Thesis, Final Review

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A G+4 HOTEL AT ADDIS

ABABA
A Thesis in CIVIL ENGINEERING
By:- NAME ID NUMBER
DANIEL ABERA ENR/6603/04
GOYTOM KEBEDEW ENR/3273/04
MEHARI TSEGAY ENR/3484/04
YOHANNES AREFE ENR/6397/04
A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF G+4 BUILDING 2016
The undersigned have examined the thesis entitled Structural Design of a G+4 hotel at Addis Ababa presented by
DANIEL ABERA, GOYTOM KEBEDEW, MEHARI TSEGAY,
YOHANNES AREFE , a candidate for the degree of Bachelor of Science and hereby certify that it is worthy
of acceptance.
Fresenay Zerabruk
Advisor Signature Date
Internal Examiner Signature Date
External Examiner Signature Date
Chair person Signature Date
ii
UNDERTAKING
We certify that research work titled Structural Design of a G+4 Hotel Building at Addis
Ababa is my own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where
material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged / referred.
iii
ABSTRACT
This project is mainly concerned with the structural design and analysis of a G+4 building
intended for the purpose of Hotel. The Analysis is computed using ETABs V9.6 software and the
Design is done based on the Limitations and standards listed on EBCS 1995.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Primarily, we want to specially thank the Almighty GOD for giving us the inspiration to start and
patience to finalize this project work. Secondly, we want to extend our sincere appreciation to
our advisor, Ato FIRESENAY for his valuable advice, constant support, dedication,
encouragement and precious guidance, creative suggestions and critical comments, and for being
everlasting enthusiastic from the beginning to the end of the project.
Moreover, it will not be out place here to express special thanks to our dearest family, for their
consistent and continuous advises, support, and encouragements valuable not only for the
academic achievement but also for life lasting successfulness forwarded me during my stay in
student life starting from high school to the university level.
Thirdly, we are also grateful to all staffs of Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa Institute Of
Technology (AAIT) for their heartily cooperation during our stay of five year in the University.
Last, but not least, we would like to thanks for all our friends, and colleagues, for their love,
encouragement, patience and support throughout the project study.
v
Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Limit States.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Overview of The Project ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Design Consideration .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Material Properties ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
2 SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..........................................................................................................................7
2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Depth Determination .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Load Calculations ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.5 Design ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 Load Transfer to Beams ................................................................................................................................................... 17
3 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE ................................................................................................................................... 20
3.1 Depth Determination ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.2 Loading .............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Design Moment Calculation ............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.4 Reinforcement Calculation ............................................................................................................................................... 22
4 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Earthquake Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Base Shear Calculation ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 Story Shear Calculation.................................................................................................................................................... 27
5 FRAME ANALYSIS AND MODELING ............................................................................................................. 30
5.1 Modeling for 3D Frame Analysis Using ETABS 2013 ................................................................................................... 30
5.2 Load Combinations ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Drift Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................... 34
6 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 38
6.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................... 38
vi
6.2 Flexure Theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 38
6.2.1 Design of Beam for Flexure ............................................................................................................................................................ 39
6.3 Shear .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
6.3.1 Design for Shear .............................................................................................................................................................................. 50
6.3.2 Minimum Shear Rebar ................................................................................................................................................................... 54
6.4 Bond and Development Length ........................................................................................................................................ 57
6.5 Serviceability ..................................................................................................................................................................... 59
6.5.1 Check for Crack .............................................................................................................................................................................. 61
6.5.2 Check for Deflection........................................................................................................................................................................ 68
7 COLUMN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 70
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2 Design of columns ............................................................................................................................................................. 71
7.2.1 Design procedure............................................................................................................................................................................. 71
Slenderness.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76
8 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 112
8.1 Design philosophy ........................................................................................................................................................... 114
8.2 Design of Isolated Footing .............................................................................................................................................. 115
9 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS ......................................................................................................................... 125
9.1 Slab Detailing .................................................................................................................................................................. 125
9.2 Typical Beam Detailing .................................................................................................................................................. 129
9.3 Ground Beam .................................................................................................................................................................. 131
9.4 Roof Beam ....................................................................................................................................................................... 132
9.5 Foundation Detailing ...................................................................................................................................................... 133
9.6 Column Detailing ............................................................................................................................................................ 139
10 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 141
11 RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................................................................... 142
12 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... 143
12.1 Determination of total building weight and Center mass ........................................................................................... 143
13 REFFERANCE ................................................................................................................................................... 156
vii
Tables
Table 1 Depth determination of slab ............................................................................................... 8
Table 2 Slab self weight and finishing ............................................................................................ 9
Table 3 Support and field moments of slab .................................................................................. 12
Table 4 Design of slab support moments in the X direction......................................................... 16
Table 5 Design of slab support moments in the Y direction......................................................... 16
Table 6 Design of slab field moments in the X & Y direction ..................................................... 17
Table 7 Load transfer to beams ..................................................................................................... 18
Table 8 Stair design result............................................................................................................. 22
Table 9 Total building weight ....................................................................................................... 28
Table 10 Story shear distribution .................................................................................................. 28
Table 11 Center of mass of floors ................................................................................................. 29
Table 12 Drift analysis result ........................................................................................................ 35
Table 13 Typical floor beams design result .................................................................................. 44
Table 14 Typical floor beams shear design result ........................................................................ 55
Table 15Column 4C design result............................................................................................... 100
Table 16 Column 5D design result ............................................................................................. 103
Table 17 Column 5E design result .............................................................................................. 107
Table 18 Column design result ................................................................................................... 110
Table 19 Footing 4C,5D & 5E design result............................................................................... 123
Table 20 Isolated footing design result ....................................................................................... 124
Table 21 Typical Floor Weight and Center Mass ....................................................................... 143
Table 22 Ground Floor Weight and Center Mass ....................................................................... 147
Table 23 Roof Weight ................................................................................................................. 151
viii
Figures
Figure 1 Typical floor slabs ............................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2 Stiffness modifier for beam ....................................................................................... 31
Figure 3 Stiffness modifier for column ......................................................................................... 31
Figure 4 3-D Model ..................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 5 Beam on axis 4 ............................................................................................................... 39
Figure 6 Moment envelop of beam on axis 4 ............................................................................... 39
Figure 7 Shear force diagram of beam on axis 4 b/n A&B .......................................................... 50
Figure 8 Bending moment diagram of beam for serviceability .................................................... 62
ix
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Structures shall be designed appropriately so that they will sustain all actions and influences
likely to occur during their intended life. It is practical to choose types of structural members for
different criteria especially with regards to economy after assuring safety. They have to remain
fit for their intended purpose with adequate durability. It must also optimize the cost expended in
building the structure and for maintenance. If damages occur, they shall be minimized or avoided
by providing appropriate solutions such as:
- avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is to sustain
- selecting a structural form which has low sensitivity to the hazards considered
- selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an
individual element
- tying the structure together
Design of a certain structure involves determination of cross sectional dimensions, area of steel
and their distribution and the area and spacing of transverse bars satisfying all strength and
service equipment.
In case the structure fails, it must be in such a way it will minimize risks. It must extend the time
for evacuation of people inside a building. This requirement of structural design is accomplished
by a principle called ductility. Ductility allows yielding of steel reinforcement prior to the
collapse of the building.
Yielding of steel bars warns the start of failure of a structure or its part. Therefore, structures are
designed to be under reinforced by certain percent to assure ductility mode of failure if it
happens.
The design of any structure is categorized in to functional design and structural design.
Functional design: the structure to be constructed should primarily serve the basic purpose for
which it is to be used and must have a pleasing look.
AAiT:BSc thesis Page 1

Structural design: it is an art and science of understanding the behavior of structural members
subjected to loads and designing them with economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and
durable structure.
Design situations
The severe conditions which can be foreseen to occur in the life time of the building include:
1. Persistent and transient situations
2. Seismic situations
3. Accidental situation
This project is executed based on the Ethiopian Building Code Standard (EBCS) prepared in
1995 E.C, which follows the Limit State design approach.
1.2 Limit States

When a structure or structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it is said to have
reached a limit state. Limit states can be divided into three basic groups.
a) Ultimate limit states: involve a structural collapse of part or all of the structure. Its main
concern is the safety of structure and people. Such a limit state should have a very low
probability of occurrence, because it may lead to loss of life and major financial losses.
The major ultimate limit states are:
loss of equilibrium
rupture
progressive collapse
formation of a plastic mechanism
instability
fatigue
b) Serviceability limit states: involve disruption of the functional use of the structure, but
not collapse per se. Serviceability Limit states are those associated to conditions beyond
for which a structure does not accomplish specified service requirements. It is mainly
concerned about the function of construction works, comfort of people, and appearance
of the building. Because there is less danger of loss of life, a higher probability of

occurrence can generally be tolerated than in the case of an ultimate limit state. The
major serviceability limit states include:
excessive deflections
excessive crack widths
undesirable vibrations
c) Special limit states: involves damage or failure due to abnormal conditions or abnormal
loadings and includes:
damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes,
structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions,
structural effects of corrosion or deterioration, and
long-term physical or chemical instability
1.3 Overview of The Project

This project deals about the structural design and analysis of a G+4 building located at Addis
Ababa with soil class B, without a basement floor, considering live load and dead load analysis
and all the external effects according to EBCS, 1995. The building has typical floor of 252
squared meter area (18m*14m). All slabs including the ground floor have a typical Hotel
function and identical partitions. As a result of the natural stability of the ground below the
foundation it will be designed with simple isolated footings.
The structural design of this typical building involves design of solid slab for the floors, stairs,
frames analysis and lateral load analysis beams, columns and foundation.
In the design process, first the minimum depth of slab for serviceability limit state was
determined. The slabs were designed for partition load, floor finish load along with its self-
weight and live loads. The ground and typical floor slabs were designed using coefficient
method. Stairs and landings were designed as one-way slab.
The design of beams and columns is done for the critical moments shears and axial loads
obtained from the dead and live load combinations of the selected axis. Beams and columns were
designed according to EBCS-2, 1995 provisions.

