5thyr 1st Sem Me Project

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Electricity figures everywhere in our lives, electricity is the rate at which electric energy
is converted to or from another form of energy, such as light, thermal energy, or
mechanical energy. Electricity lights up our homes, cooks our food, powers our
computers, television sets, and other electronic devices, also it is major requirement on
industries and offices.
Power plants convert other forms of energy, like chemical energy, gravitational
potential energy or heat energy into electrical energy. Some of these power plants are
steam power plant, geothermal power plant, combined cycle gas turbine power plant,
diesel power plant and the hydroelectric power plant which will be the subject matter of
this power plant design.
GENERATING POWER
Hydroelectric power plants convert the kinetic energy contained in falling water
into electricity and use the potential energy of water stored in a reservoir to operate the
turbines. The turbines are connected to large generators, and can operate on varying
volumes of water to adapt to changing demand for electricity. The energy in flowing
water is ultimately derived from the sun, and is therefore constantly being renewed.
Energy contained in sunlight evaporates water from the oceans and deposits it on land in
the form of rain. Differences in the land elevations result in rainfall runoff, and allow
Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

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some of the original solar energy to be captured as hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric
power plant capacity is related to the height and capacity of a reservoir and requires
certain conditions in the local geography in addition to a water source. Hydro is a
renewable energy source and more cost-effective than many other renewable sources of
energy such as photo voltaic. Also, hydroelectric energy is the cheapest and environment
friendly among the other sources.
At facilities called hydroelectric power plants, hydropower is generated. Some
powers are located on rivers, streams, and canals. But for reliable water, dams are
needed. Dams store water for later release for such purposes as irrigation, domestic and
industrial use, and power generation. The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing water
to be released as needed to generate power.
HOW HYDRO POWER WORKS
Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion. It can be seen as
a form of solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle which gives the earth its
water. In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water reaches the earths surface as
precipitation. Some of this water evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the soil
or becomes surface runoff. Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds,
lakes reservoirs, or ocean where evaporation is constantly occurring.
In Asia, especially in the Philippines, the cost of power in the country remains
relatively high compared to the other Asian neighbors. ASEAN neighbors Indonesia,

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Vietnam and Thailand all have significantly lower residential and commercial electricity
rates compared to the Philippines.
Among the variance and one of the most abundant sources of indigenous energy supply
in the country is the hydro power. According to DOE (Department of Energy), there are
52 existing mini-hydropower plants in the Philippines. Historically, it has contributed
significantly to the countrys energy requirements over the years. There are 1081
potential sites for putting up a mini-hydropower plant in the Philippines with an
estimated capacity of 13.428 Gigawatts. Unlike large scale hydroelectric plants which
require big dams for storage at which in turn causes siltation and river degration , mini-
hydropower plants are environment friendly and do not destroy watersheds. Though it is
clear that the installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants are smaller compared to
combined cycle power plants and other plants, it can be deduced that when it comes to
environment concerns, hydro power is favored most than any other source of energy
because fuel is not burned so there is no pollution, water to run the power plant is
provided by nature for free and it is renewable (rainfall renews the water in the reservoir).
Furthermore, as the country itself is situated in an archipelagic country endowed with
numerous bodies of water all throughout its lands, it is of significance that the hydro
power be given equal importance and attention so as to solve the countrys dependence
on imported oil and intensify the distributed power generation to deliver electricity to
remote villages in the country.
According to the Department of Energy in the next ten years there will be power
supply shortages in Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon because of the increasing demand of

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electricity. The Philippine program extends the countrys national electrical grid to rural
users.
Distributed generation is more efficient way to deliver electricity to remote
villages. Not only can distributed systems be up and running in less time that it takes to
string power lines, a local system avoids the waste represented by transmission losses. An
appropriately chosen system of distributed generation, coupled with conservative use of
power, can be sustained with little or no subsidy.
Since the advent of relentless power shortages during the early 90s, the
government has already made countless efforts to alleviate these shortages by building
power plants across the country. Different indigenous energy supply such as natural gas,
oil, geothermal, coal and hydro power were tapped in order to fuel the numerous plants in
the country.
TRANSMITTING POWER
Once the electricity is produced, it must be delivered to where it is needed our
homes, schools, offices, factories, etc. Dams are often in remote locations and power
must be transmitted over some distance to its users.
Vast networks of transmission lines and facilities are used to bring electricity to
us in a form we can use. All the electricity made at a power plant comes first through
transformers which raise the voltage so it can travel long distances through power lines.
(Voltage is the pressure that forces an electric current through a wire.) At local

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substations, transformers reduce the voltage so electricity can be divided up and directed
throughout an area.
Transformers on poles (or buried underground, in some neighborhoods) further
reduce the electric power to the right voltage for appliances and use in the home. When
electricity gets to our homes, we buy it by the kilowatt-hour, and a meter measures how
much we use.
While hydroelectric power plants are one source of electricity, other sources
include power plant that burn fossil fuels or split atoms to create steam which in turn is
used to generate power. Gas turbine, solar, geothermal, and wind-powered systems are
other sources. All these power plants may use the same system of transmission lines and
stations in an area to bring power to you. By use of this power grid, electricity can be
interchanged among several utility systems to meet varying demands. So the electricity
lighting your reading lamp now may be from a hydroelectric power plant, a wind
generator, a nuclear facility, or a coal, gas, or oil-fired power plant or a combination of
these.
PLANT SITE
The plant will be located at 13.4501, 120.9911 E, in the municipality of
Barangay Villaflor in Puerto Galera on the island of Mindoro. The equipment and
auxiliaries can easily be transported through national road. It has proper city planning,
which made it possibly easy distribution of power lines.

