C Language

-1-
C Language Introduction
Languages :
A Set Of Statements Is Called A Language.There Are
Four Types Of Languages According To Their Time.
I generation languages: these languages are machine

languages. To write programs in these languages the
system technology must be required. The data is
Non-portable. That means a program
written in a system does not work in
another systems.
Ii Generation Languages :These Are Assembly

Languages. These Are Also system oriented that means to
write any program in a system that systems technology
must be required and data is non-portable. But they used
MNEMONIC words in programs. That means they used a
single word instead of more words.
-2-
III Generation Languages :In these

languages programs are witten in general
english language.There is no need to
know the system technology and the data
can be transfered anywhere.
IV Generation languages :These languages

are defined in any one of the above
languages.These are also called as
packages.
Here I & II Generation languages are

called Low Level Languages and III & IV
generation languages are called High
Level Languages.
For high level languages we have to use

translaters to translate the source code
written in general english language into
machine language. These translaters are
two types.
1) Interpreters, 2) Compilers.
1) Interpreters :These translaters translate the source
code step by step into machine language until any
error. If there is any error it stops and shows some
message. After correction it can continue.
-3-
Ex: BASIC, DBase III+, ....

2) Compilers :These translaters translate the entire
source code into machine language when it is error-
free and creates an object file in machine
language. If there is any error it shows the list of error.
After debugging it creates the object file.
Ex: COBOL, C, C++, ...
-4-
C LAN GUAG E
The language C was designed by Dennis Ritchie at AT
& T Bell Laboratories. The standardised C was released in
1979.
Th e C languag e is use d to d ev e lop
i) Scientific applications,
ii)Business applications,
iii) Graphical applications (Ex: WINDOWS ),
iv) System programs,
v) Operating Systems (Ex: UNIX) , ...
Character Set :
alphabets constants, statements,
digits ==> variables, ==> ==>
Programs
special symbols keywords instructions
Constants : The unchangeable quantities are called

Constants.The constants are generally two types.
1) Character constants :
a) Characters Ex: a, 5, +, , ...
b) Strings Ex: abc, 435, rama, ...
2) Numeric Constants :
-5-
a) integers Ex: 435, -657, 65535, -32768,...

b) Real numbers
i) Fractional form Ex: 435.67, 345.00054, ...
ii) Exponential form Ex: 0.02e3, 1.17e-38, ...
Variables : The quantities which can be changed during

the execution of program are called Variables. A variable
can be considered as the name of the cell which can hold
the constants. To use any variable it must be declared with
its data type before the first executable statement and they
can be initialised. Naming the variable is very important.
1) The variable name must be start with either alphabets
or an underscore and may contain alphabets, digits,
hyphen or underscore.
2) The maximum length of a variable is 8 characters. But
some compilers can accept upto 32 characters.
3) There must not be any blank spaces or special symbols
in a variable name.
4) A variable name must not be a keyword.
Ex: valid invlid

eno emp name
empname emp(name
emp-name 45abc
-6-
Keywords : These are predefined words. There are 32

keywords in C language. These keywords can not be used
as user-defined variables.
Operators : There are 42 operators in C language.

1) Arithmetic Operators : + - * / %
Ex:
100 + 40 ==> 140
100 - 40 ==> 60
100 * 40 ==> 4000
100 / 40 ==> 2
100 % 40 ==> 20
40 % 100 ==> 40
2) Assigning Operators : =
(variable) = (constant) / (variable) / (expression) ;
Ex: a = 5
b=a
c = a + b -2
3) Multiple operators : += -= *= /= %=
Ex:
-7-
a = a + 3 ==> a += 3
a = a - 3 ==> a -= 3
a = a * 3 ==> a *= 3
a = a / 3 ==> a /= 3
a = a % 3 ==> a %= 3
4) Unary Operators : ++ --
Ex :
a = a + 1 ==> a += 1 ==> a ++ ==> ++ a
a = a - 1 ==> a -= 1 ==> a -- ==> -- a
5) Relational Operators : == > < >= <=

!=
6) Logical Operators : && || !
7)
, . : ; < > # { [ ( ) ] } ......
Structure of a C program :
preprocessor commands
global declarations
-8-
main()
{
local declarations ;
statements ;
}
function(arguments)
{
local declarations ;
statements ;
}
The C program has a free formated structure.

Every statement must be terminated with a semicolon ;
A program is a collection of functions. There may be a
lot of functions but at least one function must be there
that is main(), where the execution starts.
C has case sensitivity. All the keywords are defined in
lower case.
So better to write entire program in lower case.
Preprocessor commands :
The commands which start with a hash(#) symbol are
called Preprocessor commands.
Ex :
-9-
# include <stdio.h>
# include conio.h
# define PI 3.14159
Global declarations :
To use any variable it must be declared with its data type
before the first executable statement. The variables which
declared in a block are available in that block only.
To use the variable in the entire program with same effect it
must be declared as global.
- 10 -
Data Types :
Type Range occupied
bytes format string
signed char -128 to 127 1
%c
unsigned char 0 to 255 1
%c
shortsigned int -32768 to 32767

2 %i %d %o %x
short unsigned int 0 to 65535 2
%u
long signed int -2^31 to 2^31 -1
4 %ld
long unsigned int 0 to 2^32 -1
4 %lu
float 3.14e-38 to 3.14e38

4 %f %e
double 1.17e-308 to 1.17e308 8
%lf
long double 1.17e-4932 to1.17e4932
10 %Lf
Functions :The functions are two types.

- 11 -
1) derived functions, 2) user-defined functions.

The derived functions are defined by the C authors. They
defined them in the header files. To use the function the
header file must be included as preprocessor statement.
1) clrscr() :-
This function is used to clear the screen. This functions
prototype has defined in the header file CONIO.H (
CONIO ==> Console Input Output )
Syntax :
clrscr();
2) printf() :-
This function is used to display the
text and the values of variables. This
functions prototype has defined in the
header file STDIO.H To display the
variables value the format string must
be used.
( STDIO ==> Standard Input Output )
Syntax :
printf( format string , variables) ;
Ex :
printf( Hello \t World );
printf( %d %c, k, j);
printf(The marks are %d, %d, %d, m1, m2, m3 );
- 12 -
Note : The function printf() returns an integer value that is

the number of arguments given to the statement.
- 13 -
Remarks :To write any remarks or comments to the

statements they must be enclosed with the symbols /* */
Ex :
/*
sdfjkshadjfsdjkafkjsadjkfhkasdj
sdafhasdfhgasdhfgasdgfgasdfhasdfj
sdafjksadfjasdkhfjasdhkfjhksda
*/
Ex Programs :
1) /* My First C Program */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(Hello );
printf(Bhanodaya ) ;
printf(Welcome ) ;
}
/*
- 14 -
Save this program (F2) as FIRST.C

After compilation(Alt-F9) it creates an object file, and an
executable
file which can be executed at MS-DOS prompt.
By saving a modified file it creates a backup file.
FIRST.C
FIRST.BAK
FIRST.OBJ
FIRST.EXE
Output :
Hello Bhanodaya Welcome
*/
- 15 -
TURBO C editor :
It is a compiler of C program and it can be also used as an
general editor. To enter into editor first change into the
directory which contains the software and enter the
command TC at the command prompt.
C:\> CD TC
C:\TC> tc
Then it opens the editor which contains a menu bar at the
top, a status bar at the bottom and a main window to write
the programming statements and a sub window which
shows the messages.
The menu bar contains some menu pads and they can be
selected by pressing ALT and the highlighted character in
the required menu pad.
Then it shows the submenu which contains some bars and
they can be selected using arrow keys.
The status bar shows online help and the keys
information.
1) To write a new program select New command from
File menu.
2) To save the working program select Save command
from File menu
or press F2 and enter a name.
- 16 -
3) To compile the program select Compile to OBJ

command from compile menu or press Alt + F9.
Then it shows the list of
errors or warnings. If the program is error-free then the
compiler
creates an object file (.OBJ) and an executable file (.EXE).
4) To execute the program select Run command from
Run menu or press Ctrl + F9.
5) To seee the output of the execution select User
Screen command from Run menu or press Alt +
F5.
6) To close the editor select Quit command from File
menu or press Alt + X.
- 17 -
Escape Sequences :
\0 ==> Null character

\t ==> Tab ( 8 spaces)
\l ==> Line feed
\r ==> Carriage Return
\n ==> New line character ( \n =
\l + \r )
\a ==> Alert (beep sound)
\ ==> Single quotes
\ ==> Double quotes
\\ ==> back slash
Ex Programs :
2) /* Using Escape Sequences */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(Hello \t ) ;
printf(Udaya \n) ;
- 18 -
printf(Welcome ) ;
}
/* Output :
Hello Udaya
Welcome
*/
3)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(Hello \t Bhanu \n Welcome ) ;
}
/* Output :
Hello Bhanu
Welcome
*/
- 19 -
4) /* Using Variables */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k = 65 ;
char j = * ;
clrscr() ;
printf(\n The value of k is %i %d %c %o %x, k, k,

k, k, k ) ;
printf(\n The value of j is %i %d %c %o %x, j, j, j,
j, j ) ;
}
/* Output :
The value of k is 65 65 A 101 42
The value of j is 42 42 * 52 2a
*/
- 20 -
5) /* Formatting the output */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c ;
clrscr() ;
a = 6 ; b = 23456; c = 678 ;
printf(\n %05d \t %d, a, a ) ;
printf(\n %05d \t %d, b, b ) ;
printf(\n %5d \t %d, c, c ) ;
}
/* Output :
00006 6
23456 23456
678 678
*/
6) /* Arithmetic Operations */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 21 -
main()
{
int a, b, c, d, e, f ;
clrscr() ;
a = 100 ; b = 40 ;
c = a + b ;
d = a - b ;
e = a * b ;
f = a / b ;
printf(The given values are %d,
%d, a, b ) ;
printf(\n The addition is %d, c)
;
printf(\n The subtraction %d, d)
;
printf(\n The product is %d, e)
;
printf(\n The division %d, f) ;
printf(\n The reminder is %d,
a%b) ;
}
/* Output :
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The given values are 100, 40