To simplify the design procedure, calculations were done using designed MS-Excel
spreadsheets.
The size of the footing was determined from the bearing capacity of the soil; the thickness of the
footing is determined from punching and wide beam shear.
For the analysis of frames, the restrained conditions at the foundation level are assumed fixed.
Loads acting on beams from slab reactions and partition walls directly resting on beams and
lateral load acting on the frame were added to self-weight of beams to find total load acting on
beams. All the significant loads are inserted and analyzed for nine load combinations using
ETABS Nonlinear V9.6
Design criteria
To analyze or design a structure, it is necessary to establish criteria for determining

whether a given structure is acceptable for use in a specified circumstance or for use directly as
a design objective that must be met.
1.4 Design Consideration

Safety: Safety implies the likelihood of partial or total collapse of the structure is acceptably
low not only under normal expected loads (service loads), but also under abnormal but probable
overloads (such as due to earthquake or extreme wind). Collapse may occur due to various
possibilities such as exceeding the load bearing capacity, overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue
etc.
Serviceability: Serviceability implies satisfactory performance of the structure under service

loads, without discomfort to the user due to excessive deflection, cracking, vibration etc. Other
considerations that come under the preview of serviceability are durability, acoustics and thermal
insulation.
The structure must be able to carry the design load safely without excessive material distress
and with deformations with in an acceptable range. The ability of a structure to carry loads
safely and without material distress is achieved by using safety factors in the design of the

element. By altering the size, shape, and choice of material, stresses in a structure can be
maintained at safe levels and such that material distress.
1.5 Material Properties

Concrete
The main measure of structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. Our code EBCS2
-1995 recommends concrete grade based on a test of 150mm cube at the age of 28 days in terms
of its characteristic compressive strength (f cu ).
Class I workmanship and ordinary loading condition is used. In which values are measured by
weight and using mixer. It requires less safety factor.
Concrete grade C-25 C denotes the characteristic compressive strength in MPa.
Partial safety factor = 1.5
Compressive strength:
fck = 0.8*25 = 20MPa where fck is the characteristic compressive strength of cylinder tests.
= = 11.33MPa where the design characteristic compressive strength of cylinder tests.
Characteristic tensile strength
As it is difficult to obtain accurate data because of hardening problems empirical relations are
used to obtain tensile strength.
= 0.21(fck) 2/3
=1.5 MPa
= 0.21
= 0.21

= 1.03MPa
where = tensile strength of concrete
fck = characteristic cylindrical compressive strength in MPa
The ultimate stress in concrete for design purpose is:
= 0.85fck
The ultimate strain in concrete for design purpose is taken as 0.0035.
The unit weight of concrete is 24 KN/m 3.
Reinforcement steel
Characteristic properties of reinforcement bar are expressed using its yielding strength and is
given as:
Steel grade S-300 ,where S - characteristic strength of steel in MPa.
Partial safety factor: = 1.15
= 300Mpa where - characteristic tensile strength of steel
fyk 300
= = = 260.87MPa.
s 1.15
Where fyd is the design tensile strength of steel
Es = 200GPa where Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel.
Partial safety factor for actions in building structure for persistent and transient design situation
is taken for unfavorable condition. Factor of safety for permanent and variable loading condition
are 1.3 and 1.6 respectively (EBCS 2 table 3.3).
Generally, a Hotel ground plus four (G+4) building will be designed in the pages that follow
with a solid slab and frame combining beams and columns, and foundation with isolated footing.

2 SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

2.1 General
Slabs are horizontal structural elements which transfer service loads to the frame elements. There
are two types of slabs based on the load transferring mechanisms. These are one way and two
way slabs. One-way slabs transmit their load in one direction while two way slabs resist applied
two directions. These types of slabs are composed of rectangular panels supported at all four
edges by walls or beams stiff enough to be treated as unyielding. And their design should follow
procedures.
Figure 1 Typical floor slabs
2.2 Depth Determination

The minimum depth required for the slab can be calculated from the minimum depth required for
deflection. The effective depth requirement for deflection can be calculated using the following
formula (EBCS 2 1995 Article 5.2.3)
fyk Le
d (0.4 + 0.6* )
400 a

Where: fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcing bars.
Le is the effective span. For two-way solid slabs it is the shorter span
a - is the appropriate constant which depends on the support condition of the slab
Note: For the purpose of construction simplicity and monolithic construction the governing
overall depth has been taken.
Table 1 Depth determination of slab
Support Provided "d"

Panel Ly(mm) Le(mm) Ly/Lx condition a d(mm) (mm)
C1 4500 1500 3 Cantilever 12 106.25 107
C2 4500 1500 3 Cantilever 12 106.25 107
C3 4500 1500 3 Cantilever 12 106.25 107
C4 4500 1500 3 Cantilever 12 106.25 107
C5 4500 2000 2.74 Cantilever 12 141.67 142
C6 4500 2000 2.74 Cantilever 12 141.67 142
C7 4500 1500 3 Cantilever 12 106.25 107
Support Provided "d"

Panel Ly(mm) Le(mm) Ly/Lx condition a d(mm) (mm)
P1 6500 450 1.44 Edge span 35.6 107.44 108
P2 6500 450 1.44 Edge span 35.6 107.44 108
P3 6500 450 1.44 Edge span 35.6 107.44 108
P4 4500 450 1 Edge span 40 95.6 96
P5 4500 450 1 Interior span 40 95.6 96
P6 4500 450 1 Interior span 45 85 85
P7 4500 450 1 Edge span 40 95.6 96

Using 12 rebar and concrete cover of 15mm ,Total depth (D) is calculated as:

D=Cover + +d
2
12
= 15+ + 142
2
= 163mm Use D=165mm for C4,C5,C6 & C7
For C1,C2,C3 and P1-P7
12
D= 15+ + 108 = 129mm Use D=150mm for ease of electrical installation
2
2.3 Load Calculations

a. Dead load (DL)
The dead load is composed of the self-weight of the slab itself, weights of the partition walls,
weight of the finishing and other considerable permanent loads. Self-weight of the slab is equal
to the overall depth times unit weight of concrete. Partition loads are distributed over the slab if
they are not large enough to cause localized effects. However, for line load effect Renold method
should be checked.
For C1, C2, C3 and P1-P7 For C4, C5, C6 & C7
Table 2 Slab self weight and finishing
Unit
Depth load Unit
weight Depth load
(m) (KN/m2) weight
(KN/m3) (m) (KN/m2)
Own (KN/m3)
0.15 25 3.75 Own
weight 0.165 25 4.125
Cement weight
0.03 23 0.69 Cement
screed 0.03 23 0.69
Plastering 0.02 23 0.46 screed
Ceramic Plastering 0.02 23 0.46

0.008 23 0.184 Ceramic
tile 0.008 23 0.184
Total 5.084 tile
Total 5.459

Self-Weight and finishing
Partition Load
From HCB wall = height * thickness * unit weight
= 3.05m * 0.2m * 10 KN/m3= 6.1 KN/m
For P1 and P3, by taking partition length and panel area from the architectural drawing we get
8.64m
6.1 KN/m *partition length/Panel area= 6.1 KN/m* =1.8 KN/m2
29.28m2
Similarly;
For P2 1.47 KN/m2 , P4, P5, P6 & P7 .0.82 KN/m2
C1-C7.0.99 KN/m2
For P1 & P3 since 1.8KN/m2 > 1.5 KN/m2 use 1.8 KN/m2
For the rest use 1.5 KN/m2 which is minimum because they are less
b. Live load (LL)
Since the building is multifunctional the live loads are different depending on the function of the
building. According to EBCS 1(1995) we have live loads as following:
P1-P7 . 2 KN/m2
C1-C7 .. 4 KN/m2
c. Design load (Pd)
The design load is factored according to the following formula

Pd 1.3Gk 1.6Qk
Where, Pd = design load
Gk = total dead load on slab
Qk = total live load on slab

For P1 & P3
Pd 1.3 5.084 1.8 1.6*2 12.15 KN / m2
For P2,P4,P5,P6 & P7

Pd 1.3 5.084 1.5 1.6*2 11.76 KN / m2
For C1-C3
Pd 1.3 5.084 1.5 1.6*4 14.96 KN / m2
For C4-C7
Pd 1.3 5.459 1.5 1.6*4 15.45 KN / m2
2.4 Analysis
Analysis of the design moment will be done as per the EBCS-2-1995 Art A.3.2 for two-way
solid slabs and for one way solid slabs the calculation will be performed as 1m wide beam. The
analysis of slab moments of two way slabs is accomplished by coefficient method using the
formula:
Mi i Pd Lx 2
Where, Mi = the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
i = the coefficient given in Table A-1 in EBCS2-1995.
Pd = the design load
Lx = the shorter span of the panel
Ly = is the longer span of the panel
s = support
f = span
x = direction of shorter span
y = direction of longer span

Reading i for each panel from EBCS 2, support and span moments of P1-P7 are shown
below:
Table 3 Support and field moments of slab
For the cantilevers the moments are calculated using equilibrium equation.
For C1-C3
6.1KN
14.96 1.5
2
14.96 KN/m Mxs 6.1*1.5

2
Mxs 1.5m Mxs = 25.98 KNm

For C4 & C7
6.1KN
15.45 1.5
2
15.45 KN/m Mxs 6.1*1.5 +

2
Mxs 1.5m Mxs 26.53 KNm
For C5 & C6
6.1KN
15.45 2
2
15.45 KN/m Mxs 6.1*2 +

2
Mxs 2m Mxs 43.1 KNm
Moment Adjustment
For each support over which the slab is continuous there will thus generally be two different
support moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the
support to equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.
Two methods of differing accuracy are given here for treating the effects of this redistribution on
moments away from the support.
According to EBCS 2, 1995 A.3.3.2, there are two cases
A. If M < 20% of the larger moment, the design moment is the average of the two
B. If M 20% then the unbalanced moment is distributed based on their stiffness, use
Moment Distribution Method. When using this method:
Unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method

Relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of
inertia divided by the smaller span

2.5 Design
For design, use C-25 concrete and S-300 steel which means fcu= 25MPa & fyk= 300 MPa
0.68* f cu 0.68*25 MPa f yk 300

fcd= = 11.33 MPa fyd= = = 260.87 MPa
c 1.5 s 1.15
12
d=D-cover- =150-15- = 129mm
2 2
Sample is shown For Panel 1 and then summarized in a tabular form for the rest.
For P1
Mxs1 = Mxs2 = Mys2 = 0
Mys1 = 12.732 KNm
Step 1 Evaluate sds
M sd
sds
fcd b d 2
12.732 KNm
=
11.33MPa *1000 mm 129 mm *1000
2
= 0.067508669 sds* 0.295
Step 2 Read Kz from the design chart of EBCS 1995, using sds 0.0675
Kz 0.955
Step 3 determine Z from the following equation
Z Kz * d 0.955*0.129m

Z 0.123m
Step 4 Calculate area of steel (As)
M sd 12.732*1000 Nm
As = =
Z * f yd 0.123m * 260.87 MPa
As 396.169 mm2
Step 5 Calculate spacing of rebars
10
2
b * as D2
S= as = = = 78.54 mm2
As 4 4
1000mm *78.54 mm2

S=
396.169mm2
S 198.15 mm

Design for support moments

In the X direction
Table 4 Design of slab support moments in the X direction
As
slab d Mxs1 sds Kz Z (mm2) S in mm
p1 0.129 0 0 1 0.129 0
p2 0.129 18.399 0.097557 0.94 0.12126 581.6386 134.963526
p3 0.129 18.399 0.097557 0.94 0.12126 581.6386 134.963526
p4 0.129 12.732 0.067509 0.952 0.122808 397.4171 197.525468
p5 0.129 9.287 0.049242 0.96 0.12384 287.469 273.072879
p6 0.129 10.24 0.054295 0.96 0.12384 316.9681 247.658967
p7 0.129 11.379 0.060335 0.96 0.12384 352.2246 222.86913
In the Y direction
Table 5 Design of slab support moments in the Y direction

Design for field moments
Both in the X and Y direction

Table 6 Design of slab field moments in the X & Y direction
2.6 Load Transfer to Beams

To transfer load from slab to the beams un factored slab DL and LL are computed separately and
transferred to the beam as shear using the following formula
Vx vx gd qd Lx
Vy vy gd qd Lx
Where, gd and qd are un factored dead and live loads respectively

vx and vy are read from table based on their support condition and span ratio

Dead load transfer to beam, from P1-P7

Table 7 Load transfer to beams
Live load transfer to beam , from P1-P7

Live and dead load transfer to beam From cantilevers
Live and dead load transfer to beam From Stair
Slab Lx gd qd Load transferred

stair 1 7.074 3 B1=33.332 LB=54.509 B1=20.24 LB=22.364
stair 2 8.074 3 B1=31.668 LB=64.623 B1=16.384 LB=26.224

3 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
Stair 1 is between ground floor and REFPL1(first flight)