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FIG. 1.0 PLANT SIDE DESCRIPTION

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Tamaraw falls, its name comes from the historical fact that that it once housed
hundreds of Tamaraws, which are endemic to Mindoro. However, as the climate and
environment changedand as humans encroached upon the Tamaraws territorythe
species dwindled and soon became an endangered species. The only proof that the
Tamaraw once inhabited the falls lies in the name, and perhaps the statues erected nearby,
in honor of the humble animal.
The waterfall is easily accessible, as it is beside the main road in Brgy. Villaflor.
It is about a half hour drive or bike ride from the town proper, but may take longer if
youre heading straight there from the ports around Puerto. The environmental fee is
affordable and this allows you to access the falls for the day, as well as swim in the man-
made freshwater pools at the bottom of the falls. One pool is shallow at 4 feet deep, and
another at about 12 feet deep.
This waterfall drops 30m from a forested ravine into splash pools off the main
Puerto Galera-Calapan road, 13km out of town, then flows out again in another series of
falls. It gets busy at weekends, so go during the week when crowd are more moderate.
LOCATION DETAILS OF TAMARAW FALLS
1.4501 N, 120.9911 E, Barangay Villaflor , Puerto Galera Oriental Mindoro.
The climate here is tropical. The summers are much rainier than the winters in Mindoro.
This climate is considered to be Aw according to the Koppen-geiger climate

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classification. The average annual temperature is 27.4 C in Mindoro. In a year, the
average rainfall is 1307 mm.
Fig. 2.0 Climate Graph
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study is to come up with an appropriate engineering
design of a hydroelectric power plant with at least 350km2 reservoir type Hydroelectric
Power Plant.
Specifically this study aims to:
1. Provide the following schematic diagram:
a. Plant layout
b. Hydraulic Turbine
c. Generator set
2. Specify the following:

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a. Turbine specification
b. Water reservoir
c. Foundation design
d. Spillway
e. Generator specification
f. Penstock
g. Power station
3. Analyze the following:
a. Design Stress
b. Design Load
c. Stability Analysis
4. Discuss the cost of project
REASON FOR THE PROJECT
Before picking on this project we were motivated by the following factors:
1. The desire to harness the existing hydro potential in remote areas of the
country.
2. The need to provide a clean and cheap source of energy for the rural areas to
supplement the expensive fossil fuel sources of energy currently in use.
3. The need to hasten the pace of rural electrification programs by providing
additional electrical energy.

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CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION
Hydropower provides a large form of a renewable energy in the world. Other
renewable resources include geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar
power. Hydroelectric power plants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do
they pollute the air, land, or water, as other power plants may. Hydroelectric power has
played an important part in the developments were instrumental in the early expansion of
the electric power industry.
In countries or regions where there is significant rainfall the incorporation of
hydroelectricity into the power generation portfolio is relatively straightforward all it
requires is a steady flow or large store of water. Coastal areas too are potential targets for
hydro-power technology wherever there are large tidal changes or fast currents force
and energy can be harnessed. It is little surprise that the huge potential of water-generated
energy is being investigated in such depth. After all human beings have historically relied
upon water to mill, to irrigate, and since the industrial revolution to create power and
electricity it is fitting that in the hunt for renewable energy sources we return to a
technology that has been around for thousands of years.
Although most energy in the Philippines is produced by fossil-fuel (oil),
combined cycle and geothermal, hydroelectricity is still important to the nation, as about
5 per cent of total power is produced by hydroelectric plants. Nowadays, huge power
generators are placed inside dams to produce higher output. Water flowing through the
dams goes to spin turbine blades which are connected to generators. Power is produced

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and is sent to homes and businesses. Producing electricity using hydroelectric power has
some advantages over other power-producing methods.
There are several different methods for generating electricity through the use of
water. The two techniques that are the most relied upon are the reservoir and run-of-the-
river generation methods. Reservoir hydroelectricity uses the force of a large body of
water being released through a small spill-way to push a turbine which in turn converts
the energy into electricity. While some of these types of dams or reservoirs release the
water directly into the stream or river below, pumped-storage hydroelectricity uses two
dams (one lower than the other) to contain the water released and thus recirculation it
back into the higher dam. This provides a reliable and consistent source of energy
regardless of rainfall.
The other popular form of hydroelectricity generation is what is known as run-
off-the-river and involves the steady flow of a river or spillway to turn a turbine. Both of
the techniques mentioned are suitable for micro generation projects as well as
commercial and industrial-scale supply.
In coastal area, there is the other form of hydroelectricity generation that, which
harnesses the power of the ocean, is a relatively new field of science and is for the most
part still in the experimental phase. There are several different forms of ocean-powered
hydroelectricity, including tidal barrage, wage and tidal stream power. Each system relies
on the flow of the tides: barrage technology makes use of the shifting force of large
bodies of water whilst tidal stream system uses incoming and outgoing tides to turn
turbines.