The addition is 140
The subtraction 60
The product is 4000
The division 2
The reminder is 20
*/
Notes : The Arithmetic operations are three types depend

on the types of the operands in the expression.
operand1 operand2 result
integer integer integer
integer real real
real real real
Ex Programs :
7) /* Type casting */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int m1, m2, m3, tot;
float avg ;
- 23 -
clrscr() ;
m1 = 65; m2 = 66; m3 = 68;

tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ;
/* avg = tot / 3.0 ; */
avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf(The three subjects marks are %d, %d, %d,
m1, m2, m3 ) ; printf(\n The total %d \t Average
%f, tot, avg ) ;
/* Output :
The three subjects marks are 65, 66, 68
The total 199 Average 66.33
*/
8) /* Formatting the output of

floating point values */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
- 24 -
{
float bas, da, hra, pf, net ;
clrscr() ;
bas = 5000;
da = bas * 20 / 100 ;
hra = bas * 30 / 100 ;
pf = bas * 5 / 100 ;
net = bas + da + hra - pf ;
printf(The Basic Salary %f,

bas) ;
printf(\n Da %.1f \t Hra %010.3f
\t Pf %5.0f, da, hra, pf) ;
printf(\n Net Salary %10.2f,
net) ;
}
/* Output :
The Basic Salary 5000.000000

Da 1000.0 Hra 001500.000 Pf
00250
Net Salary 7250.00
*/
- 25 -
q) /* Program to demonstrate the

Increment / Decrement operators */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k = 5 ;
clrscr() ;
Output
5
printf(\n %d, k) ;
k ++ ;
7
printf(\n %d, ++k) ;
7
printf(\n %d, k++);
8
printf(\n %d, k) ;
k -- ;
7
- 26 -
printf(\n %d, k--) ;

5
printf(\n %d, --k) ;
k = ++k + ++k + ++k ; 24 printf(\n
%d, k) ;
k=5;
k = k++ + ++k + ++k + k++ + k++ ;
printf(\n %d, k) ; 38
getch() ;
}
Notes :
scanf() :
This function is used to accept the values for the variables
while executing the program from keyboard. This
functions prototype has defined in the header file
STDIO.H
The function printf() returns an integer value that is the
number of arguments given to the statement.
Syntax:
scanf(formatstring , &(variables) );
- 27 -
Note :
To accept two or more values with a single scanf() they can
be seperated by space or tab or enter key.
Ex :
i) int a;
scanf(%d, &a);
ii)int m1, m2, m3;
scanf(%d%d%d, &m1, &m2, &m3);
iii) char ch;
scanf(%c, &ch);
getch() :
This function is used to accept a single character for the
variable while executing the program. But this function
does not display the entered character. This functions
prototype has defined in the header file CONIO.H
Note : To see the entered character the function getche()
can be Used.
Syntax:
(variable) = getch() ;
Ex :
char c;
c = getch();
- 28 -
- 29 -
Ex Programs :
9) /* Program to demonstrate the difference between the
functions
scanf(), getche(), getch()
*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char k ;
clrscr();
printf(Enter any character ) ;

scanf(%c, &k) ;
printf(You entered the character %c, k) ;
printf(\n\n Enter any character ) ; k = getche();
printf(\n You entered the character %c, k) ;
printf(\n\n Enter any character ) ; k = getch() ;
printf(\n You entered the character %c, k) ;
getch();
}
- 30 -
/* Output :
Enter any character abcdef
You entered the chracter a
Enter any character g

You entered the chracter g
Enter any character

You entered the chracter d */
10) /* Write a program to calculate the total, average

of a students three subjects marks */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int m1, m2, m3, tot;
float avg ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter three subjects marks \n) ;

- 31 -
scanf(%d%d%d, &m1, &m2, &m3 ) ;

tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ;
/* avg = tot / 3.0 ; */
avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf(The three subjects marks are %d, %d, %d,
m1, m2, m3 ) ; printf(\n The total %d \t Average
%f, tot, avg ) ;
/* Output :
Enter three subjects marks
65 66 68
The three subjects marks are 65, 66, 68

The total 199 Average 66.33 */
11) /* Write a program to accept an employees basic
salary, calculate da, hra, pf, net salary and print all
*/
Notes :
Conditional Statements :
- 32 -
In C language the conditional statement returns zero

when the
condition is false. Otherwise it returns a non-zero(1)
value when
the condition is true.
Ex Program :
12)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{ output
int k = 5 ;
clrscr() ;
printf(\n %d, k ); 5
printf(\n %d, k<10) ; 1
printf(\n %d, k>10) ; 0
printf(\n %d, k+(k==5) );
6
printf(\n %d, k=10) ;
10
getch() ;
- 33 -
}
- 34 -
Notes :
There are three types of conditional statements in C.
1) if, 2) switch, 3) conditional operators
1) if ... else :
Syntax :
if (condition)
if (condition)
{ {
(statements);
(statements);
} or }
else
{
(statements) ;
}
Ex Program :
13)/* Write a program to check
whether the given number is zero or
not */
# include <stdio.h>
- 35 -
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any number ) ;

scanf(%d, &k) ;
if(k==0) printf(The number

is zero ) ;
else printf(The number is
not zero ) ;
getch() ;
}
14) /* Write a program to check the given number is

positive or negative */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
- 36 -
int k ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &k) ;
if(k==0)
printf(The number is zero ) ;
else if(k>0)
printf(The number is Positive
);
else
printf(The number is
Negative ) ;
getch() ;
}
15) /* Write a program to find the big number in the given

two numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
- 37 -
{
int a, b ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any two numbers \n) ;

scanf(%d%d, &a, &b) ;
if(a==b)
printf(\n Given both are equl ) ;
else
{
printf(\n The big is ) ;
if(a>b) printf(%d, a) ;
else printf(%d, b) ;
}
getch() ;
}
16) /* Write a program to find the biggest number in the

given three
numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
- 38 -
{
int a, b, c ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any three numbers \n) ;

scanf(%d%d%d, &a, &b, &c) ;
if(a==b && a==c)
printf(Given all are equal ) ;
else
{
printf(\n The biggest is ) ;
if(a>b && a>c)
printf(%d, a) ;
else if(b>c)
printf(%d, b);
else
printf(%d, c);
}
getch() ;
}
- 39 -
17) /* Write a program to find the smallest number in

the given five numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c, d, e, t ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any five numbers \n) ;

scanf(%d%d%d%d%d, &a, &b, &c, &d, &e ) ;
if(a==b && a==c && a==d && a==e)
printf(\n Given all are equal
) ;
else
{
t=a;
if(t>b) t = b;
if(t>c) t = c ;
if(t>d) t = d ;
if(t>e) t = e ;
printf(\n The biggest is %d, t) ;
}
- 40 -
getch( );
}
18)/* Write a program to find the biggest and smallest

numbers in the
given five numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c, d, e, x, y ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d%d%d%d%d, &a, &b, &c, &d, &e ) ;
if(a==b && a==c && a==d && a==e)
printf(\n Given all are equal ) ;
else
{
x = a ; y = a ;
if(x<b) x = b;
else y = b;
- 41 -
if(x<c) x = c ;
else if(y>c) y = c ;
if(x<e) x = e ;
else if(y>d) y = d ;
if(x<e) x = e ;
else if(y>e) y = e ;
printf(\n The biggest is %d, x) ;
printf(\n The smallest is %d, y) ;
}
getch( );
}
19) /* Write a program to accept three subjects marks

of a student, calculate total, average find the result,
division and print all details */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int m1, m2, m3, tot ;
float avg ;
- 42 -
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter three subjects marks \n) ;

scanf(%d%d%d, &m1, &m2, &m3 ) ;
tot = m1 + m2 + m3 ; avg = (float) tot / 3 ;
printf(The three subjects marks %d, %d, %d, m1,
m2, m3 ) : printf(\n The Total %d \t Average
%03.2f, tot, avg ) ;
if(m1<35 || m2<35 || m3<35)
{
printf(\n Result is Fail ) ;
printf(\t division is NIl ) ;
}
else
{
printf(\n Result is Pass \t) ;
if(avg>=60) printf(Division
is I class ) ;
else if(avg>=50)
printf(Division is II class) ;
else printf(Division is
III class) ;
}
getch() ;
- 43 -
20) /* Write a program to accept an employees basic

salary, calculate da, hra, pf, net salary using the
following conditions and print all details
if bas >= 10000 ==> da =

40%, hra = 50%, pf = 25%
10000 > bas >= 5000 ==> da =
35%, hra = 45%, pf = 20%
5000 > bas >= 2000 ==> da = 30%,
hra = 40%, pf = 15%
bas < 2000 ==> da = 25%,
hra = 35%, pf = 10%
net = bas + da + hra - pf

*/
Notes :
2) s witc h.. . cas e :
Syntax:
switch(variable)
- 44 -
{
case (value) : (statements) ;
case (value) : (statements) ;
default : (statements) ;
}
break :
This keyword stops the execution in the given block and
come out. Generally this is used in switch..case
statements and looping
Statements.
Ex Programs :
21)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
- 45 -
printf(Enter any number );

scanf(%d, &k) ;
switch(k)
{
case 0 : printf(\n Number is zero );
case 1 :
case 2 :
case 3 :
case 4 : printf(\n Number is less than five ) ;
break ;
case 5 : printf(\n Number is five );
break ;
default : printf(\n Number is greater than five ) ;
}
getch() ;
}
22)
# include <stdio.h>
- 46 -
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char k;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any one of the alphabets );

k = getche() ;
switch(k)
{
case a :
case A : printf(\n A for Active ) ;
break ;
case b :
case B : printf(\n B for Brave ) ;
break ;
case c :
case C : printf(\n C for Courage );
break ;
case d :
case D : printf(\n D for Dare ) ;
- 47 -
break ;
default : printf(\n You are timid ) ;
}
getch() ;
}
23)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, k ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter two numbers \n) ;

printf(\n\n 1. Addition ) ;
printf(\n 2. Subtraction ) ;
printf(\n 3. Multiplication ) ;
printf(\n 4. Division ) ;
printf(\n\n Select your choice ) ;
scanf(%d, &k);
- 48 -
printf(\n) ;
switch(k)
{
case 1 : printf( The addition %d, a+b) ; break ;
case 2 : printf( The subtraction %d, a-b) ; break ;
case 3 : printf( The multiplication %d, a*b); break
;
case 4 : printf( The division %d, a/b); break ;
default : printf( Invalid choice );
}
getch() ;
}
Notes :
3) Conditional Expressions : ( ? : ; )
Syntax :
(condition) ? (statement1) : (statement2) ;
Ex Programs :
24)/* Write a program to check whether the given
number is zero or not */
- 49 -
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k;
clrscr() ;
pritnf(Enter any number ) ;

scanf(%d, &k);
(k==0) ? printf(Number is zero ) : pritnf(Number
is not zero ) ;
getch() ;
}
- 50 -
25)/* Write a program to find the biggest number in the

given three numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b, c, t ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any three numbers \n) ;

scanf(%d%d%d, &a, &b, &c);
t = (a>b) ? a : b ;
printf(The biggest is %d, (t>c)?t:c );
getch() ;
}
Notes :
gotoxy() :
This function locates the cursor position to the given place
on the screen. This functions prototype has defined in the
header file CONIO.H
- 51 -
Syntax:
gotoxy(column, row) ;
Generally in MS-DOS mode the screen contains 80
columns and 25 rows.
Ex Programs :
26)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
clrscr() ;
gotoxy(20, 3) ;
printf(Hello );
gotoxy(70, 5);
printf(Bhanodaya ) ;
gotoxy(35,12);
printf(Welcome );
gotoxy(50,20);
printf(To smile );
getch() ;
}
- 52 -
Notes :
goto :
This command changes the execution control to the given
statement.
Syntax:
goto (label) ;
(label) :
(statements) ;
Ex Programs :
27)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(Hello ) ;
printf(World ) ;
goto abc ;
printf(Go out ) ;
xyz :
printf(To smile ) ;
- 53 -
goto end ;
abc :
printf(Welcome ) ;
goto xyz ;
end :
getch() ;
}
/* Output :
Hello World Welcome To smile */
Note :
Looping Statements :
Repeating a block of statements number of times is called
Looping.
There are three types of looping statements defined in C
language.
1) do..while, 2) while, 3) for.
Note :
The keyword goto cn be also used to repeat a block of
statements number of times.
Ex Programs :
28)
- 54 -
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
abc :
printf(Welcome ) ;
goto abc ;
}
29) /* Program to display the first 10 natural numbers