Stair 2 is between REFPL1 and fourth floor
3.1 Depth Determination

For Stair 1
Le=6.5m a=30
d=0.85Le/a =>d=184.1mm
D=184.1+21
=206.1mm use D=210mm
ForStair 2
Le=6.5m a=25
d=0.85Le/a =>d=221mm
D=221+21
=242mm use D=250mm
3.2 Loading
Live load take LL=3KN/m2 according to EBCS2 1995 ,
Dead load on the stair (taking 1m strip)
Own weight=25*0.21=5.25 KN/m
Cement Screed=23*0.03=0.69 KN/m
Plastering=23*0.02=0.46 KN/m
Marble=27*0.025=0.674 KN/m

Total Dead load on the stair 1 =7.074KN/m

Total Dead load on the stair 2 =8.074KN/m
Partition Load
1.5 KN/m2 for shaded area B
HCB=0.2m*3.05m*10KN/m3=6.1KN/m
Factoed HCB load=6.1KN/m*1.3=7.93
Design Load
On stair 1=1.3*7.074+1.6*3 = 14KN/M
On stair 2=1.3*8.074+1.6*3= 15.3KN/m
3.3 Design Moment Calculation

7.93KN
14KN/m 16.77KN/m
6.5m 1.5m
14KN/m
6.5m
M at Stair 1=78.45
16.77KN/m 7.93KN
1.5m
M at landing for stair 1 and 2=16.77*(1.52)/2+7.93*1.5=30.76

16.77KN/m 7.93KN
1.8m
M at landing for stair at section B=16.77*(1.82)/2+7.93*1.8=41.44

15.33KN/m 16.77KN/m 7.93KN
6.5m 1.5m M at stair 2

15.3KN/m
6.5m
M at Stair 2=(15.3*6.52)/8=80.8KNm
3.4 Reinforcement Calculation
Table 8 Stair design result
Notation d D mxs1 sds Kz Z As in mm^2 S in mm
Stair 1 0.189 210 78.45 0.19378122 0.886 0.167454 1795.866327 85.67452802
Stair 2 0.229 250 80.8 0.1359511 0.922 0.211138 1466.971049 104.8827788

4 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS

In designing a building, various forces which act on the structures in different modes should be
considered. Lateral loads are one of the modes of forces and they include:
1. Wind load
2. Earthquake
3. Earth pressure
Wind load Analysis
Wind actions are fluctuating with time. They act directly on the external surfaces of enclosed
structures and, through porosity of the external surface, also act indirectly on the internal
surfaces. They may also directly affect the internal surface of open structures. Pressures act on
areas of the surface providing forces normal to the surface for the structure or for individual
cladding components. Additionally, when large areas of structures are swept by the wind,
frictional forces acting tangentially to the surface, may be significant.
For this project, only Earthquake load is considered since it is clearly the dominant one at our
site. Plus Earth quake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood or
maximum sea waves, so we design for earthquake alone.
4.1 Earthquake Analysis

Plate tectonics theory visualizes the earth as consisting of a viscous, molten magma core with a
number of lower-density rock plates floating on it. Earthquakes result from the sudden
movement of these tectonic plates in the earths crust. Once this movement has started, energy is
released rapidly, causing intense vibrations to propagate out from the fault. As a result, the
effects of these seismic waves and local soil conditions will lead to different ground motions at
various sites. Earthquakes may involve regions of slip and/or offsets along surface faults.
Earthquake ground motions impart vertical and horizontal accelerations, a, to the base of a
structure. If the structure was completely rigid, forces of magnitude F=ma would be generated in
it, where m is the mass of the structure. Because real structures are not rigid, the actual forces
generated will differ from this value depending on the period of the building and the dominant
periods of the earthquake ground motions. The determination of the seismic force, E, is made
more complicated because recorded earthquake ground motions contain a wide range of
frequencies and maximum values of base acceleration. Lateral seismic forces are closely related
to the fundamental period of vibration of the building. As the ground moves, inertia tends to keep
structures in place, resulting in the imposition of displacements and forces that can have
catastrophic results.
-the closer the frequency of the ground motion is to one of the natural frequencies of a structure,
the greater the likelihood of the structure experiencing resonance, resulting in an increase in both
displacement and damage.
-the taller a structure, the more susceptible it is to the effects of higher modes of vibration.
The purpose of seismic design is to proportion structures so that they can withstand the
displacements and the forces induced by the ground motion. Design for earthquakes differs from
design for gravity and wind loads in the relatively greater sensitivity of earthquake-induced
forces to the geometry of the structure. Without careful design, forces and displacements can be
concentrated in portions of a structure that are not capable of providing adequate strength or
ductility. Steps to strengthen a member for one type of loading may actually increase the forces
in the member and change the mode of failure from ductile to brittle.
Earthquake force determination

To calculate Base shear force (Fb) we take height of the building:-
i) From the bottom of the basement if the building have a basement.
ii) From the bottom of the ground floor if the building does not have a basement.
iii) From the bottom of the foundation if the building foundation have different
elevation difference that are cover and exposed to the surface.
Ductility Class (KD) have three different values.
i) KD= 1.0 is high ductility which implies that
(1) The structure is in plastic range.
(2) It require low reinforcement while it is constructed with small cross sectional area
of frame structure.
(3) It is most economical design but it also requires one of the most complicated
Reinforcement detailing.
ii) KD= 1.5 is medium ductility
iii) KD= 2.0 is low ductility which implies that
(1) The structure is in elastic range.

(2) It require high reinforcement while it is constructed with large cross sectional area of frame
structure.
(3) It is not economical design and have normal reinforcement detailing.
Importance Factor (I)
i) The magnitude of importance factor that we will use in earth quake design depends on
building purpose or extent of building failure after anticipated earth quake hits.
ii) We use high value of importance factor (I) for hospitals and nuclear plant because we do not
allow any structural failure to these types of structures. After the earthquake hits, these buildings
should remain fully functional for their intended purposes.
iii) Using High value of importance factor (I) put the structure into elastic range with
larger columns.
Moment resisting factor (C1)
i) Have two values, for Reinforced Concrete C1=0.075 and for Steel C1=0.085. Higher value of
moment resisting factor gives higher Fundamental Period of Building (T1).
ii) We use lower value for Reinforced concrete because the connection of beams to columns is
homogeneously casted. It has to be higher value for steel structure because the connection is
relatively weaker as it is bolt or welding connection.
Soil Type (S)
i) It is found between the foundation of the building and bed rock.
ii) If the soil acceleration right below the foundation is too close or equal to bed rock
acceleration the magnitude of Earth Quake to the structure will be magnified. To avoid such type
of problem for example in Dubai where an exposed to earth quake foundation engineers
set soil acceleration to design standard. First by digging out and changing soil below the
foundation with different type of soil and second by compacting the soil to the required density.
Wiping Effect (Ft)
i) Such force come from second mode (Dynamic Analysis) which descends from top of
the building to the foundation.
ii) It has to be added at the top because it is the only larger value to be considered. Other second
mode forces to different building floors are insignificant to be taken to calculation.
iii) The whole structure of the building is resisted from Earth quake by its frame
system. The buildings lateral load distribution is computed as follows.
4.2 Base Shear Calculation

According to EBCS-8, 1995 static method of analysis, the seismic base shear force Fb for each
main direction is determined by the equation:
Fb=Sd*(T1)*W
Where:-
Sd*(T1) = Ordinate of the design spectrum
T1= the fundamental period of vibration of the structure (in seconds) for
translational motion in the direction of the motion.
W= seismic dead load computed.
The influence of local ground conditions, soil type, Seismic zonal subdivision of the building in
accordance to EBCS-8 1995 Article 1.4 shall be considered for the design.
For linear analysis, the design spectrum Sd*(T1) normalized by the acceleration of gravity g is
defined by the following expression:-
Sd*(T) = (EBCS-8, 1995 Art 1.4.2.2 (4))
Where:-
= the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to the acceleration of gravity g given by
=o*I
o = bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depend on the Seismic zone and
I = the importance factor (EBCS-8, 1995 Table 1.1 and Table 2.4 respectively)
Since our building is located at Addis Ababa which is zone 2, we use the following values
o = 0.05 and use I = 1.0
= 0.05*1.0 =0.05
= the design response factor for the site and is given by:-
=1.2*S/ (T2/3) 2.5
S= site coefficient for the soil characteristics. In our case our soil was Soil class B
S=1.2
For building up to 80m height the value of T1 may be approximated by the formula:-
T1 = C1 *H3/4 (sec)
Where:-
H = Height of the building (m) = 16m
C1= 0.075
T1 = 0.075*(163/4) = 0.6
= 1.2*1.2/ (0.62/3)=2.0242<2.5 take =2.025
The behavior factor to account for energy dissipation capacity is given by:-
= o * KD*KR*KW 0.7 (EBCS-8, 1995, art.3.3.2.1 (1))
Where:-
o -basic value of the behavior factor, dependent on the structural type (table 3.2)
For frame system, o = 0.2
KD-factor reflecting the ductility class
Use KD = 2.0 for
KR-factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation, for regular structures
KR= 1.0
Kw-factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural system with walls
Kw= 1.0 for frame and frame equivalent dual systems
= 0.2*2.0*1.0*1.0 = 0.4 < 0.7 . Ok!
Sd(T) = **= 0.05*2.025*0.4 = 0.0405
Fb= 0.0405*18579.26075= 752.4600604KN
4.3 Story Shear Calculation

The base shear force shall be distributed over the height of a structure concentrated at each floor
level as
Fi = (Fb Ft)*Wi*hi
Wi*hi
Where:-n= number of stories
Fi=is the concentrated lateral force acting at floor i,
Ft= is the a concentrated extra force (in addition to Fn) at the top of the structure accounting
whiplash for slender structure, which is given by
Ft= 0
0.07 T1Fb 0.25 Fb
Ft = 0.07 T1Fb, since T= 0.6< 0.7sec
Ft = 31.60332254
The total building weight is

W=Wi=18579.26075KN
Table 9 Total building weight
total weight in KN 18579.26075

Fb 752.4600604
Ft 31.60332254
The horizontal forces at each level, Fi, determined in the above manner are distributed to lateral
load resistive structural elements in proportion to their rigidities assuming rigid floor
diaphragms.
Story Shear Distribution

Table 10 Story shear distribution
Floor W H Fb Ft W*H Fi
ground 2634.7 0 752.4601 31.60332 0 0
1 3689.301 3.2 752.4601 31.60332 11805.76 62.09363
2 3689.301 6.4 752.4601 31.60332 23611.53 124.1873
3 3689.301 9.6 752.4601 31.60332 35417.29 186.2809
4 3689.301 12.8 752.4601 31.60332 47223.05 248.3745
Roof 1187.358 16 752.4601 31.60332 18997.72 131.5238
18579.26 Sum 137055.3

Determination of Center of Mass

Center of mass is a point on a floor level where the whole mass and its inertial effects can be
replaced using lumped equivalent mass.
Xm = WiXi Ym = WiYi
Wi Wi
Xm Ym = the coordinate of the point of application of Fi when the seismic action is parallel to the
Y- direction and X direction respectively.
Table 11 Center of mass of floors
Xcm 9.120021 Typical Xcm 8.982205 Roof Xcm 8.996949