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Wave power, meanwhile, utilizes the rise and fall of waves to generate
mechanical energy. Though in their infancy, these technologies are being thoroughly
investigated and are beginning to be installed in locations around the world.
Less common type of hydro schemes uses waters kinetic energy or undammed
sources such as undershot waterwheels, the relatively recent field of hydrokinetics.
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric
plant is: P = hrgk, where P is power in watts, h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic
meters per second, and k is a conversion factor of 7500 watts (assuming an efficiency
factor of about 76.5% and acceleration due to gravity of 9.81 m/s2, and fresh water with a
density of1000kg per cubic meter. Efficiency is often higher with larger modern turbines
and may be lower with very old or small installations due to proportionately higher
friction losses).
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some
installation the water flow rate can vary by factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
INDUTRIAL HYDROELECTIC PLANTS
Many hydroelectric project s supply public electricity networks; some are created
to serve specific industrial enterprises. Dedicated hydroelectric projects are often built to
provide the substantial amounts of electricity need for aluminum electrolytic plants, for
example. In the Scottish Highlands of United Kingdom, there are examples at
Kinlochleven and Lochaber, constructed during the early years of the 20th century. The

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Grand Coulee Dam, long the worlds largest, switched to support Alcoa aluminum in
Bellingham, Washington, United States of American World War II airplane before it was
allowed to provide irrigation and power to citizen (in addition to aluminum power) after
te war. In Suriname, the Brokopondo Reservoir was constructed to provide electricity for
Alcoa aluminum industry. New Zealands Manapouri Power Station was constructed to
supply electricity to the aluminum smelter at Tiwai Point.
ADVANTAGES
No fuel required: One of the major advantages of the hydroelectric power plants
is that they dont require any fuel for producing power. The hydroelectric power plants
utilize renewable energy of water to generating electricity.
Cost of electricity is constant: Since no fuel is required for the hydroelectric
power plants, the cost of electricity produced by them is more or less constant. It does not
depend on the cost of fuels like coal, oil and natural gas in the international market. The
country doesnt even have to import the fuel for the hydroelectric power plant thus saving
lots of local currency.
No air-pollution: Since the hydroelectric power plants dont burn any fuel any
pollution is caused by them. It does not emit harmful gases and particulate matter, thus
keeps the surrounding atmosphere clean and healthy for living.

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Long life: The life of hydroelectric power plants is no longer that the life of
thermal power pants. There are some hydroelectric power plants that were built more
than 50-100 years ago and are still running.
Cost of generation of electricity: For the working of hydroelectric power plant
very few people required since most of the operations are automated, thus operating costs
of hydroelectric power plants are low. Further, as the hydroelectric power plant become
older, the cost of generation of electricity from it becomes cheaper since initial capital
invested in the plant is recovered over the long period of operations.
Can easily work during high peak daily loads: The daily demand of power is
not constant throughput the day. The peak power occurs at night. It is very difficult to
start and stop the thermal and nuclear power plants on daily basis. The hydroelectric
power plants can be easily started and stopped without consuming much time. Water can
be collected in the dam throughout the day and this can be used to generate electricity
during peak periods.
Irrigation of farms: Water from the dams can be also for the irrigation of farm
land thus producing the agriculture outputs throughout the year even in the areas where
there is scanty or no rainfall.
Water sports and gardens: In vicinity of the dams the water from reservoir can
be utilized to develop public recreational facilities like water parks for sports and
gardens.

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Prevents floods: The dams also help prevent floods in the areas adjoining the
large rivers.
Disadvantages
Disrupts the aquatic ecosystems: the dams developed across the rivers can
disturb the aquatic life and lead to their large scale distribution. There are chances that the
fishes and other water animals may enter the penstock and the ultimately the power
generation turbines where they may get crashed. The dams can also disturb the mating
seasons and mating areas of the water animals.
Distribution in the surrounding areas: The plant and animal life around the
rivers thrives due to continuous fresh flowing water in the river. Due to construction of
the dam lots of areas have to be cleared that disrupt the plant and animal life. In many
cases even a number of trees have to be cut that destroys not only the plant life but also
the animals dependent on them. Even changing the course of flow water in the river due
to construction of dam disrupts the plant and animals life.
Requires large area: The construction of dam, the power generation unit and the
transformers and their connection to the national grid acquires large areas of the forest.
The larger the land acquired for the dam, more is the disturbance to the natural ecosystem
in the surrounding forest areas.
Large scale human displacement: For the construction of the dams even the
human beings living in the areas surrounding the river have to be shifted. Human beings
tend to have strong attachments to the lands occupied by them and their ancestors since