*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
k=1;
abc :
printf(%d , k) ;
k++ ;
if(k<=10) goto abc ;
- 55 -
getch() ;
}
Notes :
1) do ... while() :
Syntax :
do
{
(statements);
} while(condition) ;
- 56 -
Ex Programs :
30) /* Write a program to display the first 10 natural
numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
k=1;
do
{
printf(%d , k) ;
k++ ;
}while(k<=10) ;
getch() ;
}
- 57 -
31) /* Write a program to display the even numbers

upto the given number and find the sum of them
*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k, n, s ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
k = 2 ; s = 0;
do
{
printf(%d , k) ;
s += k ;
k += 2 ;
}while (k<=10) ;
printf(\n The sum is %d, s) ;

getch() ;
}
- 58 -
Notes :
There is a draw-back in do.. while() staement. It executes
the conditional statement after executing the statement.
2) while() :
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
(statements);
}
Ex Programs :
32) /* Write a program to display the first 10 natural
numbers */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
k=1;
- 59 -
while(k<=10)
{
printf(%d , k) ;
k++ ;
}
getch() ;
}
33) /* Write a program to display the even numbers

upto the given number and find the sum of them
*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k, n, s ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
k = 2 ; s = 0;
- 60 -
while (k<=10)
{
printf(%d , k) ;
s += k ;
k += 2 ;
}

getch() ;
}
34) /* Write a program to check whether the given

number is Prime or not
Prime Number :
A number which is divisible by 1
and itselft. */
/* I method */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
- 61 -
int n, k, s;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
k = 1; s = 0;
while(k<=n)
{
if(n%k==0) s++;
k++ ;
}
if(s==2) printf(\n Number is Prime );
else printf(\n Number is not a Prime )
getch( );
}
/* II method */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, k, s;
clrscr() ;
- 62 -

scanf(%d, &n) ;
k = 2; s = 0;
while(k<=n/2)
{
if(n%k==0) { s++; break ; }
k++ ;
}
if(s==0) printf(\n Number is Prime );
else printf(\n Number is not a Prime )
getch( );
}
35) /* Write a program to find the number of digits,

sum of digits, and reverse order of the given number
*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
long int a, b ;
- 63 -
int n, s, r ;
clrscr( );
printf(Enter any big number ); scanf(%ld, &a) ;
n = 0; s = 0; b = 0;
while(a>0)
{
n ++ ;
r = a % 10 ;
s += r ;
b = (b*10) + r ;
a /= 10 ;
}
printf(\n The number of digits %d, n) ;

printf(\n The sum of digits %d, s) ;
printf(\n The Reverse number %lu, b) ;
getch( );
}
36) /* Write a program to check whether the given number

is Armstrong or not
Armstrong Number :
- 64 -
A number which is equal to the sum of the cubes of

the digits
is called Armstrong Number.
Ex: 1, 153, 370, 371, 407 */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <math.h>
main()
{
int a, b, r, s ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a) ;
b = a ; s = 0;
while(a>0)
{
r = a % 10 ;
s = pow(r, 3); /* s += r * r * r ; */
a /= 10;
}
- 65 -
if(b==s) printf(\n The number is an Armstrong ) ;

else printf(\n The number is not an Armstrong ) ;
getch() ;
}
Notes :
3) for() :
Syntax:
for ( initialisation ; condition ; iteration )
{
(statements) ;
Ex Programs :
37)
/* Write a program to display the odd
numbers upto the given number */
# include <stdio.h>
- 66 -
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, a ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a );
/* n = 1 ;
for ( ; a>=n ; )
{
printf(%d , n);
n += 2 ;
}
*/
for(n=1; n<=a ; n+=2)

printf(\n %d , n) ;
getch() ;
}
- 67 -
38)
/* Write a program to display the even numbers upto
the given number
and find the sum of them */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, n, s ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a) ;
/* n=2;s=0;
for( ; n<=a ; )
{
printf(%d , n) ;
s += n ;
n += 2 ;
}
*/
/*
- 68 -
s=0;
for(n=2; n<=a; n+=2)
{
printf(%d , n );
s += n;
}
*/
for(n=2, s=0 ; n<=a ; s+=n, n+=2 )

printf(%d , n) ;

getch() ;
}
39) /* Write a program to find the sum of natural

numbers, even numbers, odd numbers upto the given
number */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
- 69 -
{
int a, n, s, odd, even ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a) ;
for(n=1, s=0, odd=0, even=0 ; n<=a ; s+=n, n++)
if(n%2==0) even += n;
else odd += n;
printf(\n The sum of natural numbers %d, s) ;

printf(\n The sum of even numbers %d, even ) ;
printf(\n The sum of odd numbers %d , odd ) ;
getch() ;
}
40) /* Write a program to find the factorial value of the

given number
n! = n * (n-1) !
*/
- 70 -
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
long int a, f ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%ld, &a) ;
/* f = 1 ;
for( ; a>1 ;)
{
f *= a ;
a -- ;
}
*/
for(f=1; a>1; f*=a, a--) ;

printf(\n The factorial is %ld , f) ; getch() ;
}
41)
- 71 -
/* Write a program to display the multiplication table of

the given number
using all types of loopings. */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, k;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
/* k = 1 ;
do
{
printf(\n %d x %2d = %3d, n, k,
n*k );
k ++ ;
} while (k<=10) ;
*/
/*
k=1;
while( k<= 10 )
{
- 72 -
printf(\n %d x %2d = %3d , n, k, n*k );

k ++ ;
}
*/
for(k=1; k<=10; k++)
printf(\n %d x %2d = %3d, n, k, n*k);
getch() ;
}
42) /* Write a program to display the ASCII chart
ASCII ==> American Standard Code for

Information Interchange */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
/* k=0;
do
- 73 -
{
printf(\t %d %c, k, k) ;
k ++ ;
if(k%50==0) getch() ;
} while(k<=255 ) ;
*/
/* k = 0 ;
while(k<=255)
{
k ++ ;
if(k%50==0) getch() ;
}
*/
for(k=0; k<=255; k++)
{
if(k%50==0) getch() ;
}
getch() ;
}
- 74 -
43) /* Write a program to display the multiplication

table of the given number using all types of Loopings.
*/
Notes :
Nested Loops :
Looping in a loop is called Nesting of Loops.
Ex Programs :
44)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, k, j ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
for(k=1; k<=n; k++)
{
printf(\n ) ;
for(j=1; j<=k; j++)
- 75 -
printf(%d , j) ;
}
getch() ;
}
/* output :
Enter any number 5

1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
*/
45)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n, k, j ;
clrscr() ;
- 76 -

scanf(%d, &n) ;
for(k=1; k<=n; k++)
{
printf(\n ) ;
for(j=1; j<=k; j++)
printf(%d , k) ;
}
getch() ;
}
/* output :
Enter any number 5

1
2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 */
46)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 77 -
main()
{
int n, k, j ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
for(k=n; k>=1; k--)
{
printf(\n ) ;
for(j=1; j<n-k; j++)
printf( ) ;
for(j=1; j<=k; j++)
printf(%d , j) ;
}
getch() ;
}
/* output :
Enter any number 5

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
- 78 -
1 2 3
1 2
1 */
47)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int n,j,k,a;
clrscr();
printf(Enter the any number);

scanf(%d,&a);
for(n=a;n>0;n--)
{
printf(\n);
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
- 79 -
printf(%c,64+k);
for(k=1;k<=2*(a-n)-1;k++)
printf( );
k=(a==n)?n-1:n;
for (;k>=1;k--)
printf(%c,64+k);
}
getch();
}
/* Output :
Enter any number 5
ABCDEDCBA
ABCD DCBA
ABC CBA
AB BA
A A */
48)
/* Write a program to display the multiplication tables
upto
the given number */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 80 -
main()
{
int a, n, k ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a) ;
for(n=1; n<=a; n++)
{
for(k=1; k<=10; k++ )
printf(\n %d x %2d = %3d , n, k, n*k);
getch() ;
clrscr() ;
}
49)
/* Write a program to display the list of Prime
numbers upto
the given number */
# include <conio.h>
- 81 -
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int a, n, k, s ;
clrscr() ;

scanf(%d, &a ) ;
for(n=2; n<=a; n++)
{
for(k=2, s=0; k<=n/2; k++)
if(n%k==0) { s++; break ; }
if(s==0) printf(%d , n) ;
}
getch() ;
}
50) /* Write a program to display the list of Armstrong

