He wants the Isthmian Canal
2. wants to keep Europe out of Latin America
3. Speak softly and carry a big stick
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (November 18, 1901): the Clayton bull treaty, it gives the US the right to control and crate
the Canal but it assured the British that it was going to be neutral (translation: if we go to war the only people that
we are going to let go through the canal is going to be the British)
Congressional debate - Nicaragua or Panama? With TR, congress began to debate the canal issue and the location
(Not sure were to put it). The Nicaragua may have been better location (you have a river that goes from the
Caribbean to some islands where there are some lakes that are all most to the Pacific side but there is mountain
range that you have to go through, but the French offer to sell Panama for $40 million, Roosevelt supports this
because he has many investors that are in this, so congress agrees to accept the offer but if an arrangement can be
made with Columbia because Panama is a Columbian state but they ask for more money that the US is willing to
pay but there is a revolution going on in Panama
Panamanian Revolution: Panama vs. Columbia: we see to it that they receive support, many we send some
Marines down to the Panama and see that the Columbian forces cant get their forces to the uprising as a result the
Panamanians declare their independence, we immediately recognize their independence and we negotiate the
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (November 18, 1903): est. the terms in which the US will control the Panama Canal,
Bunau Varilla was the Panamas minister (he signs the treaty, he was a French citizen), Panama would receive 10
million for the canal, and the US pays $250,000 annually for rent
Construction
Obstacles: include
Difficult Terrain: mountains, and rainforests, as the ex-governor of New York he was helped to build the
Erie Canal so he knew that engineers would have to deals with this, so he makes them make lakes and
series of locks to move the ships through
Tropical Diseases:
Yellow fever: had been trying to find a cure for a while, it is being transferred by mosquitoes, so
they empty out all the water area
Dr. Walter Reed & Dr. Carlos Finlay: Dr. Carlos Finay had been working for the Spanish trying to
find a cure for the yellow fever, he was on the trail of this when the Spanish American War
erupted, then the 2 doctors work together and they figure out that the culprit is a pathogen that is
carried by a mosquito (it bites you and you get malaria and a result from that discovery William
Grogas
Dr. William Gorgas: he implements a sanitary area in Panama to rid the country side of yellow
fever, the bugs have to lay their eggs in water and when they hatch they bite you, well if you deny
the water then you get rid of the bug problem so they begin to drain ponds, lakes and the area that
they cant drain then they spread oil, everyone has mosquito nets and many other supplies to keep
them away from them as a result: many more died form yellow fever than bullets
Completion: opened on Aug. 15, 1914, took 10 years to build, spent $400 million (they had to build railroads to
get dirt moved, thousands had to come and work on this
$Dollar Diplomacy$
Dollar Diplomacy is the term used to describe the effort of the United States particularly under President
William Howard Taft to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its
economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries
President William Howard Tafts foreign policy: hes Roosevelts handpicked successor, Roosevelt steps down
after two terms (he finished up McKinleys term and he gets elected again) wasnt interested in it being president,
largest president ever, foreign policy was called Dollar Diplomacy: it reflects his secretary of state
Sec. of State Knox: an agent of Corp. America, he represents the interests in the Corp. US, he urged Taft
and American invertors to invest in countries that have important things that the US needs, he said that we
are doing these people a favor because if we dont then the Europeans will and we treat these people fair
(lines Monroe Doctrine) and its better than sending troops in to fix things, Taft just wants to buy then off
but in often times financial assistance investments leads to directly military intervention there some more
resentment towards the US
Investment: what happens is that we put money in there and its threatened in social revolution and then
we need to fix it,
Keep foreign powers out of Latin American & Far East: its better that we go in and do this other than any
other country because we are going to be fair
Investment problems:
Ruling elite: so the govt needs a dictator to prop up the interest or we send in the military to protected the
dictator
Failure: but he doesnt protect the interest, and people think that we are paying him to beat them up and
thats not what we are doing
Often U.S. military intervention followed investment.
Resentment of U.S. investment and military intervention.
Missionary Diplomacy
AKA Moral Diplomacy:
Missionary Diplomacy was Woodrow Wilson's idea of the United States' moral responsibility to deny
recognition to any Latin American government that was viewed as hostile to American interests.
President Woodrow Wilson & Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan: his father is a minister, Wilson is an
idealist and his foreign policy is going to follow along those lines, His Sec. Of State is William Bryan and hes a
populist candidate and a democratic candidate (anti-imperialist), very idealist, hes very religious and hes a
missionaries of democracy: if you bring people democracy then we will have peace , foreign investment take
everything so we need to bring democracy and therefore they will like us
Wilson announced in 1913 that the U.S. will never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest.