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hundreds of years,. It is not easy to convince the people to leave the lands. People are
convinced or forced to leave the land which not only is their shelter but also the source of
income. In many instances, when people are snatched away of their lands, they are not
given proper remuneration and the other land for resettlement. This creates large scale
oppositions and revolts against construction of the dams.
Very high capital cost or investment: The initial cost of the construction of the
hydroelectric power plants is very high. It also takes a long time to construct the plant.
Lots of designing, planning, and testing goes into the construction of the dams. Each dam
is unique in itself so the designs cannot be standardized. Construction of dams requires
lots of steel, iron and cement which make the hydroelectric power plants very expensive.
The project can contain multiple risks to humans and/or the environment. Overall, lots of
time, money and human efforts are invested in the construction of hydroelectric power
plants.
High quality construction: The construction materials used for construction of
the dams should be of high quality. Any breakage in the dam can cause large scale
distribution of the human, plant and animals live.
Site specific: the hydroelectric power plants cannot be constructed at any
locations. They can be constructed only in places where abundant quality of water is
available at sufficient height and throughout the year. A number of other safety
parameters also have to be considered. Construction of the dams at inappropriate
locations can cause human casualties.

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Affects on environment: Through the hydroelectric power plants do not require
any fuel, dont produce greenhouse gases and dont create pollution directly, it does have
a number of detrimental effects on the environment. The construction activity of the dam
itself disturbs the environment to a great scale.
When the course of water is changed the surrounding areas mat get flooded
distributing natural flora and fauna. Human beings living in these areas also get
displaced. The large quantities of water collected due to the floods also emit a lot of
greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. Thus though the hydroelectric power plants dont
generate greenhouse gases directly, they generate it indirectly. Over several years, a
number of vehicles coming to the construction site for loading and unloading materials
also emit greenhouse gases that directly affect the sensitive plants and animal life found
in forests.
Safety of the dams: The safety of the dams is very crucial as it can affect lives of
millions of people. In this age when the terrorist attacks are increasing there are greater
concerns for the safety of large dams.
Comparison with other Methods of Power Generation
Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion,
including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and
mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the
indirect health effects of coal emissions. Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity
generates no nuclear waste, has none of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor
nuclear leaks. Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source.

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Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable
load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can be dispatched to generate power
when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in the
power demand.
Unlike fossil-fueled combustion turbines, construction of a hydroelectric plant
requires a long lead-time for site studies, hydrological studies, and environment impact
assessment. Hydrological data up to 50 years or more is usually required to determine the
best sites and operating regimes for large hydroelectric plants. Unlike plants operated by
fuel, such as fossil or nuclear energy, the number of sites that can be economically
developed by hydroelectric production is limited; in many areas the most cost effective
sites have already been exploited. New hydro sites tend to be far from population centers
and require extensive transmission lines. Hydroelectric generation depends on rainfall in
the watershed, and may be significantly reduced in years of low rainfall or snowmelt.
Long-term energy yield may be affected by climate change. Utilities that primarily use
hydroelectric power may spend additional capital to build extra capacity to ensure
sufficient power is available in low water years.
TYPICAL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Hydroelectric energy is produced by the force of falling water. The capacity to
produce this energy is dependent on both the available flow and the height from which it
falls. Building up behind a high dam, water accumulates potential energy. This is
transformed into mechanical energy when the water rushes down the sluice and strikes

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the rotary blades of turbine, the turbines rotary spins electromagnets which generates
current in stationary coils of wire. Finally, the current is put through a transformer where
the voltage is increased for long distance transmissions over power lines.
Fig. 3.0 Hydroelectric Power Generation

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Hydropower plants harness waters energy and use simple mechanics to convert
that energy into electricity. Hydropower plants are actually based on a rather simple
concept water flowing through a dam turns a turbine, which turns a generator.
Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into
electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available.
The layout covered in this article is just as simple one and only cover the important parts
of hydroelectric plant. The different parts of hydroelectric power plants are:
Fig. 4.0 Cross Sectional View of Hydroelectric Plant
Dams

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Dams are structure built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir.
The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines
in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy season and store it, thus
allowing for a steady flow through the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used
for controlling floods and irrigation. The dams should be water-tight and should be able
to withstand the pressure exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams
such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is
called head race.
Water Reservoir
Water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in
the reservoir is located at the height above the rest of the dam structure. The height of the
water I the reservoir decides how much potential energy water possesses. Higher the
height of the water in the reservoir also enables it to move downwards effortlessly due to
gravity.
Intake or Control Gates
These are gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is
released and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water
enters the power generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened
the water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water
flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.
Water Turbines

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The water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit
that comprises of the turbines and generator. When water falls on the blades of the
turbine, the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion
of the blades of the turbine. Due to rotation of blades the shaft of the turbine also rotates.
The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator. In most of the hydroelectric power
plants there are more than one power generation units comprising the turbine and
generator.
Generators
It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of the water
turbine rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in the coils of the
generator. It is rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field
which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the rotation
of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is achieved
by the kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus, in hydroelectricity power plants
potential energy of water is converted into electricity.
Spillway
Spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from
dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent
over toping of dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be
controlled type or uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled type starts releasing water upon
rising above a particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is
possible.