Numbers upto the given number */
51) /* Write a program to display the Fibonacci Series
upto the given number
- 82 -
Fibonacci Series : 0, 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, ....
In this series every element is the
sum of its previous two numbers */
52)/* Write a program to display a box with the given

character,
length and width using arrays */
/* Output :
Enter box length 10
Enter box width 5
Enter any character *
* * * * * * * * * *
* *
* *
* *
* * * * * * * * * *
*/
Notes :
Arrays :
- 83 -
An array is a collection of similar data type elements. It

stores the elements in contiguous locations. To use any
array it must be declared with its size and they may be
initialized. The size must be a constant.
The indexing is start from 0. The arrays are two types.
1) Single Dimensional arrays, 2) Multi Dimensional
Arrays.
1) Single Dimensional Arrays :
Syntax :
(type) (variable) [size] ;
Ex:
int eno[5] = { 56, 67, 45, 89, 45};
char ena[] = { a, b, c, d } ;
float bas[] = { 56.67, 900.45, 567 } ;
Ex Programs :
53) /* Write a program to create a 5 cells single
dimensional array, store 7 in cells and print all */
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
- 84 -
int k, a[5] ;
clrscr() ;

for(k=0; k<=4; k++)
a[k] = 7 ;
printf(\n The array elements are \n) ;

for(k=0; k<5; k++)
printf(%d , a[k]) ;
getch() ;
}
/* Output: 7 7 7 7 7 */
54) /* Write a program to accept 5

numbers and print all in reverse order
*/
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int k, a[5] ;
- 85 -
clrscr() ;

for(k=0; k<=4; k++)
scanf(%d, &a[k]) ;
printf(\n The array elements in reverse order \n) ;
for(k=4; k>=0; k--)
printf(%d , a[k]) ;
getch() ;
}
55)
/* Write a program to accept 5 numbers print all, and
find the sum of them */
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int k, s, a[5] ;
clrscr() ;

for(k=0, s=0; k<=4;s+=a[k], k++)
- 86 -
scanf(%d, &a[k]) ;
printf(\n The array elements are \n) ; for(k=0; k<5;
k++)
printf(%d , a[k]) ;
printf(\n The sum of elements is %d, s) ; getch() ;
}
56) /* Write a program to create 10 cells single

dimensional array,
accept 9 cells values, assign the sum of them to the
last cell and print all */
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int k, a[10] ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any nine numbers \n) ;

for(k=0,a[9]=0; k<=8;a[9]+=a[k], k++)
scanf(%d, &a[k]) ;
- 87 -
printf(\n The array elements are \n) ; for(k=0;

k<10; k++)
printf(%d , a[k]) ;
getch() ;
}
Notes :
2) Multi Dimensional Arrays :
Ex:
int a[5][3], b[4][5][6][7], .....
char na[3][20] = { abcdefgh, ramakrishna,
Bhanodaya };
A multi dimensional array is a collection of another arrays.
That means a double dimensional array is a collection of
single dimensional arrays.
Ex:
The array a[5][3] is a collection of 5 single dimensional
arrays with size 3.
Ex Programs :
57)
- 88 -
/* Write a program to create a 5x5 double dimensional

array,
store 7 in all cells and print them as a matrix */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k, j, a[5][5] ;
clrscr() ;
output:
for(k=0; k<5; k++)

7 7 7 7 7
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
7 7 7 7 7
a[k][j] = 7;
7 7 7 7 7
7 7 7 7 7
for(k=0; k<=4; k++)
7 7 7 7 7
{
printf(\n);
for(j=0; j<=4; j++)
printf(%d , a[k][j] );
- 89 -
getch() ;
}
58)
main()
{
(same as above)
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
a[k][j] = (k==j || k+j==4) ? 7 : 0;
(same as above)
}
/* Output :
70007
07070
00700
07070
70007 */
- 90 -
59)
main()
{
(same as above)
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
for(j=0; j<5; j++)
a[k][j] = (k==0 || k==4 || j==0 || j==4) ? 7 : 0;
(same as above)
}
/* Output :
77777
70007
70007
70007
7 7 7 7 7 */
60) /* Write a program to display a box with the given

character,
length and width using arrays */
# include <stdio.h>
- 91 -
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char ch, a[25][80] ;
int k, j, len, w ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the box length );

scanf(%d, &len) ;
printf(Enter the box width ) ;
scanf(%d, &w );
printf(Enter a character );
ch = getche() ;
printf(\n\n) ;
for(k=0; k<w; k++)
for(j=0; j<len; j++)
a[k][j] = (k==0 || j==0 || k==w-1 || j==len-1) ? ch : 32 ;
for(k=0; k<w; k++)

{
printf(\n);
for(j=0; j<len; j++)
- 92 -
printf(%c , a[k][j] );
}
getch() ;
}
/* Output :
Enter box length 10

Enter box width 5
Enter any character *
* * * * * * * * * *
* *
* *
* *
* * * * * * * * * * */
61)/* Write a program to find the addition matrix of

two 3x3 matrices */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
- 93 -
int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3], k, j ;

clrscr();
printf(Enter 9 numbers for firs array \n) ;
for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
scanf(%d, &a[k][j] );
printf(\n Enter 9 numbers for second array \n) ;

for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
scanf(%d, &b[k][j] );
for(k=0; k<3; k++)

for(j=0; j<3; j++)
c[k][j] = a[k][j] + b[k][j] ;
printf(\n The Addition matrix is \n);

for(k=0; k<3; k++)
{
printf(\n );
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf(%3d , c[k][j] );
printf();
}
- 94 -
getch();
}
62) /* Write a program to find the multiplication

matrix of
two 3x3 matrices */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a[3][3], b[3][3], c[3][3], k, j, t ;
clrscr();
printf(Enter 9 numbers for firs array \n) ;
for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
scanf(%d, &a[k][j] );
printf(\n Enter 9 numbers for second array \n) ;

for(k=0; k<3; k++)
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
- 95 -
scanf(%d, &b[k][j] );
for(k=0; k<3; k++)

for(j=0; j<3; j++)
for(t=0, c[k][j]=0 ; t<3; t++)
c[k][j] += a[k][t] * b[t][j] ;
printf(\n The multiplication matrix is \n);

for(k=0; k<3; k++)
{
printf(\n );
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
printf(%3d , c[k][j] );
printf();
}
getch();
}
- 96 -
Notes:
STRINGS :
A string is an array of characters. It ends with a null
character. ( \0 ==> Null character )
Ex :
char na1[6] = { a, b,c, d, e, \0 } ;
char na2[6] = abcde ;
char names[][] = { rama, krishna, abcd } ;
char str1[20], str2[40] ;
Note :
The format string for a string variable is %s .
Ex programs :
63)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[80];
clrscr();
printf(Enter any string );

- 97 -
scanf(%s, str) ;
printf(\n You entered the string %s, str) ; getch() ;
}
/* Output :
Enter any string udaya bhanu
You entered the string udaya */
Notes :
scanf() function can accept the string values. But it does not
allow spaces in the string. To avoid this problem gets() can
be used.
gets() :
This function is used to accept the value for a string
variable. This functions prototype has defined in the
header file STDIO.H.
Syntax :
gets(varaible) ;
Ex :
gets(str) ;
puts() :
- 98 -
This function is used to display the string value of the

variable. This functions prototype has defined in the
header file STDIO.H
Syntax :
puts(string) ;
Ex :
puts(The string is );
puts(str) ;
Ex Programs :
64)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[80] ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any string ) ;
gets(str) ;
printf( You entered );
puts(str);
getch() ;
- 99 -
/* Output :
Enter any string udaya bhanu
You entered the string udaya bhanu */
65) /* Write a program to find the length of a string */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[80]; int k;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any string );

gets(str) ;
/* k = 0;
while(str[k]!=\0)
k++ ;
*/
for(k=0; str[k] !=\0; k++) ;

printf(\n The length is %d, k);
getch() ;
- 100 -
66)/* Write a program to change the given string into

upper case */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[80] ; int k ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any string \n) ;

gets(str) ;
for(k=0; str[k]!=\0; k++)
if(str[k]>=97 && str[k]<=122)
str[k] -= 32 ;
/*
if( str[k] >=a && str[k] <=z )
str[k] -= a - A;
*/
printf(\n In upper case %s, str) ;

getch() ;
- 101 -
}
/* Output :
Enter any string Udaya Bhanu
In upper case UDAYA BHANU */
67)/* Write a program to change the

given string into lower case */
68)/* Write a program to change the given string into
Sentence case
that means the first character into upper case and
the remaining
into lower case */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[80] ; int k ;
clrscr() ;

gets(str) ;
if(str[0]>=a && str[0]<=z ) str[0] -= a - A ;
for(k=1; str[k]!=\0; k++)
if(str[k]>=65 && str[k]<=90)
- 102 -
str[k] += 32 ;
printf(\n In sentence case %s, str) ;

getch() ;
}
/* Output :
Enter any string UDAYA BHANU
In upper case Udaya bhanu */
69) /* Write a program to change the

given string into Title Case */
/* Output :
Enter any string UDAYA BHANU
In upper case Udaya Bhanu */
70) /* Write a program to copy a string

to another */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char s[80], t[80] ;
- 103 -
int k;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the source string to copy ) ;
gets(s) ;
k=0;
while(s[k]!=\0)
{
t[k] = s[k] ;
k++ ;
}
t[k] = \0 ;
printf(\n The new string is %s, t) ;
getch() ;
}
71)/* Write a program to concatenate two strings */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char a[80], b[80] ;
int k, j ;
- 104 -
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter two strings \n) ;

gets(a) ; gets(b);
for(k=0;a[k]!=\0; k++) ;
for(j=0; b[j]!=\0; k++, j++)
a[k] = b[j] ;
a[k] = \0 ; printf(\n The concatenated string is %s,
a) ; getch() ;
}
72)/* Write a program to reverse the given string */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char a[80], b[80] ;
int k, j ;
clrscr() ;
gets(a) ;
for(k=0; a[k]!=\0; k++) ;

- 105 -
for(k--, j=0; k>=0; k--, j++)

b[j] = a[k];
b[j] = \0 ;
printf(\n In reverse order %s, b) ;
getch();
}
/* Output :
Enter any string bhanodaya
In upper case ayadonahb */
73)/* Program to move the given name

around the screen */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <string.h>
main()
{
int k, r, c, DL;
char str[80];
clrscr();
- 106 -
puts(Enter your name );

gets(str);
k = strlen(str);
DL = 10000;
while(!kbhit())
{
for(r=1; r<=23; r++)
{
gotoxy(1,r); printf(%s, str);
delay(DL); clrscr();
}
for(c=1; c<=80-k; c+=3)
{
gotoxy(c,23); printf(%s, str);
}
for(r=23;r>0; r--)
{
gotoxy(80-k,r); printf(%s, str);
}
for(c=80-k;c>0; c-=3)
- 107 -
{
gotoxy(c,1); printf(%s, str);
}
}
}
74)/* Program to fall and replace the given name

character by character */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <dos.h>
main()
{
char na[80];
int r, c, k, n, DL;
clrscr();
printf(Enter your name ); gets(na);

k = strlen(na);
DL = 2000;
clrscr();
- 108 -
for(n=1; n<5; n++)

{
for(c=0; c<k; c++)
{
for(r=1; r<=15; r++)
{
gotoxy(c+20,r);printf( );
gotoxy(c+20,r+1);printf(%c, na[c]);
delay(DL);
}
}
for(c=0; c<k; c++)

{
for(r=16; r>1; r--)
{
gotoxy(c+20, r); printf( );
gotoxy(c+20, r-1); printf(%c, na[c]);
delay(DL);
}
}
}
- 109 -
75)/* Program to display the given name as a box