Ground Floor Ycm 7.064587 floor Ycm 7.082283 Ycm 7.234333

5 FRAME ANALYSIS AND MODELING

5.1 Modeling for 3D Frame Analysis Using ETABS 2013
Step 1: Open new model and build plan girder system and story definition.
Grid dimensions
Story dimensions.
Step 2: Define Material
Material used and defined are;
C-25 Concrete grade
S-400 Reinforcement bar grade for main and or longitudinal bar.
S-300 Reinforcement bar grade for transverse or stirrup bar.
C- 25 :Material type: concrete C-25
: Type of material: Isotropic
:Mass per unit volume;2.5Kg
:Weight per unit volume;25KN/m
: Modulus of Elasticity: 29Gpa
: Poissons ratio: 0.2
: Shear Modulus (G):E/2*(1+n)=29/2.4=12.0833Gpa
: Coefficient of thermal Expansion: 9.9*10-06/k
S-400 : Material type: Rebar
: Unit Weight: 78.49 KN/m3.
: Modulus of Elasticity: 200Gpa
: Poissons ratio: 0.3
: Shear Modulus (G):76.92Gpa
: Coefficient. Thermal Expansion: 1.17*10-5/k
: Minimum Yield Stress, Fy: 347.83Mpa for main rebar
Fy;260.86Mpa for transverse re-bar
: Minimum Tensile Stress, Fu: 400.0Mpa for main rebar
Fu;300 Mpa for main re-bar

Stiffness modifiers for beam and column
Stiffness modifiers in ETABS are the factors to increase or decrease some properties of the cross
section for example area, inertia, torsion constant etc. Generally they are used to reduce stiffness
of concrete sections to model for cracked behavior of concrete. They are only applied to concrete
when designing for ultimate limit state members because it cracks under service loading.
For ultimate limit state.
Figure 2 Stiffness modifier for beam
Figure 3 Stiffness modifier for column

For serviceability limit state
Stiffness modifiers for column
Stiffness modifiers for beam
Step 3: Define Frame Section

the sections used defined;
Square Column (45x45 cm) for edge and corner columns
Square Column (60x60 cm) for cenrtal columns
Floor Beam (35x50 cm),

Ground beam; 30X55cm

Top tie beam;25X445cm
Step 4: Draw the different Structural Members
Using the grid System Draw the structural Members with their Defined Frame Section
Properties
It includes assignment of Restraints (fixed Joint).
Step 5: Assignment of Loads
First, Introduce Live Load on Definition of load Pattern then use load Combination:
5.2 Load Combinations
Effects of actions that cannot exist simultaneously due to physical or functional reasons should
not be considered together in combinations of actions. The main actions to be used in load cases
used for design are:
Permanent actions G: e.g. self-weight of structures and fixed equipment;
Variable actions Q: e.g. imposed loads on building floors and beams; wind loading on walls and
roofs.

j 1
G, j Gk , j '' '' Q,1QK ,1 '' '' Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i 1
Where
G Partial safety factor of permanent actions
Q Partial safety factor of variable actions
0 Factor for combination value of a variable action
+ Implies to be combined with
Implies the combined effect of
G, j Partial factor for permanent action j in calculating upper design
sup value
Q, i Partial factor for variable action i
STR Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural
members,
including footings, piles, basement walls, etc., where the strength of
construction

materials of the structure governs

GEO Failure or excessive deformation of the ground where the strengths of
soil or rock are significant in providing resistance
Serviceability=D.L+L.L
Combo 1=1.3D.L+1.6L.L
Combo 2=0.75combo1+EQXT
Combo 3=0.75combo1+EQXB
Combo 4=0.75combo1-EQXT
Combo 5=0.75combo1-EQXB
Combo 6=0.75combo1+EQYT
Combo 7=0.75combo1+EQYB
Combo 8=0.75combo1-EQYT
Combo 9=0.75combo1-EQYB
Finally, we imposed the un-factored distributed load transferred from slab and wall to the beam
members.
Step 6: Analysis
After checking for errors the frame will be analyzed.
5.3 Drift Analysis
After analysis result is obtained drift analysis is carried on to check whether the frame is Sway
or non-sway frame. Differentiating the frame type helps in choosing the design limits and
design procedures.
In this stage it is preferable to make the frame non sway because of the complexity in
designing when the frame contains slender columns and due to uncertainties that could be
arises from;
Design uncertainties
Modeling uncertainties
Material uncertainties
Construction defects
Un-avoidable and or Natural uncertainties

Therefore, for this reasons the frame structure could be sway while it is designed as non-sway
frame structure.
Ptot d r
If 0.1 then the frame is non-sway frame.
Vtot h
Otherwise consider the second order effect due to the horizontal displacement of the frame,
this can be considered by P-D analysing the frame model.
Sway moments are those associated with the horizontal translation of the top of a story relative to
the bottom of that story. They arise from horizontal loading and may also arise from vertical
loading if either the structure or the loading is asymmetrical
Alternatively, According to EBCS 2-1995
In the amplified sway moments method, the sway moments found by a first-order analysis shall
be increased by multiplying them by the moment magnification factor:
The amplified sway moments method shall not be used when the critical load ratio Nsd/Ncr, is
more than 0.25.
where; Nsd is the design value of the total vertical load
.Ncr is its critical value for failure in a sway mode.
As an alternative to determining Nsd/Ncr, direct, the following approximation may be used in
beam and-column type.
M=
Hence check frame type.

Table 12 Drift analysis result
combin Locati x=p*drift/ y=p*drift/

Story ation on P Vx Vy Drift in x Drift in y Vx V y
1st comb 2 0 -20705 770.98 0 0.00219 0 -0.05881328 0
floor comb 3 0 -20705 -770.99 0 0.002184 0 0.058651387 0

comb 4 0 -20705 -770.98 0 0.002329 0 0.062546238 0

comb 5 0 -20705 -770.98 0 0.002334 0 0.062680515 0
comb 6 0 -20705 0 770.97 0 0.002989 0 -0.080271807
comb 7 0 -20705 0 770.97 0 0.003001 0 -0.080594076
comb 8 0 -20705 0 770.97 0 0.002975 0 -0.079895827
comb 9 0 -20705 0 770.97 0 0.003001 0 -0.080594076
comb 2 0 -15694.3 -707.47 0 0.00237 0 0.052575328 0
comb 3 0 -15694.3 -707.47 0 0.002374 0 0.052664063 0
comb 4 0 -15694.3 -707.47 0 0.00244 0 0.054128186 0
2nd comb 5 0 -15694.3 -707.47 0 0.002447 0 0.054283472 0
floor comb 6 0 -15694.3 0 707.49 0 0.003199 0 -0.070963685
comb 7 0 -15694.3 0 707.49 0 0.003215 0 -0.071318615
comb 8 0 -15694.3 0 707.49 0 0.003184 0 -0.070630939
comb 9 0 -15694.3 0 707.49 0 0.003217 0 -0.071362981
comb 2 0 -10748.9 580.46 0 0.002139 0 -0.039609677 0
comb 3 0 -10748.9 580.46 0 0.002132 0 -0.039480052 0
comb 4 0 -10748.9 580.46 0 0.002069 0 -0.038313427 0
3rd comb 5 0 -10748.9 580.46 0 0.002078 0 -0.038480088 0
floor comb 6 0 -10748.9 0 580.46 0 0.002887 0 -0.053461027
comb 7 0 -10748.9 0 580.46 0 0.002888 0 -0.053479545

comb 8 0 -10748.9 0 580.46 0 0.002748 0 -0.050887046
comb 9 0 -10748.9 0 580.46 0 0.002772 0 -0.051331474
comb 2 0 -5803.42 389.97 0 0.001684 0 -0.025060798 0
comb 3 0 -5803.42 389.97 0 0.001678 0 -0.024971507 0
comb 4 0 -5803.42 389.97 0 0.001464 0 -0.021786822 0
4thflo comb 5 0 -5803.42 389.97 0 0.001475 0 -0.021950521 0
or comb 6 0 -5803.42 389.97 0.002298 0 -0.034198167
comb 7 0 -5803.42 389.97 0.002285 0 -0.034004705
comb 8 0 -5803.42 389.97 0.002199 0 -0.032724878
comb 9 0 -5803.42 389.97 0.002156 0 -0.032084964
comb 2 0 -857.95 135.93 0 0.000899 -0.005674222 0
comb 3 0 -857.95 135.93 0 0.000912 -0.005756275 0
Roof comb 4 0 -857.95 135.93 0 0.000887 -0.005598482 0
comb 5 0 -857.95 135.93 0 0.0009 -0.005680534 0
comb 6 0 -857.95 135.93 0.001301 0 -0.008211528

comb 7 0 -857.95 135.93 0.001297 0 -0.008186281

comb 8 0 -857.95 135.93 0.0013 0 -0.008205216
comb 9 0 -857.95 135.93 0.001295 0 -0.008173657
comb 2 0 -22202.8 770.98 0 0.001207 0 -0.034759402 0
comb 3 0 -22202.8 770.98 0 0.001206 0 -0.034730604 0
comb 4 0 -22202.8 770.98 0 0.001213 0 -0.034932191 0
Grou comb 5 0 -22202.8 770.98 0 0.001215 0 -0.034989787 0
nd comb 6 0 -22202.8 0 770.98 0 0.001541 0 -0.044377994
comb 7 0 -22202.8 0 770.98 0 0.001543 0 -0.04443559
comb 8 0 -22202.8 0 770.98 0 0.001535 0 -0.044205205
comb 9 0 -22202.8 0 770.98 0 0.001542 0 -0.044406792
Since all the value is<0.1 therefore, the frame type is non-sway.
3D model
Figure 4 3-D Model

6 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

6.1 General
Beam is a structural element that resists external force by developing internal shear and moment.
It is designed considering the ultimate and service limit states.
Ultimate limit states
These involve a structural collapse of part or all of the structure, flexure and shear failures are
under this category.
6.2 Flexure Theory

The theory of flexure for reinforced concrete is based on three basic assumptions, which are used
to calculate the moment resistance of a beam.
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
Three basic assumptions are made:
Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane before bending remain
plane after bending.
The strain in the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains
by using stressstrain curves for concrete and steel.
The first of these is the traditional plane sections remain plane assumption made in the
development of flexural theory for beams constructed with any material. The second assumption
is necessary, because the concrete and the reinforcement must act together to carry load. This
assumption implies a perfect bond between the concrete and the steel.
Additional assumptions include :
The tensile strength of concrete is neglected in flexural strength calculations. But in some
cases, such as shear, bond and serviceability tensile strength of concrete is considered.
Failure occurs, for concrete at c 3.5%0 and for steel at s 10%0

Types of flexural failure

Tension failure
- reinforcement yields before concrete crushes
- used for design because it is ductile failure
Compression failure
- concrete crushes before steel yields
- must be avoided because it is brittle failure
Balanced failure
- Concrete crushes and steel yields simultaneously
6.2.1 Design of Beam for Flexure

For sample calculation, design of beam on axis 4 b/n A&B is shown below. The rest is
summarized in a table done on excel.
Beam on axis 4
Figure 5 Beam on axis 4
Figure 6 Moment envelop of beam on axis 4

Material property
C-25 concrete .. fcd= 11.33MPa
S-400 steel ..............fyd= 347.826 MPa
Determine effective width (beff)
bw= 0.3m , Le= 4.5m
c/c spacing =
6.5 4.5
= 5.5m
2
Take beff = 1.2m
Effective depth(d)
Assuming 14 rebar and stirrup of 8 , D=450mm
d= 500mm cover stirrup - main rebar /2
d=500mm- 25mm-8mm-7mm
d= 460mm
Check section type (rectangular or T-beam)
Assume, - rectangular section and
- all rebars have yielded
Below are shown design of one +ve and one ve moment for sample

For positive moment, M= 55.09 KNm
Step 1 Evaluate sds
Msd
sds =
fcd beff d 2
55.09 KNm
=
11.33MPa *1200 mm 460 mm *1000
2
= 0.018 < sds*=0.295
Step 2 from the design chart of EBCS 1995, using sds = 0.018
Kx=0.062
X= Kx * d =0.062 * 460mm =28.52mm <150mm
the section is rectangular with b=beff = 1.2m
Kz = 0.979
fyd 347.826
s= 10%0 > yd= = = 1.74 %0 , all bars have yielded
Es 200
M sd 769.69
As = =
Kz * d * f yd 300*460
As = 351.69 mm2
As As 356.89
No of bars = = 2 = = 2.28 .. Use 3 14 rebars
as r 49
As, provided = 3*49 = 461.81