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Penstock and Tunnel
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside
power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems. Water
under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a
penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present between the dam and power station
such as mountain.
Surge Tank
Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the
purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes. The
sudden surges of water in penstocks are taken by the surge tank, and when the water
requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating water flow and
pressure inside the penstock.
Power Station
Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the
power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine
shaft. This rotational torque is transferred to the generator and is converted into
electricity. The used water is released through the tail race. The difference between head
race and tail is called gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net
head available to the turbine for generation of electricity.
Transformer

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The electricity generated inside the generator is not sufficient voltage. The
transformer converts the alternating current produced within the generator to the high
voltage current. The transformer comprises of two coils: the supply coil and the outlet
coil. Current is applied to the supply coil, from where it passes to the outlet coil. The
number of turns in the outlet coil decides the voltage of output electricity from the
transformer. If the number of turns in outlet coil is double of supply coil, the voltage
produced is also doubled.
Tailrace
The water that has been used to rotate the turbine blades and turbines shaft leaves
the power generation unit entering the pipeline called as the tailrace. From here the water
flows into the main river. The height of water in the tailrace is much below the height of
water in the water reservoir behind the dam. The potential energy of water in the tailrace
has been used to generate electricity.
TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Run-of-the-river
In some areas of the world, the flow rate and elevation drops of the water are
consistent enough that hydroelectric plants can be built directly in the river. The water
passes through the plant without greatly changing the flow rate of the river. In many
instances a dam is not required, and therefore the hydroelectric plant causes minimal
environment impact on its surroundings.

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Reservoir Hydroelectric Power Plants
The reservoir in the hydroelectric power plants has the capacity to store extremely
large quantities of water that can be used throughout the whole season. The reservoir
usually gets filled during the raining season and the water lasts for the whole year till the
next summer season. In these hydroelectric power plants, large reservoir is constructed
behind the dam wall. Water from the reservoir is released to the power generation unit via
penstock. The flow of water to penstock is controlled by the gates.
Pump Storage
When the demand for electricity is low, pumped storage facility stores energy by
pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high
electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity.
SIZES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Large Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as facilities that have a
capacity of more than 30 MW.
Small Hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities that have a
capacity of 100 KW to 30 MW.
Micro Hydropower
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A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kW. A small or micro
hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or
village.
Types of Hydropower Turbines
There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of
hydropower turbine selected for a project is based on the height of standing water-
referred to as headand the flow, or volume of water, at the site. Other deciding
factors include how deep the turbine must be set, efficiency, and cost.
Reaction Turbine
Reaction turbines are acted upon on by water, which changes pressure as it moves
through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water
pressure or suction, or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
Kinds of reaction turbine are the following:
Propeller or Kaplan
A propeller turbine generally has a runner with three to six blades in which the
water contacts all of the blades constantly. Picture a boat propeller running in a pipe.
Through the pipe, the pressure is constant; if it isnt, the runner would be out of balance.
The pitch of the blades may be fixed or adjustable. The major components beside the
runner are a scroll case, wicket gates, and a draft tube.
Francis

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A Francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets (vanes), usually nine or more.
Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing
it to spin. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket
gates, and draft tube.
Impulse Turbine
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the
turbines curved blades which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum
impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts
through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.
Prior to hitting the turbine blades, and the waters pressure (potential energy) is converted
to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at
the turbine blades, and the turbine doesnt require housing for operation
Kinds of impulse turbine are the following:
Pelton
A pelton wheel has one or more free jets discharging water into an aerated space
and impinging on the buckets of a runner. Draft tubes are not required for impulse turbine
since the runner must be located above the maximum tail water to permit operation at
atmospheric pressure.
Cross-flow
A cross-flow turbine is drum shaped and uses an elongated, rectangular- section
nozzle directed against the curved vanes on a cylindrically shaped runner. It resembles a

Orriental Mindoro
18
squirrel cage blower. The cross-flow turbine allows the water the flow through the
blades twice.
Method of Determining the Type of Turbine
In selecting specific equipment to be used in the hydroelectric power plant must
follow a lot of technical considerations including its output and its efficiency. As with
pumps, there are families of different types of turbine to deal with different types of
situation. Briefly, these can be characterized as follows:
The working head of water is low so large flow rates are allowed in the Kaplan
turbine. The water enters the turbine through the guide vanes which are aligned such as to
give the flow a suitable degree of swirl determined according to the rotor of the turbine.
The flow from guide vanes pass through the curved passage which forces the radial flow
to axial direction with the initial swirl imparted by the inlet guide vanes which is now in
the form of free vortex.
Kaplan/Propeller Low head setup

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19
Banki/Francis Medium head setup
Pelton/Turgo High head setup
Fig, 5.0 Characterization of Turbine
The axial flow of water with a component of swirl applies force on the blades of
the rotor and loses its momentum, both linear and angular, producing torque and rotation
(their product is power) in the shaft. The scheme for production of hydroelectricity by
Kaplan Turbine is same as that for Francis turbine.
Francis turbine is generally installed with their axis vertical. Water with high head
(pressure) enters the turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. The