*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
char str[20], a[25][20];
int k, j, n ;
clrscr( );
printf(Enter Your name ) ;

gets(str) ;
for(n=0; str[n]!=\0; n++) ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
if(k==0) a[k][j] = str[j] ;
else if(j==0) a[k][j] = str[k];
else if(j==n-1) a[k][j] = str[n-k-1] ;
else if(k==n-1) a[k][j] = str[n-j-1] ;
else a[k][j] = 32 ;
- 110 -
for(k=0; k<n; k++)

{
printf(\n);
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
printf(%c , a[k][j] ) ;
}
getch() ;
}
/* Output :
Enter Your name Bhanodaya
B h a n o d a y a
h y
a a
n d
o
d n
a a
y h
a y a d o n a h B
*/
- 111 -
Notes :
STRING.H functions :
To manipulate the strings the C authors designed some

functions in the header file STRING.H
1) strlen():
This function returns an integer value that is the length of
the string. length means the number of characters.
Syntax:
int strlen(string) ;
2) strupr() :
This function changes the given string into uppercase
characters.
Syntax :
strupr(string) ;
3) strlwr() :
This function changes the given string into lowercase
characters.
Syntax :
strlwr(string) ;
4) strcpy() :
This function copies the string to another string.
- 112 -
Syntax :
strcpy(target, source) ;
5) strcat() :
This function adds two strings.
Syntax :
strcat(destination, second) ;
6) strrev() :
This function change the given string into reverse order.
Syntax :
strrev(string) ;
7) strcmp() :
This function compares two strings and returns zero when
both are same.
Syntax :
int strcmp(first, second) ;
Ex Programs :
77) /* Program to demonstrate the library functions of
STRING.H */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 113 -
main()
{
char a[80], b[80] ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter a string ) ;
gets(a) ;
printf(\n The given string is %s, a);

printf(\n The length of string is %d, strlen(a) ) ;
printf(\n In Upper case %s, strupr(a)) ;
printf(\n In Lower case %s, strlwr(a) );
strcpy(b, a) ;
printf(\n The new string is %s, b) ;
strrev(b);
printf(\n In reverse order %s, b) ;
printf(\n The difference is %d, strcmp(a,b) );
getch();
}
/* Output :
Enter a string Bhanodaya
- 114 -
The given string is Bhanodaya

The length of string is 9
In Upper case BHANODAYA
In Lower case bhanodaya
The new string is bhanodaya
In reverse order ayadonahb
The difference is 1
*/
- 115 -
FUNCTIONS :
The function is a piece of code. These functions are used to
reduce the repetition of coding.
The functions are two types.
1) Derived functions,
2) User-defined functions.
The derived functions are provided by the C writers and

they defined them in header files. To use these functions
the header file must be included at the top of the program.
We can create our own functions. To write any function
there are three steps.
1) Functions declarations, 2) Functions calling, 3)
Function definition.
or
1) Function definition, 2) Function calling.
In the function declaration and/or in the definition the name

must be follow the return data type, and it should be
followed by parenthesis. In the parenthesis there may be
arguments with their data types. If the function does not
return any value it must be declared as void. The default
return type is int.
Syntax:
- 116 -
(datatype) (functionname) (argumentstype) ; /* Function

declaration */
functionname(arguments) ;
/* Function calling */
(datatype) (functionname)
(arguments) /* Function definition */
{
(statements) ;
}
These functions are three types.

1) No arguments with no return value functions,
2) Arguments with no return value functions,
3) Arguments with return value functions.
1) No arguments with no return value functions :
78)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void first(void) ;
- 117 -
void second(void) ;
void third(void)
{
printf(\n This is in third function ) ;
}
void fourth(void)
{
printf(\n This is in fourth function ) ;
}
void main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(This is in Main ) ;
first() ;
second() ;
third() ;
fourth() ;
printf(\n This is in main again ) ;
getch() ;
}
void first(void)
{
- 118 -
printf(\n This is in first function ) ;

}
void second(void)
{
printf(\n This is in second function ) ;
}
/* Output :
This is in Main
This is in first function
This is in second function
This is in third function
This is in fourth function
This is in mainagain */
79)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void replicate(void)
{
int k;
for(k=1; k<=50; k++)
printf(*) ;
- 119 -
void main()
{
clrscr() ;
replicate() ;
printf(\n Hello \n) ;
replicate() ;
printf(\n World \n) ;
replicate() ;
printf(\n Welcome \n) ;
replicate() ;
getch();
}
/* Output :
Hello
World
Welcome
*/
- 120 -
/* 2) Arguments with No Return value functions */

80)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void replicate(int n, int ch)

{
int k;
for(k=1; k<=n; k++)
printf(%c, ch) ;
}
void main()
{
clrscr() ;
replicate(30,*) ;
printf(\n Hello \n) ;
replicate(60,#) ;
printf(\n Bhanodaya \n) ;
replicate(50,%) ;
printf(\n Welcome \n) ;
replicate(40,@) ;
getch();
}
- 121 -
/* Output :
Hello
Bhanodaya
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Welcome
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@
*/
81)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
void add(int, int) ;

void subtr(int, int) ;
void mult(int a, int b)
{
printf(\n The multiplication %d, a*b) ;
}
void div(int k, int j)
{
- 122 -
printf(\n The division %f, (float)k / j ) ;

}
void main()
{
int a, b ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any two numbers \n) ;

scanf(%d%d, &a, &b ) ;
add(a, b) ; subtr(a, b) ;
mult(a, b) ; div(a, b) ;
getch() ;
}
void add(int m, int n)

{
int k;
k=m-n;
printf(\n The addition is %d, k) ;
}
void subtr(p, q)
- 123 -
int p, q ;
{
int r ;
r=p-q;
printf(\n The subtraction %d , r) ;
}
- 124 -
/* 3. Arguments with Return value functions */

82)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int add(int x, int y)

{
int z ;
z = x + y;
return z ;
}
int subtr(int p, int q)

{
return p-q ;
}
int mult(int, int ) ;

int div(int, int) ;
int main()
{
int a, b, c ;
clrscr() ;
- 125 -
printf(Enter any two numbers \n );

c = add(a, b) ; printf(\n The addition is %d, c );
printf(\n The subtraction %d, subtr(a,b) ) ;
c = mult(a,b) ; printf(\n The multiplication %d,
mult(a,b) ); printf(\n The division %d, div(a,b) );
getch() ;
return 0;
}
int mult(int a, int b)

{
return a*b;
}
int div(int m, int n)

{
int p = m / n;
return p;
}
- 126 -
83) Important :
/* Program to demonstrate all types of functions
*/
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
/* No arguments with No return value functions */

void looping(void) ;
void condition(void) ;
/* Arguments with No return value functions */
void add(int, int) ;
void mult(int, int) ;
/* Arguments with Return value functions */
int subtr(int, int) ;
int div(int, int) ;
int main()
{
looping() ;
return 0;
}
- 127 -
void looping()
{
char ch = y ;
while(ch==y || ch==Y)
{
clrscr() ;
condition() ;
gotoxy(45, 22) ;
printf( Do you want to cotinue (y/n) ) ;
ch = getche ();
}
}
void condition()
{
int a, b, k;
printf(\n Enter any two numbers \n) ;
gotoxy(30, 5) ;
printf(1. Addition );
gotoxy(30, 6) ;
printf(2. Subtraction ) ;
gotoxy(30, 7) ;
printf(3. Multiplication ) ;
- 128 -
gotoxy(30, 8) ;
printf(4. Division ) ;
gotoxy(30, 10 );
printf(Enter Your choice ) ;
scanf(%d, &k) ;
gotoxy(10, 15);
switch(k)
{
case 1 : add(a, b) ; break ;
case 2 : printf( The subtraction %d, subtr(a,b) );
break ;
case 3 : mult(a,b ); break ;
case 4 : printf( The division %d, div(a,b) ) ;
break;
default : printf( Invalid choice ) ;
}
}
void add(int a, int b)

{
printf(\n The addition %d, a+b) ;
}
int subtr(int x, int y)

- 129 -
{
int z = x - y;
return z ;
}
void mult(int p, int q)

{
int r ;
r=p*q;
printf(The multiplication %d, r) ;
}
int div(int a, int b)

{
int c ;
c=a/b;
return c;
}
Notes :
PREPROCESSOR COMMANDS :
The commands which start with hash (#) are called
Preprocessor
Commands.
- 130 -
Ex :
# define PI 3.14159
# include <stdio.h>
# include conio.h
# define A 1.7
- 131 -
define :
This command is used to define our own constants and
macros.
Ex Programs :
84)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# define MN main()
# define pf printf
# define cls clrscr()
# define wait getch()
# define sf scanf
# define PI 3.14159
# define msg Enter the radius of circle
# define area(g) PI*g*g
# define per(g) 2*PI*g
MN
{
float r ;
cls ;
pf(msg) ;
- 132 -
sf(%f, &r) ;
pf(\n The area of circle is %f, area) ; pf(\n The
perameter of circle %f, per ) ; wait ;
}
Notes :
include :
This command is used to include the files which contains
the definition
of functions.
There are two types to include the files.
1) # include < name >
This type of command includes the file which is
located in the
specified directory. These specifications are set by
selecting
the Directories command from Options menu.
2) # include name
This type of command includes the file which is
located in the
current directory and/or in the specified directory.
- 133 -
Ex Programs :
85)
/* Save this progam as SUB.C */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int add(int x, int y)

{
int z ;
z = x + y;
return z ;
}
int subtr(int p, int q)

{
return p-q ;
}
/* Save and execute this program as MAIN.C

*/
# include sub.c
int mult(int, int ) ;
int div(int, int) ;
- 134 -
int main()
{
int a, b, c ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter any two numbers \n );
c = add(a, b) ; printf(\n The addition is %d, c );
printf(\n The subtraction %d, subtr(a,b) ) ;
c = mult(a,b) ; printf(\n The multiplication %d,
mult(a,b) ); printf(\n The division %d, div(a,b) );
getch() ;
return 0;
}
int mult(int a, int b)

{
return a*b;
}
int div(int m, int n)