But he did not rule out the use of military force:
Haiti: he goes into Haiti,
Dominican Republic: He hoes into DR,
Intervention in Mexico
Wilsons policy toward Huerta: Wilsons reaction is to not recognize their govt, we are not going to deal with
murders and he starts to allow weapons to get to the Spanish Revolution
Tampico & Vera Crus: 1914: the sailors are there drinking, the Mexican officers arrest them and put them in jail
but Wilson uses this as an opportunity to step in and he sends US ships to Mexico and he learns that the Germans
are sending ship to Peutra so he orders US marines to occupy that city, when the marines step off the ship the
Mexicans start fighting back
Venustiano Carranza: he comes to power( he over throws Huerta) while this is going on, but the revolution
doesnt die down, political the 2 governors are at an understanding
Pancho Villa: He says that it isnt over, hes still a revolutionary and he cont. to fight, he thinks that if he attacks
Americans then people will feel sorry for him and he ill get support from other countries, in 1916 Villas forces
capture 12 American Engineers working on railroads in Mexico and kills them and that gets our attention then he
comes over and kills 17 more and the US doesnt turn the other check
The Mexican Expedition (1916 1917): Wilson order General John Jay Peraisn and 6,000 troops to get villa
dead or alive, Persain brings weapons, airplanes, cars, and looks everywhere for Villa but they dont find him
World War I:
America Reluctantly Becomes a World Power.
Europe Explodes
Russia Plan XIX: the Russians agrees to help out Turkey, order a general mobilization, anticipated fighted, Aust.-
Humgary and German
German Ultimatum: 1914, halt mobilization w/in 12 hours
Ottoman Empire: signs a treaty agreed to declare war on Russia
France: Aug 3- Germany declares war on them
August 4, 1914: Germany declares war on Russia
Germany The Von Schlieffen Plan. Goes through the Netherlands, behind Paris, got Britain into the war
Britain - Treaty of London 1839. Declares war on Germany
Italy: the British have been planning an alliance with Italy and they are going to leave the Triple Alliance
Leaves the Triple Alliance.
The London Pact April 25, 1915
Declared war on Austria-Hungary on May 23, 1915.
Stalemate in Europe
All pre-War plans failed: none were successful
Military doctrine failed: they hadnt kept pace with advancement in tech., civil war tech.
New technology: new weapons that no one was ready to deal with so in the end the soldiers pay the price:
Artillery:
Weapons of World War I
Artillery: French 75 mm Howitez, German Big Berthat siege mortar: one of the largest, German Paris
Gun need to shell Paris from behind German lines 90 miles away: British 15 inch howitzer the ma
The Machine Gun: the most important weapon of the war
U.S. Neutrality
Wilson: runs for president as a progressive foreigner on domestic issues, he focuses on foreign things, and thats
about everything that he does, when he gets into office he deals with domestic issues, when the world breaks out
in war in the middle of his term: he declares the US as neutral but . . . .
American Industry: the US still sold weapons to both sides, the AI is trading with both sides, both the allies and
the central powers couldnt manufacture their own war materials for their own needs so they turn to the AI for
supplies, they sold food, ammunition, and etc. but more went to the allies than the Central Powers, soon the Allies
become connected to the US and then they cant pay US off with gold anymore so they turn to borrowing money
and if the Allies lose then they are not going to be able to pay their loans back
German Exclusion Zone: the Germans declare a mega war zone around Britain, and Wilson warns the Germans
that they will be accountable for any lose of American soldiers on their property, first thing that happens is the
Lusitania . . . .
Lusitania May 1, 1915: it sunk, it was a passenger ship 1,198 people lost their lives,128 were Americans, the ship
was carrying ammunition (that was the main reason why it sank: it was hit with one torpedo) And Roosevelt calls
for war but Wilson refuses to abandon neutrality (his still against war), Wilson demands an apology from the
Germans, wants them to pay for the damage and wants them to end submarines warfare, Germans give him
everything but the commitment of ending the submarine warfare however ..
Sussex March 24, 1916: the French sink the Sussex, and Wilson threatens to brake off diplomatic relations for the
loss of Americans lives on this ship which means that the US is declaring war as a result the Germans dont want
us in the War so they make the Sussex Pledge . . . .
The Sussex Pledge May 14, 1916: they state that they will not attack passenger ships, merchant ships will not be
targeted unless it was confirmed that they were carrying weapons and ships will not be sunk unless provisions
have been made for the safety of the passengers and crew, this made it impossible for the Germans to not cont. the
submarine warfare b/c in order for them to make sure that they have weapons you have to get on the ship and
search and if you do that then they are going to end up sinking the ship and you cant make provisions for the
passengers and the crew: so it ties the Germans down