For negative moment, M= 167.91 KNm
Section is rectangular with bw= 0.35m
Use 20 for main rebar and 8 for stirrups
Step 1 Evaluate sds
20
dneg= 500-(25+ +8)= 457mm
2
Msd
sds =
fcd beff d 2
167.91*1000 Nm
sds =
11.33MPa *0.35m 457 mm
2
= 0.203 < sds*=0.295
Step 2 from the design chart of EBCS 1995, using sds = 0.203
Kx=0.01
Kz = 0.882
fyd 347.826
s= 10%0 > yd= = = 1.74 %0 , all bars have yielded
Es 200
M sd 167.91*1000 Nm
As = =
Kz * d * f yd 0.882* 0.457*347.826 MPa
As = 1197.649 mm2
As As 1197.649
No of bars = = 2= = 3.81 .. Use 4 20 rebars
as r 100

As, provided = 4*100 = 1256.64 mm2
If 50% of the negative rebar area is greater than the positive rebar area, take 50% of the negative
rebar. And the reverse is true. i.e.
50
50%(As ,-ve)= * (1256.64mm2) = 628.3185 mm2 > As ,+ve = 351.69 mm2
100
Therefore take As = 628.3185 mm2 to calculate No of rebar for the positive reinforcement i.e.
As As 628.3185
No of bars = = 2= = 4.082 .. Use 5 14 rebars
as r 49
Similarly for the negative moment on the left (129.75 KNm) , we get 3 20 rebars
design for flexure of the rest moments is summarized in the table below, which is done
on excel using template.

For the typical beam
Table 13 Typical floor beams design result
As
Beam
Moment(KN) sd,s As provided As provided for reversal effect
on b/n
No. As No. No.
Axis +ve +ve
-ve -ve +ve -ve +ve -ve positive bar positive bar Negative bar
b/n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.164
2&3 136.09 0 944.974 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
136.09 0.164 0 944.974 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 91.4
0.031 0 588.697 0 615.7522 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
3&4 6
152.85 0.185 0 1075.597 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
A
152.85 0.185 0 1075.597 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 66.2
0.017 0 423.072 0 461.8141 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
4&5 7
152.85 0.185 0 1075.597 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 152.85 0 1075.597 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
0 0 0.185
5&6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b/n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
2&3 157.65 0.19 0 1113.11 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
157.65 0.19 0 1113.11 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 79.0
0.026 0 507.123 0 615.7522 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
3&4 3
157.65 0.19 0 1113.11 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
B
157.65 0.19 0 1113.11 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 65.8
0.017 0 420.327 0 461.8141 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
4&5 4
156.13 0.188 0 1102.377 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 156.13 0.188 0 1102.377 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
0 0
5&6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
C b/n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

2&3
153.16 0.185 0 1077.778 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
153.16 0.185 0 1077.778 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 74.5
0.025 0 478.632 0 615.7522 0 942.4778 7 1077.566 7 14 0 0 0
3&4 9
217.74 0.263 0 1632.668 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
217.74 0.263 0 1632.668 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
b/n 122.
0.031 0 785.788 0 923.6282 0 942.4778 7 1077.566 7 14 0 0 0
4&5 08
217.74 0.263 0 1632.668 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
b/n 217.74 0.263 0 1632.668 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
0 0
5&6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b/n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
2&3 161.35 0.195 0 1144.371 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
161.35 0.195 0 1144.371 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 79.8
0.027 0 513.04 0 615.7522 0 942.4778 7 1077.566 7 14 0 0 0
3&4 7
214.98 0.26 0 1608.139 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
D
214.98 0.26 0 1608.139 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
b/n 116.
0.029 0 748.007 0 769.6902 0 942.4778 7 1077.566 7 14 0 0 0
4&5 33
214.98 0.26 0 1608.139 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
b/n 214.98 0.26 0 1608.139 0 1884.956 0 0 0 0 0 1884.956 6 20
0 0
5&6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b/n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
2&3 135.11 0.163 0 937.134 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
135.11 0.163 0 937.134 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 90.9
E 0.03 0 584.748 0 615.7522 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
3&4 4
145.85 0.176 0 1020.63 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 63.3 145.85 0.176 0 1020.63 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
0.016
4&5 3 0 403.89 0 461.8141 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0

145.85 0.176 0 1020.63 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20

b/n 145.85 0.176 0 1020.63 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
0 0
5&6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
130.88 0.158 0 905.797 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 60.3
0.02 0 385.875 0 461.8141 0 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0 0
A&B 2
133.67 0.161 0 926.125 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
133.67 0.161 0 926.125 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 55.4
0.018 0 353.741 0 461.8141 0 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0 0
B&C 1
3 133.97 0.162 0 929.227 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
133.97 0.162 0 929.227 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 55.2
0.018 352.72 0 461.8141 0 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0 0
C&D 5
133.97 0.162 0 929.227 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 60.3 133.97 0.162 0 929.227 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
0.02 0 386.323 0 461.8141 0 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0 0
D&E 9
130.77 0.158 0 905.036 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
129.75 0.157 0 896.99 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 55.0
0.018 0 351.698 0 461.8141 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
A&B 9
167.91 0.203 0 1197.649 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n 88.4 167.91 0.203 0 1197.649 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
0.03 0 568.93 0 615.7522 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
B&C 8
167.91 0.203 0 1197.649 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
4 167.91 0.203 0 1197.649 0 1256.637 0 0 0 0 0 1256.637 4 20
b/n
53.5 0.018 0 341.547 0 461.8141 0 628.3185 5 769.6902 5 14 0 0 0
C&D
124.68 0.151 0 859.108 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
124.68 0.151 0 859.108 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.4778 3 20
b/n 57.8
0.019 0 369.632 0 461.8141 0 471.238 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0 0
D&E 4
124.68 0.151 0 859.108 0 942.4778 0 0 0 0 0 942.477 3 20
b/n 71.7 141.26 0.171 0 891.345 0 942.4778 0 0 942.477 3 20
5 0.024
A&B 1 0 459.679 461.8141 471.238 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0

141.26 0.171 0 891.345 0 942.4778 0 0 942.477 3 20

274.42 0.271 0 1875.501 0 2261.947 0 0 2261.94 5 24
b/n 133. 780.073 804.2477 1130.973 6 1206.372 6 16 0 0
0.036
B&C 95
274.42
0.271 0 1875.501 0 2261.947 0 0 0 2261.947 5 24
138.18 0.167 0 871.91 0 942.4778 0 0 942.477 3 20
b/n 69.6
0.023 0 445.889 461.8141 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0
C&D 3
138.18 0.167 0 871.91 0 942.4778 0 0 0 942.477 3 20
138.18 0.167 0 871.91 0 942.4778 0 0 942.477 3 20
b/n 54.3
0.018 0 346.846 461.8141 471.2389 4 615.7522 4 14 0 0
D&E 3
127.16 0.153 0 802.374 0 942.4778 0 0 942.4778 3 20

6.3 Shear
Failure due to shear is sudden and brittle compared to flexure failure, it should be
provided with enough stirrups. The following five modes of failure due to shear are
identified.
Diagonal tension failure: an inclined crack propagates rapidly due to inadequate shear
reinforcement.
Figure: diagonal tension failure
Shear Compression Failure: There is crushing of the concrete near the compression
flange above the tip of the inclined crack.
Figure: shear compression failure
Shear Tension Failure: Due to inadequate anchorage of the longitudinal bars, the
diagonal cracks propagate horizontally along the bars.
Figure: shear tension failure

Web Crushing Failure: The concrete in the web crushes due to inadequate web
thickness.
Figure: web crushing failure
Arch Rib Failure: For deep beams, the web may buckle and subsequently crush. There
can be anchorage failure or failure of the bearing.
Figure: arch rib failure
The occurrence of a mode of failure depends on the span-to-depth ratio, loading, cross-
section of the beam, amount and anchorage of reinforcement. Shear failure starts at the
neutral axis and extends in both directions. It depends on the a/ ratio. Shear failure is
very explosive and brittle. That is why flexural failure is preferred over shear failure.
In order to guarantee flexural failure over shear
Make the beam slender
Over design the beam for shear by 20-25%

6.3.1 Design for Shear

Below is shown sample calculation for shear design of beam on axis 4 b/n A&B
Step 1 Material property
C-25 concrete .. fcd= 11.33 MPa
S-300 steel ..............fyd= 260.87 MPa
Step 2 Determine design shear force (Vsd*)
For beam A Vsd=121.69 KN
From comb 5
Figure 7 Shear force diagram of beam on axis 4 b/n A&B
44.44 121.69
=
4.5 x x
44.44x = 121.69 (4.5-x)
44.44x = 547-121.69x
X = 3.296 m
300
For d = 460mm , Vsd*= = 104.70 KN
1.15
121.69 3.296 0.457

For d = 457mm Vsd*= =104.81 KN
3.296

From comb 4
40.36 125.78
=
4.5 x x
40.36x = 125.78(4.5-x)
X = 3.41 m
125.78 Vsd * 125.78 3.41 d

= , Vsd*=
x 3.41 d 3.41
For d = 460mm
125.78 3.41 0.46
Vsd*= = 108.81 KN
3.41
For d = 457mm
125.78 3.41 0.457
Vsd*= =108.92 KN
3.41
Step 3 Determine diagonal compression failure
For d = 460mm
VRD = 0.25* fcd*bw*d
N
VRD = 0.25* 11.33 *350mm * 460mm
mm 2
VRD = 456.03 KN , for 14
For d = 457mm
VRD = 0.25* fcd*bw*d
N
VRD = 0.25* 11.33 *350mm * 457mm
mm 2

VRD = 453.06 KN , for 20
Step 4 Calculate shear capacity of concrete (Vc)
Vc = 0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
f ctk 0.21 f ck 0.21 *20 = 1.0315 MPa

2/3 2/3
fctd = = =
c 1.5 1.5
k1= 1+50 2
= As/bd
For 514
As = 5*49 = 769.69 mm2
769.69
= = 0.0057
300* 460
k1= 1+50*0.0057= 1.28
For 320
As = 3*100 = 942.478 mm2
942.478
= = 0.00687
300* 457
k1= 1+50*0.00687=1.34
k2 = 1.6 d
k2 = 1.6 0.46 = 1.14 , for +ve moment (bottom)
k2 = 1.6 0.457 = 1.143 , for ve moment (top)
taking minimum k1 & k2
N
Vc = 0.25*1.0315 *1.28*1.14*300*460 = 51.93 KN
mm 2
Vc < Vsd , provide shear reinforcement

Step 5 Determine spacing
Vsd = Vc + Vs
Vs = Vsd Vc
using Vsd = 121.69 KN
Vs =Vsd Vc =121.69KN 58.642KN
Vs = 63.05 KN
Asv * f yd * d
S= , Asv=2*16 = 100.531 (two legs of 8 stirrups)
Vs
100.531*260.87*460
S= = 156.98mm ,use S=150mm
76.849*1000
using Vsd*= 106.55
Vs* = Vsd* Vc = 106.55KN 44.841KN
Vs* = 61.709 KN
Asv * f yd * d 100.531*260.87*460
S= = = 195.49mm ,use S=190mm
Vs * 61.709*1000
2 2
(VRD) = (345.848) = 230.565 KN
3 3
2
Vsd < (VRD)
3