{
int p = m / n;
return p;
- 135 -
Notes :
STORAGE CLAUSES :
The declared variables are generally stored in memory

devices. But by
using the storage clauses they can be stored either in
memory devices or
in CPU registers.
These storage clauses are 4 types. The variables
initialisation
depends on this type.
1) auto, 2) register, 3) static, 4) extern
1) auto :
This keyword is an option. It stores the variable in
memory device.
It assigns a junk(garbage) value to the variable. The
variable which
declared in a block that is available in that block only.
The default
- 136 -
type is auto.
Ex Programs :
86)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
auto int k;
{
int k = 5 ; output :
{
auto int k = 20 ;
clrscr() ;
printf(\n %d, k );
20
}
5
}
printf(\n %d, k ); 456
getch() ;
}
- 137 -
87)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k ;
clrscr() ;
printf(%d \n, k) ;
for(k=1; k<=5; k++)
display() ;
getch() ;
}
display()
{
auto int k = 20 ;
printf( %d , k);
k += 3 ;
}
/* Output :
- 138 -
4567
20 20 20 20 20 */
Notes :
2) register :
This keyword stores the variable in CPU registers. It
assigns a junk(garbage) value to the variable. In CPU
registers it cant store more and big values like floats,
doubles,..etc. It can store Only chars and integers. These
variables are also local that means the variables which
declared in a block are available in that block only.
Generally these variables are used to generate the looping
statements.
Ex Programs
88)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
register int k ;
clrscr() ;
- 139 -
printf(%d \n, k );
for(k=1; k<=100; k++)
printf(%d , k) ;
getch() ;
}
Notes :
3) static :
This keyword stores the variable in memory device. It
initialises the
variable as 0. The scope of variable is local that means
the variables which declared in a block are available in
that block
only. But it does not destroy the variables value when
end that block.
It takes the previous value when the controller entered
into that
block again.
Ex Programs :
89)
- 140 -
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
static int k ;
clrscr() ;
printf(%d \n, k) ;
for(k=1; k<=5; k++)
display() ;
getch() ;
}
display()
{
static int k = 20 ;
printf( %d , k);
k += 3 ;
}
/* Output :
0
20 23 26 29 32 */
- 141 -
Notes :
4) extern :
This keyword stores the variable in memory device. It
initialises the
variable as 0. The scope of variable is global. This variable
is
declared before the main() . The variables value can be
changed
in the functions.
- 142 -
Ex Programs :
90)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
int k ;
main()
{
clrscr() ;
printf(\n %d, k) ;
k=5;
disp1() ;
disp2() ;
printf(\n %d, k) ;
getch() ;
}
disp1()
{
printf(\n %d, k );
k += 3 ;
}
disp2()
- 143 -
{
int k = 20 ;
printf(\n %d, k );
disp3() ;
}
disp3()
{
printf(\n %d, k );
}
/* Output
0 5 20 8 8 */
- 144 -
Notes :
STRUCTURES :
A structure is a collection of variety of data type elements.
This is created with the keyword struct.
struct (name)
{
(elements declaration);
} ;
struct (name) (variable) ;

(variable).(element)
Ex :
1) struct employee
{
int eno;
char ename[80];
float bas;
};
struct employee emp = { 5, rama, 5600 } ;
2) struct employee
{
int eno;
char ename[80];
- 145 -
float bas;
} emp = { 5, rama, 5600 } ;
3) struct
{
int eno;
char ename[80];
float bas;
} emp = { 5, rama, 5600 } ;
- 146 -
Ex Programs :
91)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
struct book
{
int pages;
char title[40] ;
float price ;
} ;
struct book bk = { 500, Let us C, 175 } ;

clrscr() ;
printf(\n The title of book %s , bk.title ); printf(\n
The number of pages %d , bk.pages ) ; printf(\n
The price of book %.2f , bk.price ) ; getch( );
}
92)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 147 -
main()
{
struct book
{
int pages;
char title[40] ;
float price ;
} ;
struct book bk ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the number of pages of book ) ;

scanf(%d , &bk.pages ) ;
printf(Enter the book title ) ;
scanf(%s, bk.title ) ;
printf(Enter the cost of book ) ;
scanf(%f, &bk.price);
printf(\n The title of book %s , bk.title ); printf(\n
The price of book %.2f , bk.price ) ; getch( );
}
- 148 -
93)
/* Array of Structures */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
struct book
{
int pages;
char title[40] ;
float price ;
} ;
int k ;
struct book bk[3] = { { 500,
Let us C, 175 },
{ 350, Graphics under C, 235 } ,
{ 800, Datastructures through C and C++ , 350 }
} ;
clrscr() ;
- 149 -
for(k=0; k<3; k++)

{
printf(\n\n The title of book %s , bk[k].title );
printf(\n The number of pages %d , bk[k].pages ) ;
printf(\n The price of book %.2f , bk[k].price ) ;
getch( );
}
}
94) /* Structures to Functions */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
struct book
{
int pages;
char title[40] ;
float price ;
} ;
main()
{
struct book bk = { 500, Let us C, 175 } ;
clrscr() ;
- 150 -
display(bk.pages, bk.title, bk.price );

dispstrct(bk) ;
getch( );
}
display(int pg, char na[], float pr)

{
printf(\n The title of book %s, na);
printf(\n The number of pages %d, pg);
printf(\n The price of book %f, pr );
}
dispstrct(struct book b)
{
printf(\n The title of book %s, b.title);
printf(\n The number of pages %d, b.pages);
printf(\n The price of book %f, b.price );
}
95) /* Structures in structure */

# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
struct book
- 151 -
{ int pages; char name[40]; float price ; } ;

struct pens
{ int qty; char name[40]; float price ; } ;
struct shop
{
char name[40], street[40] ;
struct book bk ;
struct pens pn ;
} ;
main()
{
struct shop sh = { Udaya Book world , Chintal ,
{ 1200, Test your skills in C,
175 } ,
{ 50, Reynolds, 12 }
} ;
clrscr() ;
printf(\n The shop name %s , sh.name ) ; printf(\n
The shop address %s , sh.street);
printf(\n\n The book title %s , sh.bk.name ) ;
printf(\n The number of pages in the book
%d,sh.bk.pages ) ; printf(\n The cost of each book
%.2f , sh.bk.price ) ;
- 152 -
printf(\n\n The name of pen %s , sh.pn.name ) ;

printf(\n The quantity of pens %d , sh.pn.qty ) ;
printf(\n The cost of each pen %.2f , sh.pn.price ) ;
getch() ;
}
96) /* Write a program to interchange the values of

two variables */
- 153 -
Notes :
POINTERS
This topic is the most important in C.
To use any variable it must be declared with its data type
before the first executable statement. By declaring a
variable the compiler reserves the required space in
memory between 64 kb and 128 kb. Every cell has a
unique address in memory. This address is a number,that is
an integer.
The variables stored in the memory can be accessed with
their addresses using pointers.To access with pointers we
have to use two new operators.
& ==> Address of
* ==> Value at address of
Ex :
int a = 5;
a ==> 5
&a ==> 65500
*(&a) ==> 5
These address value can be stored in another variable. But

that must be a pointer variable of the same type to the
variable.
- 154 -
Ex Programs :
97)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k, *p, **q ;
clrscr() ;
k = 7; p = &k; q = &p;
printf(The value of k is %d, k) ; printf(\n The
address of k is %u, &k); printf(\n The value at
address %u is %d, &k, *(&k) ) ;
printf(\n The value of P is %u, p) ; printf(\n The
value at address %u is %u, &p, *(&p) ) ;
printf(\n The value at address %u is %d, p, *p );
printf(\n The value of q is %u, q) ; printf(\n The
value at address of %u is %u, &q, *(&q) ) ;
printf(\n The value at address %u is %u, q, *q);
printf(\n The integer value is %d, *(*q) ) ;
getch() ;
}
- 155 -
/* Output :
The value of k is 7
The address of k is 65524
The value at address 65524 is 7
The value of P is 65524
The value of q is 65522
The value at address of 65520 is 65522
The integer value is 7 */
98)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a, *ap ;
float b, *bp ;
char c, *cp ;
clrscr() ;
- 156 -
printf(\n The size of int is %d and pointer is %d,

sizeof(a), sizeof(ap) ) ; printf(\n The size of float is %d
and Pointer is %d, sizeof(b),sizeof(bp) ) ; printf(\n
The size of char is %d and Pointer is %d, sizeof,
sizeof(cp) ) ;
getch() ;
}
Notes :
Pointers in Functions :
The functions can be send some arguments to the
definition and may
take a return value. If the value of these variables
changed in the
functions that does not effected to the function calling.
To change the value after calling the function the values
can be send by reference. That means the address of the
variable can be send to change the value.
Ex Programs :
98) /* Write a program to interchange the values of two
variables using
- 157 -
functions
A) CALL BY VALUE : */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a=20, b=30 ;
clrscr() ;
printf(The initial values are \n) ;

printf(a = %d \t b = %d, a, b) ;
swap(a,b) ;
printf(\n\n After swapping in main \n) ;
printf( a = %d \t b = %d, a, b) ;
getch() ;
}
swap(int x, int y)
{
int t ;
t = x; x = y ; y = t ;
printf(\n\n After swapping \n);
printf( x = %d, y = %d, x, y);
}
- 158 -
/* Output :
a = 20 b = 30
x = 30 y = 20
a = 20 b = 30 */
B) CALL BY REFERENCE :
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int a=20, b=30 ;
clrscr() ;
printf(The initial values are \n) ;

printf(a = %d \t b = %d, a, b) ;
swap(&a,&b) ;
printf(\n\n After swapping in main \n) ;
printf( a = %d \t b = %d, a, b) ;
getch() ;
}
swap(int *x, int *y)

- 159 -
{
int t ;
t = *x; *x = *y ; *y = t ;
printf(\n\n After swapping \n);
printf( x = %d, y = %d, *x, *y);
}
/* Output :
a = 20 b = 30
x = 30 b = 30
a = 30 b = 20
*/
Notes :
Arrays with Pointers :
An array is a collection of similar data type elements
mentioning with a single variable. The address of first
element is considered the address of the array. The array
elements can be accessed using the address of array and the
index value.
Ex Programs :
q)
# include <stdio.h>
- 160 -
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int k, a[5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 } ;
clrscr() ;
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
{
printf(\n the addres of %d element %u %u, k,
&a[k], a+k ) ;
printf(the value is %d %d %d %d, a[k], *(a+k),
*(k+a), k[a] ) ;
}
getch () ;
}
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
int *a, n ;
- 161 -
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the number of elements you want ) ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
accept(a, n) ;
display(a, n) ;
getch() ;
}
accept(int *p, int n)

{
int k;
printf(Enter %d numbers \n , n) ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
scanf(%d, p+k) ;
}
display(int *p, int n)

{
int k;
printf(\n The elemetns are \n) ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
- 162 -
printf(%d , *(p+k) ) ;
}
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# define M 5
main()
{
int a[M] ;
clrscr() ;
accept(a, M) ;
display(a, M) ;
getch() ;
}
accept(int *p, int k)

{
int n ;
printf(Enter any %d numbers \n, k) ;
for(n=0; n<k; n++)
scanf(%d, p+n) ;
}
- 163 -
display(int d[], int k)