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20
water looses a part of its pressure in the volute (spiral casing) to maintain its speed. Then
water passes through guide vanes where it is directed to strike the blades on the runner at
optimum angles. As the water flows through the runner its pressure and angular
momentum reduces. This reduction imparts reaction on the runner and power is
transferred to the turbine shaft.
If the turbine is operating at the design conditions the water leaves the runner in
axial direction. Water exists the turbine through the draft tube, which acts as a diffuser
and reduces the exit velocity of the flow to recover maximum energy from the flowing
water.
A typical setup of a system of a system generating electricity by Pelton turbine
will have a water reservoir situated at height from the Pelton Wheel. The water from the
reservoir flows through a pressure channel to the penstock head and then through the
penstock of the supply pipeline to the nozzles, from where the water comes out as high
speed jets striking the blades of the Pelton turbine. The penstock head is is fitted with
surge tank which absorbs and dissipates sudden fluctuation in pressure.
For a constant water flow rate from the nozzles the speed of turbine changes with
changing loads on it. For quality hydroelectricity generation the turbine should rotate at a
constant speed. To keep the speed constant despite the changing loads on the turbine
water flow through the nozzles is changed. To control the gradual changes in load servo
controlled spear valves are used in the jets to change the flow rate. And for sudden
reduction in load the jets are deflected using deflector plates so that some of the water
from the jets does not strike the blades. This prevents over speeding of the turbine.

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21
Classification of Hydro electric Power Plants
Hydro-electric power plants are usually classified according to the
available head of water.
High head power plants: Head of water is more than 500 meters. The
turbine used in such plants is Pelton wheel.
Medium head power plants : Head of water ranges from 80 to 500 metres.
The turbine used in such plants in Francis turbine.
Low head power plants: Head of water ranges from 1.5 to 80 metres. The
turbine used in such plants is Kaplan turbine.
Fig. 6.0 Kaplan Turbine

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22
Hydraulic Turbines
The hydraulic turbine is a mechanical device that converts the potential energy
contained in an elevated body of water (a river or reservoir) into rotational mechanical
energy. Selecting the type, kind, (within type) configuration, (horizontal or vertical) size,
and number of turbine units that best suit a project is a detailed process. Size and number
of units are discussed in chapter-2. This involves technical, environmental, financial, and
other considerations. The most inexpensive turbine may not be the best solution to the
available head and flow. For small hydro up to 5 MW units size standard turbines are
recommended. For units above 5 MW size information exchange with turbine
manufacturers is recommended for turbine selection at project stage. The selection
procedure is prepared for selection of turbine based on the techno economic consideration
to permit rapid selection of proper turbine unit, estimation of its major dimensions and
prediction of its performance.
Francis Turbine
Francis turbines are the most common water turbines in use today. They operate
in a head range of 10 to 650 meters (33 to 2133 feet) and are primarily used for electrical
power production. The power output generally ranges from 10 to 750 megawatts, though
mini-hydro installations may be lower. Runner diameters are between 1 and 10 meters (3
and 33 feet). The speed of the turbine is from 83 to 100 rpm. Medium size and larger
Francis turbine are most often arranged with a vertical shaft. Vertical shaft may also be
used for small size turbines, but normally they have horizontal shaft.

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23
Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along
with their high efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world.
Francis type units cover a head range from 20 to 700 meters (100 to 2300 feet), and their
output power varies from just a few kilowatts up to 1 gigawatt. Large Francis turbines are
individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible efficiency, typically
over 90%.
In addition to electrical production, they may be also be used for pumped storage,
where a reservoir is filled by the turbine (acting as a pump)during low water demand, and
then reserved and used to generate power during peak demand.
Methodology
This presents the methods and procedures of calculating the parameters used in
the analysis of hydroelectric power plant.
Methods of Determining the Rate of Discharge
Rate of discharge is the product of cross-sectional area and velocity of water.
Where:
A = cross-sectional area, m2

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24
V = velocity, m/s
Methods of Determining the Gross Head
For Reaction (Francis) Turbine and Propeller (Kaplar), gross head is the
difference in elevation between the headwater and tailwater.
Where:
= elevation of headwater, m
= elevation of tail water, m
Method of Determining the Net Head
Net head is the effective head. It is the difference between the gross head and the
fiction head loss.
Where:
= gross head, m
= head loss, m

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25
Methods of Determining the Penstock Efficiency
The penstock efficiency is the ratio of the net head and the gross head.
Where:
= net head, m
= gross head, m
Methods of Determining the Water or Hydraulic Power
Water or Hydraulic Power is the power that is derived from the force or energy of
falling water.
Where:
= specific weight, 9.81 kN/m3
= flow rate, m3/s
h = head, m