6.3.2 Minimum Shear Rebar

For beam on axis 4 b/n A&B
Comb 5 Comb 4
Vc= 51.93 KN
125.78 51.93
121.69 51.93

3.296 y 3.41 y
51.93*3.41
y
51.93*3.296
1.41mm y 1.41mm
121.69 125.78
Asv 100.531 100.531

S min 251.33mm
bw * min 300*
0.4
300*
0.4
fyk 300
2
Vsd (VRD )
3

Beam Shear design result from excel template;
For the typical floor
Table 14 Typical floor beams shear design result
Beam Spacing for sttirup

Axis
on b/n Vsd As (longt) (sttirup) Asv VRD Vc S,cal S max S used
b/n 100
17.36
2&3 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n
96.09
3&4 100
769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 125.5 125.55 120
A
b/n
105.66
4&5 100
769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 114.2 114.17 110
b/n 100
17.36
5&6 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n 100
17.36
2&3 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n
134.12
3&4 157
769.69 14 10 .08 389.3 51.798 139.9 139.93 130
B
b/n
106.71
4&5 100
769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 113.1 113.05 110
b/n 100
17.36
5&6 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n 100
24.17
2&3 942.48 20 8 .53 388.5 54.302 251.3 228.5 220
b/n
129.07
3&4 157
942.48 20 10 .08 386.8 54.22 144.5 144.45 140
C
b/n
203.24
4&5 157
1077.6 14 10 .08 389.3 56.332 92.34 92.342 90
b/n 100
17.36
5&6 1077.6 14 8 .53 391 56.409 251.3 230 230
b/n 100
17.36
2&3 1077.6 14 8 .53 391 56.409 251.3 230 230
b/n
D 135.47
3&4 157
1077.6 14 10 .08 389.3 56.332 138.5 138.54 130
b/n 157
193.54
4&5 1077.6 14 10 .08 389.3 56.332 96.97 96.97 90

b/n 100
17.36
5&6 1077.6 14 8 .53 391 56.409 251.3 230 230
b/n 100
17.36
2&3 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n
95.72
3&4 100
769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 126 126.03 120
E
b/n
98.38
4&5 100
769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 122.6 122.62 120
b/n 100
17.36
5&6 769.69 14 8 .53 391 51.884 251.3 230 230
b/n
127.88
A&B 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 146.8 146.76 140
b/n
134.89
B&C 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 139.1 139.13 130
3
b/n
134.97
C&D 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 139.1 139.05 130
b/n
127.91
D&E 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 146.7 146.73 140
b/n
125.77
A&B 157
769.69 14 10 .08 389.3 51.798 149.2 149.22 140
b/n
209.54
B&C 157
769.69 14 10 .08 389.3 51.798 89.57 89.566 80
4
b/n
116.54
C&D 157
769.69 14 10 .08 389.3 51.798 161 161.04 160
b/n
120.93
D&E 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 155.2 155.19 150
b/n
137.71
A&B 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 136.3 136.28 130
5 b/n
B&C/
LANDI 267.89
NG 157
BEAM 1206.4 14 10 .08 389.3 58.228 70.06 70.057 70

b/n 157
C&D 133.29 615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 140.8 140.8 140
b/n
124.43
D&E 157
615.75 14 10 .08 389.3 49.531 150.8 150.83 150
6.4 Bond and Development Length

Bond: is adhesion between reinforcing steel and surrounding concrete.
It is responsible for the transfer of axial force from a reinforcing bar to the surrounding
concrete providing strain compatibility, composite action. Here it is important to note
that the fundamental theory of flexure, i.e. plane section remain plane after bending
becomes valid only if there is perfect bending.
Mechanism of bond resistance
The mechanism of bond resistance arises from the following factors.
Chemical adhesion
Frictional resistance between concrete and steel
Mechanical interlocking
Bond stress
Is achieved by the development of tangential (shear) stress components along the
interface (contact surface) between the reinforcing bar and surrounding concrete.
Bond failure mechanism
Break up of adhesion between bar and concrete
Longitudinal splitting of concrete around the bar
Crushing of concrete in front of the bar ribs
Shearing of the concrete found between the ribs along cylindrical surface
surrounding the ribs.
Bond strength can be enhanced by:
Using deformed bars (ribbed) bars instead of plain bars.
Using smaller diameter bars
Using higher grade of concrete ( improved tensile strength)
Using Increased cover is provided around each bar
Increased length of embedment
Stirrups with increased areas, reduced spacing and higher grade

Development length
Basic development length (lb)
fyd
lb
4 fbd
For good bond condition, fbd fctd . Plain bars
fbd 2 fctd .. Deformed bars
Other bond conditions , fbd 0.7 (good bond condition)
Required anchorage length ( lbnet )

a * lb * As , cal
lbnet a =1 .straight bar
As , provided
a = 0.7 ..hook anchorage
Sample calculation
Basic anchorage length
fyd 20*347.826 6956.52

lb 844.24MPa
4 fbd 4*2* fctd 4*2*1.03
Required anchorage length
a * lb * As , cal
lbnet =1 for deformed bar
As , provided
1*844.25*896.99
lbnet 803.5mm
942.478
0.3(lb) 0.3*844.24 253.27mm

lb, min 10* = 10*20 = 200mm
200mm
Take lb, min 253.27 mm

Vc 0.25 * fctd * k 1 * k 2 * bwd

50*942.478
Vc 0.25*1.03* 1 *(1.6 0.457)*(300* 457)
300* 457
Vc 54.22 KN
Vsd 121.69KN 2(Vc) 108.44
al 0.5d 0.5*457 228.5mm

Total length 1540 mm 803.5mm 228.5mm
Total length 2572mm
6.5 Serviceability
Is the fitness of the structure to serve the desired function satisfactorily under service
loads. It disrupts the use of the structure but do not cause total collapse.
These are the major serviceability limits;
Excessive crack width
Excessive deflection
Undesirable vibrations etc.
Limit state of cracking: Crack widths are concern for aesthetical appearance, leakage,
corrosion, reduction in the stiffness of members. There are various types of cracks. Load
induced cracks (i.e. axial, shear, flexural, torsion) imposed cracks and other various types
of cracks are the common ones.
Load induced cracks:
Tensile stresses induced by loads cause distinctive crack patterns. These are also further
divided into direct tension induced cracks which extends through the entire the cross
section. They are characterized by their vertical nature. The other common type of load
induced cracks are the flexural cracks that are when the section is subjected to moment.
These are also vertical in nature like the direct tension cracks. They can extend up to the
neutral axis. The shear cracks are the other types of load induced cracks caused when the
section is subjected to shear. These are different from the previous ones with their
orientation having an inclined orientation. They can extend high up to the neutral axis
and sometimes into the compression zone. Torsion cracks are also in this group caused
when the section is subjected to torsion. These types of cracks are characterized by their
spiral orientation around the beam. Bond cracks are the last types of cracks in this
category, which are characterized by splitting around the reinforcement.

Development of cracks due to loads
Crack due to loads doesnt reach the final stage spontaneously rather it develops from
one stage to the other gradually. Ones the final stage is reached, the crack pattern has
stabilized and the further loading of the section merely widens the existing cracks. The
distance between the stabilized cracks is the function of the following factors;
The overall member thickness
Concrete cover
Efficiency of the bond
Limits on crack width

Although cracking of concrete is inevitable, it is desirable to aim for a large number of
well distributed fine hairy cracks than a few but wide cracks. The acceptable limits of
cracks vary with the following factors;
The type of the structure
The environment
There are two types of limit states;
Limit state of crack formation
Limit state of crack width
limit state of crack formation
The calculated stress shall not exceed
=1.7*fctk, for flexure
=fctk ,for direct tension
limit state of crack width
0.4mm ---------------- mild
0.2mm----------------- moderate
0.1mm------------------ severe
Factors influencing crack width
Load induced cracks are influenced by the following factors;
Tensile stress in the steel bars
The thickness of concrete cover
Diameter and spacing of bars
Depth of members and location of neutral axis
Bond strength and tensile strength of concrete

6.5.1 Check for Crack

Step 1 Material properties
fck 20MPa
fctk 0.21 fck 2/3 1.547MPa

Cracking stress
ct 1.7 fctk 1.7*1.5473 2.6303MPa
Step 2 Moment of inertia for the uncracked section
Section with 2 20 and 5 14 rebars
Ec 9.5( fck 8)1/3 28.85GPa 29GPa

Es 200GPa
Es 200
n 6.89 7
Ec 29
(b * D)( D / 2) (n 1) As1 * Y 1 (n 1) As 2 * Y 2
Y
b * D (n 1) As1 (n 1) As 2
(350*500)250 6*769.3*40 6*628*457
Y
350*500 6*769.3 6*628
Y 248.97m

n n
Iuncr Igi Ai di2
i 1 i 1
bD3
Iuncr bD( D / 2 Y ) 2 (n 1) As1(Y 1 Y ) 2 (n 1) As 2(Y 2 Y ) 2
12
350(500)3
Iuncr 350*500(250 248.97)2 6*769.3(40 248.97)2 6*628(457 248.97)2
12
Iuncr 4.01*109 mm4
Step 3 Calculate cracking moment
cr * Iuncr 2.6303MPa * 4.01*109 mm4

Mcr
Y 248.97mm
Mcr 42.36 KNm
Step 4 Bending moment diagram for service load
Figure 8 Bending moment diagram of beam for serviceability

For sample below are calculation of one positive and one negative moment
For positive moment
Mk 65.35 Mcr 42.36KNm , section cracked
Step 5 Calculate moment of inertia of the cracked section

AY i i
Y i 1
n
A
i 1
i
bY (Y / 2) ( n) As1 * Y 1 ( n 1) As 2 * Y 2
Y
bY (n 1) As1 (n 1) As 2
350Y (Y / 2) 7 * 769.3* 460 6 * 628* 43
Y
350Y 6 * 769.3 6 * 628
Y 99.41mm
n n
Icr I i Ai di2
i 1 i 1
3
bY
Icr (n 1) As1(Y 1 Y ) 2 (n 1) As 2(Y 2 Y ) 2
3
350(99.41)3
Icr 6*769.3(460 99.41) 2 6*628(43 99.41) 2 Step 6
3
Calculate
Icr 7.27*108 mm4
mean
strain of reinforcement ( sm )
s sr 2 s
sm 1 1 2( ) 0.4
Es s Es
sr (due to cracked section)

Triangular stress block
Mcr T * Z , T fs * As

T
sr fs
As
Mcr 42.36*106 Nmm
sr
As * Z 769.3mm 2 *(460 99.41)mm
3
sr 128.99MPa
s (stress due to serviceability load moment)
Mk 65.35*106 Nmm
s
As * Z 769.3mm2 *(460 99.41)mm
3
s 199MPa
1 1 , high bond stress
2 0.5 , service load
199 128.99 2 199

sm 1 1*0.5( 199 ) 0.4 200*103
200*103
sm 0.000786 0.000398
Step 7 Average distance between cracks ( Sm)

Sm 50 0.25* K1* k 2 *
r
As As 769.3
r
Aeff 2.5d 1 * b 2.5(500 460)*350
r 0.02198
k1 0.8 , for deformed bar
k 2 0.5 , for bending
14
Sm 50 0.25*0.8*0.5*
0.02198
Sm 113.69mm

mean crack width ( wm )
wm Sm * sm 113.69mm *0.0006725 0.076mm
crack width ( wk )
wk 1.7wm 1.7*0.076mm 0.129mm <0.4mm (mild) .OK!
For negative moment
Mk 82.27 KNm
Section with 5 20 and 5 14 rebars
As 2 5*100 1570.796mm2
As1 5*49 769.3mm2
(b * D)( D / 2) (n 1) As1 * Y 1 (n 1) As 2 * Y 2
Y
b * D (n 1) As1 (n 1) As 2
(350*500)250 6*769.3* 460 6*1570.796* 43