{
int n ;
printf(\n The array elements are \n) ;
for(n=0; n<k; n++)
printf(%d , d[n] ) ;
}
Notes :
malloc() :
This function is used to allocate the required space in the
memory while executing the program. This functions
prototype was defined in the header file ALLOC.H
There is an another function to allocate memory. that is
calloc().
The malloc() assigns junk values the allocated space. But
calloc() assigns 0 to the allocated space.
Syntax:
(pointer) = (pointertype) malloc( size * number) ;
(pointer) = (pointertype) calloc( size , number ) ;
Note :
- 164 -
If the compiler failed to allocate the required space this

function returns a NULL value.
Ex Programs :
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <alloc.h>
main()
{
int *p, n, k, s;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the number of elements ) ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
p = (int *) malloc(sizeof(int) * n) ; if(p==NULL)
{
printf(Unable to allocate the required space ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
printf(Enter %d numbers \n, n) ;

for(k=0, s=0; k<n;s+=p[k], k++)
- 165 -
scanf(%d, p+k );
printf(\n The elements are \n) ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
printf(%d , p[k] );

getch() ;
}
q) /* Write a program to sort the given numbers using

Linear Sort technique */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdlib.h>
# include <alloc.h>
main()
{
int *p, n;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the number of elements ) ;

scanf(%d, &n) ;
p = (int *) malloc(2*n) ;
- 166 -
if(p==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to allocate the required space ) ;
exit(0);
}
accept(p, n) ;
linear(p, n) ; /* bubble(p, n) ; */
display(p, n) ;
getch() ;
}
accept(int *p, int n)

{
int k ;
printf(Enter %d numbers \n, n) ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
scanf(%d, p+k) ;
}
display(int *p, int n)

{
int k ;
printf(\n The elements are ) ;
- 167 -
for(k=0; k<n; k++)

printf(%d , *(p+k) ) ;
}
/*
linear(int a[], int n)
{
int k, j, t ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
for(j=k; j<n; j++)
if(a[k]<a[j])
{
t = a[k] ; a[k] = a[j] ; a[j] = t ;
}
}
*/
linear(int *a, int n)

{
int k, j, t ;
for(k=0; k<n; k++)
for(j=k; j<n; j++)
if(*(a+k) < *(a+j) )
{
- 168 -
t = *(a+k) ;
*(a+k) = *(a+j) ;
*(a+j) = t ;
}
}
bubble(int a[], int n)

{
int t, k, j ;
for(k=0; k<n-1; k++)
for(j=0; j<n-1; j++)
if(a[j] < a[j+1] )
{
t = a[j] ;
a[j] = a[j+1] ;
a[j+1] = t ;
}
}
/* bubble(int *a, int n)

{
int t, k, j ;
- 169 -
for(k=0; k<n-1; k++)

for(j=0; j<n-1; j++)
if(*(a+j) < *(a+j+1) )
{
t = *(a+j) ;
*(a+j) = *(a+j+1) ;
*(a+j+1) = t ;
}
}
*/
Notes :
String Pointers to Functions :
Ex Programs :
q) /* Moving the given string as a

Banner */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
# include <dos.h>
- 170 -
void main()
{
char *str = Bhanodaya is a
super hero ;
clrscr();
while(!kbhit())
{
substr(str); delay(100);
gotoxy(20, 12); printf(%s,str);
}
getch();
}
/*
substr(char *str)
{
char *dst, c; int i=1, j=0;
c = *str;
while(*(str+i)!=\0)
{
*(dst+j) = *(str+i);
i++; j++;
}
- 171 -
*(dst+j) = c;
*(dst+j+1) = \0;
strcpy(str,dst);
}
*/
substr(char str[])
{
char dst[80], ch ;
int k, j ;
ch = str[0] ;
k=1; j=0;
while(str[k]!=\0)
{
dst[j] = str[k] ;
k++; j++;
}
dst[j++] = ch ;
dst[j] = \0 ;
strcpy(str, dst) ;
}
Notes :
- 172 -
Structures with Pointers :

The elements of a structure variable can be accessed using
a period operator between the variable and the element. To
access the elements using the address of the variable the -
> operator must be used.
(variablepoitner) -> (element)
Ex Programs :
q)
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
struct book
{ int pages; char title[40]; float price ; } ;
main()
{
struct book bk = { 500, Pointers in C, 175.00 } ;
struct book *b ;
clrscr() ;
b = &bk ;
printf(\n The book title %s , bk.title ) ; printf(\n
The cost of book %.2f , bk.price ) ;
- 173 -
printf(\n\n The book title %s , b->title) ; printf(\n

The number of pages %d, b->pages ) ; printf(\n
The cost of book %.2f , b->price ) ;
printf(\n\n The size of structure variable
%d,sizeof(bk) ); printf(\n The size of structure
pointer %d, sizeof(b) ) ;
getch() ;
}
q) /* Structure Pointers to Functions */

# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
struct book
{ int pages; char title[40]; float price ; } ;
main()
{
struct book bk = { 500, Pointers in C, 175.00 } ;
clrscr() ;
dispvar(bk) ;
disppntr(&bk) ;
getch() ;
- 174 -
dispvar(struct book bk)

{
printf(\n The book title %s , bk.title ) ;
printf(\n The number of pages %d , bk.pages ) ;
printf(\n The cost of book %.2f , bk.price ) ;
printf(\n The size of structure variable %d ,
sizeof(bk) );
}
disppntr(struct book *b)

{
printf(\n\n The book title %s , b->title) ;
printf(\n The number of pages %d, b->pages ) ;
printf(\n The cost of book %.2f , b->price ) ;
printf(\n The size of structure pointer %d,
sizeof(b) ) ;
}
Notes :
FILE HANDLING IN C
- 175 -
Using C programs the data files and text files can be

manipulated. To use any file it must be loaded into
memory.
In C programs the file pointer where the file stored can be
found.
fopen():
This function is used to open the required file in the
required mode and returns the file pointer where the file
stored. If it is unable to open in the given mode it returns a
constant value NULL.
Syntax :
FILE * (filepointer) ;
(filepointer) = fopen(filename, mode );
modes :
- - - -
w ==> To create the file and store the data
a ==> To add the data to the file
r ==> To read the data from the file
Ex :
FILE *fp;
fp = fopen(data.txt, w);
fclose() :
- 176 -
The file, which opened in memory must

be closed to avoid the data
corruption. To close the file the
function fclose() must be used.
Syntax :
fclose(filepointer);
Ex :
fclose(fp) ;
fputc():
This function is used to store the characters in the data file
opened in the filepointer.
Syntax :
fputc(char, filepointer) ;
Ex :
fputc(ch, fp) ;
fgetc() :
This function is used to read a character to the variable
from the file pointer.
Syntax :
char variable = fgetc(filepointer) ;
Ex :
ch = fgetc(fp) ;
- 177 -
Ex Programs :
q) /* Write a program to create a text file DATA and

store some data. */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
fp = fopen(DATA, w) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to open the given file ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
while(1)
{
ch = getchar();
if(ch==EOF) break ;
- 178 -
fputc(ch, fp) ;
}
fclose(fp) ;
}
q) /* Write a program to read the text from the file

DATA */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(DATA, r) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(\n File not found ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
- 179 -
while(1)
{
ch = fgetc(fp);
if(ch==EOF) break ;
putchar(ch) ;
}
fclose(fp) ;
getch() ;
}
q)/* Write a program to read the text from the file

DATA display in
Upper case characters */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
char ch ;
- 180 -
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(data, r) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
exit(0) ;
}
while(1)
{
ch = fgetc(fp);
if(ch==EOF) break ;
if(ch>=97 && ch<=122) ch -= 32 ;
putchar(ch) ;
}
fclose(fp) ;
getch() ;
}
q)/* Write a program to read the text from the file

DATA copy to another
in file in upper case characters */
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
- 181 -
main()
{
FILE *fs, *ft ;
char ch, *src, *trg ;
clrscr() ;
printf(Enter the source file to copy ) ;
scanf(%s, src) ;
fs = fopen(src, r) ;
if(fs==NULL)
{
printf(\n Source File not found ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
printf(\n Enter the target file to copy ) ;

scanf(%s, trg) ;
ft = fopen(trg, w) ;
if(ft==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to open the target file ) ;
exit(1) ;
- 182 -
while(1)
{
ch = fgetc(fs);
if(ch==EOF) break ;
if(ch>=97 && ch<=122) ch -= 32 ;
putchar(ch) ;
fputc(ch, ft) ;
}
fclose(fs) ; fclose(ft) ;
getch() ;
}
Notes :
fprintf() :
This function stores the data in the file.
Syntax :
fprintf(filepointer, format string, variables);
Ex :
fprintf(fp, %d %s %f, eno, ena, bas);
- 183 -
fscanf() :
This function reads the data from the file.
Syntax :
fscanf(filepointer, format string, variables);
Ex :
fscanf(fp, %d%s%f, &eno, ena, &bas);
Ex Programs :
q)/* Write a program to create a data file EMP.DAT,
accept employee number,
name, basic salary and store all in the data file */
# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
int eno; char ena[40]; float bas ;
char ans=y ;
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(EMP.DAT, w) ;
if(fp==NULL)
- 184 -
{
printf(\n Unable to open in the required mode ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
while(ans==y || ans==Y)
{
printf(\n Enter Employee Number ) ;
scanf(%d, &eno) ;
printf( Enter Employee Name ) ;
scanf(%s, ena) ;
printf( Enter Basic Salary ) ;
scanf(%f, &bas) ;
fprintf(fp, \n %d %s %f, eno, ena, bas) ;
printf(Do you want to
continue ) ;
ans = getche() ;
}
getch();
}
q)/* Write a program to read the records from the data

file EMP.DAT,
- 185 -
calculate da, hra, pf, net salary and print all */

# include <conio.h>
# include <stdio.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
int eno; char ena[40];
float bas, da, hra, pf, net ;
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(EMP.DAT, r) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
exit(0) ;
}
while( fscanf(fp, %d%s%f, &eno, ena, &bas) > 0)