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26
Methods of Determining the Head Loss due to Friction
Friction head loss is expressed as a percentage of the gross head.
Using Darcys equation:
2
=
2
Where:
f = coefficient of friction = 0.45
L = length of penstock, m = 8.55
V = velocity, m/s = 2.97m/s
g = gravity = 9.91 m/s
D = inside diameter, m = 3
Note: the following data came from climate-data.org
Average rainfall 1307 mm
Penstock diameter 3 m
Length of penstock 8.544 m
Head water 38.4 m

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27
Tail water 10 m
Generator Efficiency 98 %
Turbine Efficiency 94%
Transmission Efficiency - 97%
Coefficient of friction (f) 0.04
Height of dam 31.95 m
Length of Dam -
Elevation at crest 38.4 m
Height of water drop 0.45 m
Solving for Velocity
= 2
Substituting values
Hg = eln - elt

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28
Eln = elevation of headwater, m
Elt = elevation of tail water, m
Effective head
H = Hg - Hf
Hg = gross head
Hf = Pipe friction loss
Morse equation
Hf = 2fLv2 / gD
g specific weight of water
f coefficient of friction
D penstock diameter
L length of penstock
Water Power
Pw= QgH

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29
Brake Power
Pb = Pw (et)
Generator Power
Pgen = QgHNtNe
= (He / Hg) x 100%
Turbine power
= y(Q)(h)(et)
Method of Determining the Turbine Output
/ =
Where:
= generator efficiency
Method of Determining the Generator Speed

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30
120
=

Where:
N = speed
F = frequency
P = no. of poles (must be even no.)
Method of Determining the Head of Pelton Turbine
2
= +
2
Method of Determining the Head of Reaction Turbine
( 2 + 2 )
= + +
2
Method of Determining the Peripheral Coefficiency

= =
2
Where:

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31
D = diameter of runner
N = speed of runner
g = 9.81 m/sec
Turbine Efficiency
= Turbine Power / Water Power
Solution:
= 2()
= 2(9.81)(0.45)
= 2.97m/s
(32 )
= (2.97m / s)( )
4
= 20.99

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32
Gross Head
= 38.4 10
= 28.4
(0.04)(0.45)(2.97 2 )
H f

2(9.81)(3)
= 2.70 103
H= hg - Hf
=28.4 2.70 103
= 28.3973m
Overall efficiency
o t m g
= (0.94)(0.97)(0.98)
= 0.89
Penstock Efficiency
= (28.3973/28.4) x 100%
= 99.99%

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33
P = gQH
= (9.81)(20.99)(28.3973)(0.89)(1000)
= 5.2 MW
Specific Speed
1.924
Ns 0.512
Hn
1.924
=
28.93730.512
= 0.1665
Rotational Speed
N s E 3/ 4
N
Q
E gH n
= 9.81*28.3973
= 278.58
0.1665(278.583 / 4 )
=
20.99
= 2.478 t/s

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34
= 148.68 RPM
Outlet Diameter ( D3 )
Hn
D3 = 84.5 * ( 0.31 +( 2.488 * N s )) *
60 * N
28.3973
= 84.5 * (0.31 (2.488 * 0.1665)) *
60 * 2.478
= 2.19 m
Inlet Diameter ( D1 )
0.095
D1 = (0.4 )( D3 )
Ns
0.095
= (0.4 )( 2.19)
0.1665
= 2.125 m
Inlet Diameter ( D2 )
D3
D2 =
(0.96 0.3781N s )
2.19
=
(0.96 0.3781* 0.1665)
= 2.140 m

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35
Width B1
B1 = 0.45 * D3
= 0.45 * 2.19
= 0.9855 m
Flow Velocity V f 1
V f 1 = K f 2 gH n
= 0.3 2 * 9.81* 28.2973
= 7.081 m/s
Rim Velocity Tangential u1 L
N
u1 = * D1 *
60
148.68
= * 2.125 *
60
= 16.543 m/s
Velocity of whirl at inlet Vwl
u1
L = Vwl x
gh

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36
gh
Vw1 l x
u1
9.81(28.3973)
0.94 *
16.543
= 15.83 m/s
Guide vane angle () and the runner vane angle ( )
V f1
Tan =
Vw1
9.81
15.83
9.81
tan 1
15.83
= 31.8
Vf1
Tan =
Vw1 u1
9.81
15.83 16.543
9.81
tan 1
15.83 16.543
= - 85.84

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37
Width at outlet
B2
n= ; n = 0.45
D2
B2 0.45 *D2
0.45 * 2.140
B2 = 0.963 m
Hence u2 is given by;
N
u2 * D2 *
60
148.68
= * 2.140 *
60
u2 = 16.66 m/s
Velocity of whirl at outlet Vw2
h
Vw 2 g * H *
u2
0.94
= 9.81* 28.3973 *
16.66
Vw2 = 15.72 m/s
Guide vane angle () and the runner vane angle at the outlet ( 2 ) = 90

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38
Vf 2
tan
u2
9.81
tan 1
16.66
= 30.49
Cavitation Design
N s = 0.1665
Knowing the specific speed the required Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) can be
calculated as;
C 2 m2 u 22
NPSHrequired a b
2* g 2* g
Where the parameters a and b are empirical constants and according to Brekke dependent
on the speed number,
N s < 0.55 gives a = 1.12 and b = 0.055
N s > 0.55 gives a = 1.12 and b = 0,1 * N s
Cm 2 V f 2 = flow velocity at outlet = 9.81 m/s
u2 Vw 2 = whirl velocity at outlet = 15.72 m/s
C 2 m2 u 22
NPSHrequired a b
2* g 2* g