Y
350*500 6*769.3 6*1570.796
Y 244.807mm
Moment of inertia for the uncracked section
bD3
Iuncr bD( D / 2 Y )2 (n 1) As1(Y 1 Y ) 2 (n 1) As 2(Y 2 Y ) 2
12
350(500)3
Iuncr 350*500(250 244.807)2 6*769.3(460 244.807)2 6*1570(43 248.97)2
12
Iuncr 4.26*109 mm4
cracking moment
cr * Iuncr 2.6303MPa * 4.26*109 mm4

Mcr
Y 244.807mm
Mcr 45.77 KNm
Mk 82.27KNm Mcr 45.77KNm , section cracked

mean strain of reinforcement ( sm )
s sr 2 s
sm 1 1 2( ) 0.4
Es s Es
x
Z d ,
3
350 x 2
6*769.3*43 7*1570.796*457
x 2 130.62mm
350 x 6*769.3 7*1570.796
Mcr 45.77 *106 Nmm

sr
As * Z 1570.796mm2 *(457 130.62 )mm
3
sr 74.39MPa
Mk 82.27*106 Nmm
s
As * Z 1570.796mm2 *(457 130.62 )mm
3
s 126.67 MPa
126.67 74.39 2 126.67

sm 1 1*0.5(126.67 ) 0.4 200*103
200*103
sm 0.000524 0.000253
average distance between cracks ( Sm)

Sm 50 0.25* K1* k 2*
r
As 1570.796
r
Aeff 2.5(500 457)*350
r 0.0417
20
Sm 50 0.25*0.8*0.5* 109.95mm
0.0417
mean crack width ( wm )
wm Sm * sm 109.95mm *0.000524 0.0576mm
crack width ( wk )
wk 1.7wm 1.7*0.0576mm 0.0979mm

Deflection
There are number of reasons for limiting the deflection, out of them these are the
following;
Aesthetics or psychological discomfort
Crack width limitation (limiting the deflection limits the crack width )
Effect on attached structural and non-structural elements
Short term (immediate) deflection: occurs on application of load, consider live load
and dead load. Factors affecting short term deflection include
magnitude of live load and its mode of distribution
span of the structure
type of end restraint
cross-sectional properties
percentage of tensile reinforcement
grade of concrete
amount and extent of flexural cracking
Long term (additional) deflection: occurs due to
differential shrinkage
creep and temperature variation
Measures for reducing deflection

increase depth or camber
use richer concrete mix and lower grade steel
increase the width of the section
use T-section

6.5.2 Check for Deflection

Immediate deflection before cracking ( i )
Mcr
i L2
EcmIi
5 k
1
48 10
82.27 82.27
k 2.518
65.35
5 2.58
1 0.078
48 10

6
42.36*10 Nmm
i 0.078*(4500mm) 2 0.575mm
29*103 N * 4.01*109 mm4
mm2
Mk Mcr
ii L2
0.75Es * As * Z (d x)

(65.35 42.36) * 10 Nmm
6
ii 0.078(4500mm) 2
0.75 * 200 * 103 N * 769.3mm 2 * 426.86mm(460mm 99.41mm)
mm 2
ii 2.04mm
mmediate deflection after cracking ( ii ) ,for Mk 65.35KNm

6
65.35 * 10 Nmm
max 0.078(4500mm)2
200 * 103 N * 769.3mm2 * 426.86mm(460mm 99.41mm)
mm2
max 4.36mm
st 2.615mm (total immediate deflection)

Long term deflection
As 2
lt 2 1.2 st 0.6 st
As1
628
lt 2 1.2 2.615 0.6 *2.615
769.3
lt 2.67mm 1.569
take, lt 2.67mm
Final deflection;
Le
t st lt
300
4500
t 2.615 2.67
300
t 5.285mm 15mm ..OK!

7 COLUMN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

7.1 Introduction
A column is a special case of a compression member that is vertical structural member
supporting axial compressive loads, with or without moments. The cross-sectional dimensions
of a column are generally considerably less than its height. Columns support vertical loads
from the floors and roof and transmit these loads to the foundations.
Columns can be tied or spiral depend on the placement of lateral reinforcement Tied
columns may be square, rectangular-shaped, circular, or any other required shape and
generally used in a non seismic region. Occasionally, when high strength and/or high ductility
are required, the bars are placed in a circle, and a bar bent into a helix or spiral replaces the
ties. Such a column, called a spiral column and used in seismic regions.
For the purpose of design calculations, frames may be classified as Sway or Non-
sway depending on their sensitivity to second order effect due to lateral displacements.
1. A frame may be classified as non-sway if its response to in-plane horizontal forces is
sufficiently stiff for it to be acceptably accurate to neglect any additional internal
forces or moments arising from horizontal displacements of its nodes.
2. Any other frame shall be classified as a sway frame and the effects of horizontal
displacements of it nodes shall be taken in to account in its design.
3. A frame may be classified as non-sway, for a given load, if the critical load ratio for
that load case satisfies the following criterion:

0.1
Where - design value of the total vertical load

- its critical value for failure in a sway mode
4. Beam and column type plane frames in building structures with beams connected each
columns at each story level may be classified as non-sway for a given load case, when first-
order theory is used, the horizontal displacements in each story due to the design loads (both
horizontal and vertical), plus the initial sway imperfection satisfy the criterion of the following
equation.
0.1
Where;
- the horizontal displacement at the top of story relative to the bottom of the story

L -the story height

H -the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N - The total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story
7.2 Design of columns
For academic purposes, three different column types are analyzed and designed. They are:
Edge column
Corner column
Central column
The selection of these types of columns is to diversify our knowledge of
columns. Edge columns are subjected to beam from one direction while corner columns are
subjected to beam from both directions. The central column is subjected to four beams,
hence having balanced moments (close to zero moment).
The columns chosen in our case are:
Edge column is C5-D
Corner column is C5-E
Central column is C4-C
The combinations used for the analysis and design for columns are the same as the ones
used during frame analysis.
7.2.1 Design procedure
1. To design a column in a particular frame, first the frame is classified whether it is sway
or non-sway. In this case:
0.1 for all story checked with all the design combinations.
the frame is non-sway.

2. To determine the nature of the frame,
For this particular, case the beams and columns as one frame.
3. The value of the axial force and bending moment on each frame column is
determined.
In this case, the design axial loads and bending moments are obtained from 3-Dimensional
frame analysis using ETABS v9.6.
For COMB1
a. Design axial loads and bending moments for edge column (C5-D) and corner column
(C5-E) between ground and first floor.

Free body diagram of these columns is taken from the frame on axis 5 and axis D for C5-D
and axis E for C5-E.
i.e. Frame on axis 5 is:
Bending moment diagram for column on axis-5 58.74 30.13

& axis-D and axis-5 & axis-E between ground
floor and first floor.
34.06 23.43

Frame on Axis D Frame for Axis E
Bending moment diagram for column Bending moment diagram for column
on axis-D & axis-5 between ground on axis-E & axis-5 between ground
floor and first floor. floor and first floor.
4.58 29.57
5.86 22.09
b. Design axial load and bending moment of central column ( C4-C) between Ground floor
and 1st floor.

Frame for Axis 4
Bending moment diagram on axis-4 & axis-C between ground floor

and first floor.
48.15
29.95

Frame for Axis c
Bending moment diagram for column on axis -C & axis-4 between ground
floor and first floor.
26.11
9.62

7.2.2 Slenderness
It is a parameter which defines the column response while supporting the design load.
The slenderness ratio is given as follows:
a) For isolated columns, the slenderness ratio is defined by:
= , = EBCS 2 1995,
Where = effective buckling length

= radius of gyration of the gross concrete section in the plane of buckling.
I = is the second moment of area of the section.
A =is cross sectional area.
For this case, For COMB1
Material property
Concrete C-25
Steel S-400
A. Edge column is C5-D 2
Beam dimensions
3 450mm All Ground Beam =550x300 mm
450mm All Floor Beam = 500x350 mm
All Top tie Beam = 450x250 mm
P = 2102.11KN
4.The dimension of the substitute column is computed to find the moment of inertia of the
section ( ).
= bh3 = 450*4503 = 3.42 * 109 mm
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4
Area of C5-D(Ac) = 450 * 450 = 2.025 *105 mm2

Limits of slenderness
According to EBCS 2 1995 section 4.4.6
1. The slenderness ratio of concrete column shall not exceed 140
2. The second order effects in compressive members need not be taken in to account in the
following Cases:
A. For sway frames
Max where =
B. For non-sway frames

50 25
where: and are the first order (calculated) moments at the ends, being
always positive and greater in magnitude than , and being positive if member
is bent in single curvature and negative if bent is double curvature.
4. The value of the stiffness coefficients of the frame is, given by:
For beam =
For column =
Where: - stiffness coefficient of beam
- Stiffness coefficient of column
5. The effective length of the frame is computed for each story. The effective
length of buckling (Le ) of a column in a given plane is obtained from the following
approximate equations. Provided that certain restriction is compiled with.
a. Non-sway mode
= 0.7
b. Sway mode
= 0.15

where is a stiffness coefficient which will be discussed using the following

theoretical model.
Where: = ( )
Where
and are column stiffness
coefficients ( )
is the stiffness coefficient of the column being designed.
Is stiffness coefficient of the beam.
is modulus of elasticity of concrete.

is column height
is span of the beam
, are moment of inertia of the column and beam respectively
Factor taking in to account the condition of restraint of the beam at the
opposite end.
= 1.0 if opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained

= 0.5 if opposite ends are free to rotate
= 0 for cantilever beam
The above approximate equation for effective length calculation is applicable for
values of and not exceeding 10. If a base shear is designed to resist the column
moment, may be taken as 1.0.
Stiffness coefficient at ground joint (in x- direction)
= , = 1, =
= = 1.19
Stiffness coefficient at first floor joint (in x- direction)
= = 1.32
= = = 1.255
The effective length of buckling ( ) of a column given by:
= 0.7
= = 0.81 > 0.7
= 0.81*L = 0.81 *3200 = 2592mm

Radius of gyration ( in x- direction).
= = =129.96mm
Slenderness ratio in the x- direction.
= = = 19.94
Critical in x- direction.

= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = 69.57.
< , The column is short in x- direction. Therefore = 0.

calculate eccentricity of the load
e1= = =2.17mm
e2= = =2.79mm
emax =max
emax=e2=2.79mm
Additional eccentricity in y- direction, .
= 20mm
= =8.64 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + = 20+ 2.79= 22.79mm.
Design moment in y- direction,
= P*( ) = 2102.11KN *22.79mm

= 47.91KNm
= = = 0.046
Stiffness coefficient at ground floor joint ( in y- direction 3-3)
= bh3 = 450*4503 = 3.42 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4

= , = 1, & =0 =
= 3.45
Stiffness coefficient at 1st floor joint ( in y- direction)
= = 3.81
= = =3.63
= 0.7
= = 0.91 > 0.7
= 0.91*L = 0.91 *3200 = 2912mm
Radius of gyration ( in y- direction).
= = =129.96mm
Slenderness ratio in (y- direction).
= = = 22.41
Critical slenderness ratio in y- direction.
= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = .64.50
< , The column is short in y- direction. therefore = 0.
Equivalent 1st order eccentricity in y- direction,

= max emax = max
emax = max
emax = max
= 27.94mm.
Additional eccentricity in xi direction, .
= 20mm
= =9.71 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + + = 20+ 27.94= 47.94mm.
Design moment in x- direction,
= P*( ) = 2102.11KN *47.94mm = 100.775KNm
= = = 0.0976

= = 0.90
Determine .
= = 25+8+20/2 = 43mm
= .= 43/450 = 0.096 0.1
Using = .=0.1 and = 0.90 , choose biaxial chart No. 35.
Read from chart No. 35 with, = 0.90 , =0.0976 and =0.046 and read .
= 0.17
5.The amount of reinforcement required by the substitute column is computed and the
moment of inertia of the reinforcement with respect to the centroid of the concrete
section is determined.
Determine the amount of reinforcement, .
= = =1126.465 mm2.
Let's check minimum and maximum reinforcement requirement.