{
da = bas * 20 / 100 ;
hra = bas * 30 / 100 ;
pf = bas * 10 / 100 ;
net = bas + da + hra - pf ;
- 186 -
printf(\n\n Employee Number %d, eno) ;

printf(\n Employee Name %s, ena) ;
printf(\n Basic Salary %.2f, bas) ;
printf(\n Da %.2f \t Hra %.2f \t Pf %.2f, da, hra, pf
);
printf(\n Net Salary %.2f, net) ;
getch() ;
}
}
Notes :
fwrite() :
This function is used to store the structures in the file in
binary
mode.
Syntax:
fwrite ( (pointer to variable), (size of variable),
(numberofvariables),(filepointer) );
Ex:
fwrite( &emp, sizeof(emp), 1, fp);
- 187 -
fread() :
This function is used to read the structures from the file in
binary level.
Syntax: fread ( (pointer to
variable), (size of variable),
(numberofvariables),(filepointer) );
Ex: fread(&emp, sizeof(emp), 1,

fp);
Ex Programs :
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
struct employee
{ int eno; char ena[20]; float bas ; } ;
main()
{
struct employee emp ;
FILE *fp ;
char ans ;
- 188 -
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(empbn.dat, wb) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(Unable to open the data file ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
do
{
printf(\n\n Enter employee Number ) ;
scanf(%d, &emp.eno) ;
printf(Enter Employee Name ) ;
scanf(%s, emp.ena) ;
printf(Enter Basic Salary ) ;
scanf(%f, &emp.bas) ;
fwrite(&emp, 1, sizeof(emp), fp) ; printf(Do you
want to add more ) ;
ans = getche() ;
} while(ans==y || ans==Y) ;
}
- 189 -
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
struct employee
main()
{
FILE *fp ;
clrscr() ;
fp = fopen(empbn.dat, rb) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
exit(0) ;
}
while( fread(&emp, 1, sizeof(emp), fp) > 0)

{
printf(\n\n Employee Number %d, emp.eno) ;
- 190 -
printf(\n Employee Name %s, emp.ena) ;

printf(\n Basic Salary %.2f, emp.bas) ;
getch() ;
}
q)
# include <stdio.h>
# include <conio.h>
struct employee
main()
{
FILE *fs, *ft ;
clrscr() ;
fs = fopen(empbn.dat, rb) ;
if(fs==NULL)
{
exit(0) ;
- 191 -
ft = fopen(emp.dat, w) ;
if(ft==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to open the target file ) ;
exit(1);
}
while( fread(&emp, 1, sizeof(emp), fs) > 0)

{
printf(\n\n Employee Number %d, emp.eno) ;
printf(\n Employee Name %s, emp.ena) ;
printf(\n Basic Salary %.2f, emp.bas) ;
fprintf(ft, \n %d %s %f, emp.eno, emp.ena,
emp.bas);
getch() ;
}
Notes :
COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS :
- 192 -
The arguments can be passed to any function when they are

calling.The main() is also a function and some arguments
can be passed to it from the MS-DOS prompt.
Here we have to use the words argv, args[] .
Here argv is the an integer value and it is the number of
arguments passed and *args[] is an array of strings

contain the arguments
Syntax:
main(int argv, char *args[])
Ex Programs :
q) /* This program demonstrates about the arguments
passed to
the function main() */
# include <stdio.h>
void main(int argv, char *args[])
{
int k ;
printf(\n The number of arguments given %d,
argv) ;
printf(\n The arguments are \n) ;
for(k=0; k<argv; k++)
printf(\n %s, args[k] ) ;
- 193 -
/* Save this program as ARG.C

After compilation it creates an object file ARG.OBJ and
an executable file ARG.EXE, which can be executed at
MS-DOS
prompt
[prompt] ARG abc lkj xyz mnb
*/
q)/* Program to create a file which can

create text file */
# include <stdio.h>

{
char ch;
FILE *fp ;
if(argv!=2)
- 194 -
{
printf(\n Invalid number of arguments ) ;
exit(0) ;
}
fp = fopen(args[1], w) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to create the given file ) ;
exit(1) ;
}
while(1)
{
ch = getchar() ;
if(ch==EOF) break ;
fputc(ch, fp) ;
}
printf(\n 1. file created \n) ;
/*
- 195 -
Save this program as CREATE.C

After compilation it creates an executable file
CREATE.EXE, which
can be executed at MS-DOS prompt.
[prompt] CREATE (filename)
*/
q) /* Program to create a file which

can read a text file */
# include <stdio.h>

{
char ch;
FILE *fp ;
if(argv!=2)
{
printf(\n Invalid number of arguments ) ;
- 196 -
exit(0) ;
}
fp = fopen(args[1], r) ;
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf(\n File not found - %s, args[1] ) ;
exit(1) ;
}
while(1)
{
ch = fgetc(fp) ;
if(ch==EOF) break ;
putchar(ch) ;
}
/* Save this program as SHOW.C

After compilation it creates an executable SHOW.EXE
- 197 -
[prompt] SHOW (filename)

*/
q)/* Program to create a file which can

copy the text from a file to another
*/
# include <stdio.h>
{
FILE *fs, *ft ;
char ch ;
if(argv!=3)
{
printf(Invalid number of arguments );
exit(0) ;
}
fs = fopen(args[1], r) ;
if(fs==NULL)
{
printf(\n Unable to open the source file ) ;
- 198 -
exit(1) ;
}
ft = fopen(args[2],w) ;
if(ft==NULL)
{
printf(\n This target file %s not found , args[2] ) ;
exit(2) ;
}
while( (ch=fgetc(fs)) != EOF)

fputc(ch, ft) ;
fclose(fs) ; fclose(ft) ;
printf(\n 1. File copied ) ;
}
/* Save this file as FLCP.C
[prompt] FLCP (source) (target)

*/
- 199 -
Notes :
random() :
This function returns the value which is between 0 and 1
less than the given number. This functions prototype has
defined in the header file STDLIB.H
Syntax :
random(n);
This function returns any number from 0 to n-1 .
textattr() & textbackground() :
This function changes the text color to the given color.
- 200 -
GRAPHICS
Generally the screen is in textmode. It can be changed by
the display adopters. There are a number of adopters like
VGA, CGA,EGA, ...
The normal text mode has 25 rows and 80 columns. It can
be changed using the MODE command in MS-DOS.Using
C programs we can design some graphics by changing the
screen from text mode to graphics mode.
initgraph() :
This function changes the screen from text mode to
graphics mode. But here we have to mention the display
driver and mode. To use this command the file
EGAVGA.BGI must be in the current directory. This
functions prototype has defined in the header file
GRAPHICS.H
Syntax:
initgraph( (address of driver), (address of mode), (path to
file) );
Ex :
int gdr = DETECT, gmd;
initgraph(&gdr, &gmd, C:\TC );
- 201 -
detectgraph() :
This function detects the using graphic driver and modes. It
assign the values to the variables.
Syntax :
detectgraph( (address of graphic driver), (address of
graphic mode) );
Ex :
int gdr, gmd;
detectgraph(&gdr, &gmd);
closegraph() :
This function closes the graphics mode and changes to text
mode.
Syntax:
closegraph();
setcolor() :
This function changes the displaying color of screen. In
VGAHI we can use 16 colors. The color can be mentioned
as integer.
Syntax:
setcolor(integer) ;
- 202 -
Ex :
setcolor(RED) ;
setcolor(4) ;
setbkcolor() :
This function changes the background color of screen .
Syntax :
setbkcolor(integer) ;
Ex:
setbkcolor(YELLOW) ;
setbkcolor(15);
putpixel() :
This function highlights the pixel(picture element) at the
given co-ordinates to the given color .
Syntax :
putpixel(x-coordinate, y-coordinate, color) ;
Ex :
putpixel(320, 240, 5) ;
line() :
This function displays a line between the given coordinates.
Syntax :
- 203 -
line(x1, y1, x2, y2 );

Ex :
line(200,300, 240, 370 );
lineto() :
This function displays a line to the given coordinates from
the current coordinates.
Syntax :
lineto(x2, y2) ;
Ex :
lineto(400, 600) ;
circle() :
This function displays a circle with the given center
coordinates and the radius.
Syntax :
circle(x, y, radius) ;
Ex :
circle(320, 240, 100) ;
ellipse() :
Syntax :
- 204 -
ellipse(x, y, st-angle, end-angle,x-radius, y-radius );

Ex :
ellipse( 320, 240, 0, 360, 200, 100 );
arc() :
Syntax :
arc(x, y, st-angle, end-angle, radius );
Ex :
arc(320, 240, 45, 135, 200 ) ;
rectangle() :
Syntax :
rectangle( x1, y1, x2, y2 );
Ex :
rectangle( 200, 150, 440, 320 );
settextstyle() :
This function sets the displaying text style .
Syntax :
settextstyle( font, direction, size );
fonts : direction : HORIZ_DIR, VERT_DIR size :
Ex : settextstyle( 3, 0, 5 );
outtextxy() :
- 205 -
This functions displays the given text at the given

coordinates with the setted style.
Syntax :
outtextxy(x, y, text) ;

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-1-

I generation languages: these languages are machine

Ii Generation Languages :These Are Assembly

III Generation Languages :In these

IV Generation languages :These languages

Here I & II Generation languages are

For high level languages we have to use

Ex: BASIC, DBase III+, ....

Constants : The unchangeable quantities are called

a) integers Ex: 435, -657, 65535, -32768,...

Variables : The quantities which can be changed during

Ex: valid invlid

Keywords : These are predefined words. There are 32

Operators : There are 42 operators in C language.

5) Relational Operators : == > < >= <=

6) Logical Operators : && || !

The C program has a free formated structure.

shortsigned int -32768 to 32767

float 3.14e-38 to 3.14e38

Functions :The functions are two types.

1) derived functions, 2) user-defined functions.

Note : The function printf() returns an integer value that is

Remarks :To write any remarks or comments to the

Save this program (F2) as FIRST.C

3) To compile the program select Compile to OBJ

\0 ==> Null character

printf(\n The value of k is %i %d %c %o %x, k, k,

5) /* Formatting the output */

The given values are 100, 40

Notes : The Arithmetic operations are three types depend

m1 = 65; m2 = 66; m3 = 68;

8) /* Formatting the output of

printf(The Basic Salary %f,

The Basic Salary 5000.000000

q) /* Program to demonstrate the

printf(\n %d, k--) ;

printf(Enter any character ) ;

Enter any character g

Enter any character

10) /* Write a program to calculate the total, average

printf(Enter three subjects marks \n) ;

scanf(%d%d%d, &m1, &m2, &m3 ) ;

The three subjects marks are 65, 66, 68

In C language the conditional statement returns zero

printf(Enter any number ) ;

if(k==0) printf(The number

14) /* Write a program to check the given number is

printf(Enter any number ) ;

15) /* Write a program to find the big number in the given

printf(Enter any two numbers \n) ;

16) /* Write a program to find the biggest number in the

printf(Enter any three numbers \n) ;

17) /* Write a program to find the smallest number in

printf(Enter any five numbers \n) ;

18)/* Write a program to find the biggest and smallest

printf(Enter any five numbers \n) ;

19) /* Write a program to accept three subjects marks

printf(Enter three subjects marks \n) ;

20) /* Write a program to accept an employees basic

if bas >= 10000 ==> da =

net = bas + da + hra - pf

printf(Enter any number );

printf(Enter any one of the alphabets );