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39
(9.81) 2 (15.72) 2
= 1.12 * 0.055 *
2 * 9.81 2 * 9.81
NPSH required = 6.19
NPSH requirement to avoid cavitation
NPSH required hatm hva H s
hva from the steam table at a temperature of 24C = 0.03625 bar
1 atm = 1.01325 bar
0.03625
hva
(1.01325 *1)
hva 0.03578 0.3685mWc
6.19 < (10.3 - 0.3685)
6.19 < 9.931 thus no Cavitation occurs
Where:
hatm = atmospherically pressure, 1 atm = 10.3 mWc
hva = vapor pressure
H s = submerging of the turbine. A negative value of H s implies the turbine is set below
tail water level.

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40
From the above calculation, the turbine is not subject to cavitation even without being
submerged. Thus, submerging the turbine below the tailrace water level is not necessary
to avoid cavitation.
Design analysis of the draft tube
Conical Draft tube was selected for this design due to its advantages over other type.
Generator Speed 120(60) =

8
= 900 rpm

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41
Brake Power = (57.94)(.93)
= 53.88MW
Turbine Power = 53.88 / 57.94
= 93%
Power is a potential and the most econo ical source of electricity, this study
m
would like to propose a hydroelectric power plant.
Electrical Capacity and Generating Units
After computing the systems peak demand, plant capacity is held to supply these
demands in houses near tamaraw falls. The plant generator capacity to be used is 50 .11
MW.
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLAN
1. All electrical works/ installation shall be done with the latest edition of the
Philippine electrical code.
2. All permits, certificates of electrical inspection and submission of electrical plan
shall be done by the contractor.

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42
3. All installation of transmission and distribution lines shall be done by the
contractor.
4. All transformers shall be supplied by PHILEC.
5. There shall be adequate, effective and reliable protective equipments.
6. All substations shall be in accordance with the Philippine Electrical Code.
7. Sags and clearances shall be in accordance with the Philippine electrical code.
8. Upon the completion of all the connections and installations, proper operational
tests are to be performed.

Orriental Mindoro
43

5thyr 1st Sem Me Project

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CHAPTER 1

is converted to or from another form of energy, such as light, thermal energy, or

industries and offices.

this power plant design.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

certain conditions in the local geography in addition to a water source. Hydro is a

friendly among the other sources.

At facilities called hydroelectric power plants, hydropower is generated. Some

to be released as needed to generate power.

HOW HYDRO POWER WORKS

lakes reservoirs, or ocean where evaporation is constantly occurring.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

rates compared to the Philippines.

52 existing mini-hydropower plants in the Philippines. Historically, it has contributed

potential sites for putting up a mini-hydropower plant in the Philippines with an

Furthermore, as the country itself is situated in an archipelagic country endowed with

remote villages in the country.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

Distributed generation is more efficient way to deliver electricity to remote

appropriately chosen system of distributed generation, coupled with conservative use of

power, can be sustained with little or no subsidy.

Once the electricity is produced, it must be delivered to where it is needed our

must be transmitted over some distance to its users.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

Transformers on poles (or buried underground, in some neighborhoods) further

generator, a nuclear facility, or a coal, gas, or oil-fired power plant or a combination of

The plant will be located at 13.4501, 120.9911 E, in the municipality of

which made it possibly easy distribution of power lines.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

environment changedand as humans encroached upon the Tamaraws territorythe

in honor of the humble animal.

another at about 12 feet deep.

LOCATION DETAILS OF TAMARAW FALLS

1.4501 N, 120.9911 E, Barangay Villaflor , Puerto Galera Oriental Mindoro.

This climate is considered to be Aw according to the Koppen-geiger climate

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

average rainfall is 1307 mm.

Fig. 2.0 Climate Graph

The main objective of this study is to come up with an appropriate engineering

Specifically this study aims to:

1. Provide the following schematic diagram:

2. Specify the following:

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

3. Analyze the following:

4. Discuss the cost of project

REASON FOR THE PROJECT

Before picking on this project we were motivated by the following factors:

supplement the expensive fossil fuel sources of energy currently in use.

3. The need to hasten the pace of rural electrification programs by providing

additional electrical energy.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

Hydropower provides a large form of a renewable energy in the world. Other

the electric power industry.

In countries or regions where there is significant rainfall the incorporation of

hydroelectricity into the power generation portfolio is relatively straightforward all it

technology that has been around for thousands of years.

Although most energy in the Philippines is produced by fossil-fuel (oil),

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

some advantages over other power-producing methods.

The other popular form of hydroelectricity generation is what is known as run-

commercial and industrial-scale supply.

Design of a Reservoir Type Mini Hydroelectric Power Plant at Puerto Galera,

investigated and are beginning to be installed in locations around the world.