= 0.8% = 0.008 *450mm*450mm = 1620mm2. =1126.465 mm2.
= 8% = 0.08*450mm*450mm = 16200mm2.
Since < , we provide .
20, n = = 5.16. n = 6,
For symetry the Numbers have to 8, ==8* = 2513.3 mm2.
Use 820, = 2513.3 mm2.
let's check shear capacity of the column.
= 0.25 + 0.1 *p
= = = = 1.0315
k1 = 1+50 2 , = = = 0.0137
k1 = 1+50*0.0137= 1.685 2 ok

k2 = 1.6-d 1
= 1.6-0.407 = 1.193 1 0k
= 0.25* 1.0315N/mm2 *1.685*1.193*450*407+0.1* *2102.11*103
= 132.579KN Vsd = therefore let's provided .
= = = 0.00133
Lateral Reinforcement
= > 6mm
= = 5mm< 6mm.
So let's take = 8mm >6mm.

spacing of the lateral reinforcement ,c/c given by:
C/C = = = 167.6mm, use C/C = 160mm
= min
160mm 240mm , therefore use 8C/C160mm.
Use 8 240mm 820

Detailing
Ties shall be arranged such that every bar or group of bars placed in a corner and
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with
an included angle of not more than 1350 and no bar shall be further than 150 mm clear
on each side along the tie.Up to five longitudinal bars in each corner may be secured
against lateral buckling by means of
the main ties. The center-to--center distance between the outer most of these bars and the
corner bar shall not exceed 15 times the diameter of the tie.
Smax = 350 mm

The spacing between the longitudinal re-bar is;
S =
= = 162mm>150mm
Therefore the number of longitudinal reinforcement bar has to increase until the spacing
between two coscative re-bar alonge the tie is less than 150mm.
Use 12 20, = 3769.911 mm2.
Checke spacing, S = =
S=101.33mm<150 safe!!!
The center-to-center distance of the furthest longitudinal re-bar from the edge is
101.33+20=131.33mm.
15* tie=15*8=120mm<131.33mm
this indicates an additional intermmedate transverse re-bar is needed because the c/c
spacing is greater than 15 times the transverse diameter.
1220mm
B. For C5-E (corner column )

2 M2-2( Mx-x) = 30.13KNm &23.43KNm
M3-3 (My-y) = 29.57KNm & 22.09KNm
3 450mm P = 1154.61KN
450mm
= bh3 = 450*4503 = 3.42 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4

= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4
A = 450 * 450 = 2.025 *105 mm2

Stiffness coefficient at ground joint (in x- direction)
= , = 1, =
= = 2.39
Stiffness coefficient at first floor joint (in x- direction)
= = 2.64
= = = 2.51
= 0.7
= = 0.88 > 0.7
= 0.88*L = 0.88 *3200 = 2816mm

= = =129.96mm
Slenderness ratio in x- direction;
= = = 21.67
= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = 68.68
< , The column is short in x- direction. therefore = 0.

Equivalent 1st order eccentricity in x- direction,
= max
= =
= max
= max
= max
=25.61 mm
Additional eccentricity in x- direction, .
= 20mm
= = 9.39 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + + = 20+ 25.61= 46.61mm.

= P( ) = 1154.61KN *46.61mm
=53.816KNm
= = = .052
= bh3 = 450*4503 = 3.42 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4
= , = 1, & =0 =
= 3.45
= = 3.81
= = =3.63
= 0.7
= = 0.91 > 0.7
= 0.91*L = 0.91 *3200 = 2912mm

= = =129.96mm
= = = 22.41
Critical slenderness in y- direction.
= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = 69.44
< , The column is short in y- direction. Therefore = 0.
= max
= =
= max
= max
= max

e max, y = 26.095mm.
= 20mm
= =9.71 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + + = 20 + 26.095=46.095mm.
= P( ) = 1154.61KN *46.095mm
= 53.222KNm
= = = 0.052
= 0.50
Determine .
= = 25+8+20/2 = 43mm
= = 43/450 = 0.096 0.1
Using = =0.1 and = 0.50 , choose biaxial chart No. 34.
Enter to the chart with = 0.50, =0..052 and =.052 and read .
=0
Provided the amount of reinforcement, .

= = 0.008 *450mm*450mm = 1620mm2.
20, n = = 5.16. n = 8, =8* = 2513.3 mm2.
Use 820, = 2513.3 mm2

= 8% = 0.08* 450mm*450mm = 16200mm2.
( = 1620mm2) < ( = 2513.3 mm2.) < ( (16,200mm2)/2) OK
= 0.25 + 0.1 *p
= = = = 1.0315
k1 = 1+50 2 , = = = 0.0137
k1 = 1+50*0.0137= 1.685 2 ok
k2 = 1.6-d 1
= 1.6-0.407 = 1.193 1 0k
= 0.25* 1.0315N/mm2 *1.685*1.193*450*407+0.1* *1154.61*103
= 115.614KN Vsd = therefore lets provide .
= = = 0.00133
= > 6mm
= = 5mm< 6mm.
C/C = = = 167.6mm, use C/C = 160mm

= min

820
S =
= = 162mm>150mm
between two coscative re-bar alonge the tie is less than 150mm.
Use 12 20, = 3769.911 mm2.
Checke spacing, S = =
S=101.33mm<150 safe!!!
The center-to-center distance of the furthest longitudinal re-bar from the edge is
101.33+20=131.33mm.
15* tie=15*8=120mm<131.33mm
this indicates an additional intermmedate transverse re-bar is needed because the c/c
spacing is greater than 15 times the transverse diameter.
1220mm
C. For C4-C ( Central column )

2 M2-2( Mx-x) = 48.15KNm & 29.95KNm
M3-3 (My-y) = 26.13KNm & 9.62KNm
3 600mm P = 3010.34KN
600mm

= bh3 = 600*6003 = 10.8 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4
A = 600 * 600 = 3.6 *105 mm2

Stiffness coefficient at at ground joint ( in x- direction)
= , = 1, =
= = 3.77
Stiffness coefficient at 1st floor joint ( in x- direction)
= = 4.16
= = = 3.965
= 0.7
= = 0.916 > 0.7
= 0.916*L = 0.916 *3200 = 2931.2mm

= = = 173.21mm
Slenderness ratio in (x- direction).
= = = 16.92

= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = 59.20.
< , The column is short in x- direction. therefore = 0.

Equivalent 1st order eccentricity in x- direction,
= max
= =
= max
= max
= max
= 8.68mm.
= 20mm
= = 9.77mm 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + + = 20 + 8.68= 28.68mm.

= P( ) = 3010.34KN *28.68mm
= 86.336KNm
= = = 0.035
= bh3 = 600*6003 = 10.8 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 300*5503 = 4.16 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 250*4503 = 1.90 * 109 mm4
= bh3 = 350*5003 = 3.65 *109 mm4
= , = 1, & =
= 4.46
= = 4.92
= = = 4.69
= 0.7
= = 0.93 > 0.7
= 0.93*L = 0.93 *3200 = 2976mm

= = = 173.21mm
= = = 17.18
Critical in y- direction.
= 50 - 25( ) = 50- 25( ) = 65.55
< , The column is short in y- direction. Therefore = 0.
= max
= =
= max
= max
= max
= 15.995mm.
Additional eccentricity in xi direction, .
= 20mm

= = 9.92 20 mm
= 20 mm.
Therefore = + + = 20+15.995 =35.995mm.
= P( ) = 3010.34KN *35.995mm
= 108.357KNm
= = = 0.0443
= 0.74
Determine .
= = 25+8+20/2 = 43mm
= .= 43/600 = 0.072 0.1
Using = .=0.1 and = 0.70 and = 0.80 , choose biaxial chart
No. 34.and 35.

Enter to the chart with = 0.70 , =0.0353 and =0.0443 and read 1 from
biaxial chart No. 34 and = 0.80 , =0.0353 and =0.0443 & read 2 .
1 = 0 , 2 = .045 by interpolation for = 0.74 between & ,

= 0.0
Determine the amount of reinforcement, .
= 0.8% = 0.008 *600mm*600mm = 2880mm2.
= 8% = 0.08*450mm*450mm = 16200mm2.
provide .
20 , n = = 9.17. n = 12, = 12* = 3,769.91 mm2.

Use 1220.
. Check the 600mm dimension is enough for 1220.
600-2*(25)-2*(8) = 534mm
534 = n(20) + (n-1)25
559 = 45n
n = 12.42 > 12 OK.
= 0.25 + 0.1 *p
= = = = 1.0315
k1 = 1+50 2 , = = = 0.0113
k1 = 1+50*0.0113= 1.564 2 ok
k2 = 1.6-d 1
= 1.6-0.557 = 1.043 1 0k
= 0.25* 1.0315N/mm2 *1.564*1.043*600*557+0.1* *3010.34*103
= 188.495KN Vsd = therefore let's provided .
= = = 0.00133
= > 6mm
= = 5mm< 6mm.

C/C = = = 125.98mm, use C/C = 120mm
= min

Detailing
1220mm
S= = =151.33mm>150mm
between two consecutive re-bar along the tie is less than 150mm.
Use 16 20, = 5026.54mm2.
check the spacing;
S= = =108.5mm<150mm
Therefore the distance of the furthest longitudinal re-bar from the edge is
(108.5*2)+20=237mm
This indicates an additional transverse re-bar is needed because the c/c spacing is greater
than 15*8=120mm.
1620mm

Table 15Column 4C design result
c
o
colum m column in M3-3 As d in
n No. b b/n floor P(KNm) M2-2 vsd sd,21-2 sd,3-3 As used mm No.of bar use
Foundation
C 4-C 1 & ground -3177.16 -1.468 0.191 5.969 -3.865 0.778716 0.026557 0.028396 0 0 2880 20 9.1673 12
Foundation
C 4-C 2 & ground -2383.18 -1.085 0.133 27.022 250.699 0.584113 0.019914 0.12188 0.049964 586.0729 2880 20 9.1673 12
Foundation
C 4-C 3 & ground -2382.57 -1.118 0.153 -18.069 -256.497 0.583963 0.019922 0.124244 0.059797 701.4194 2880 20 9.1673 12
Foundation
C 4-C 4 & ground -2382.94 -1.076 0.128 28.182 255.095 0.584054 0.019908 0.123674 0.057467 674.0927 2880 20 9.1673 12
Foundation
C 4-C 5 & ground -2382.81 -1.126 0.158 -19.229 -260.894 0.584022 0.019927 0.126042 0.067393 790.5203 2880 20 9.167325 12
Foundation
C 4-C 6 & ground -2492.7 52.488 294.04 3.749 -5.66 0.610956 0.14048 0.022677 0.108988 1278.431 2880 20 9.167325 12
Foundation
C 4-C 7 & ground -2273.04 -54.69 -293.754 5.205 -0.138 0.557118 0.138568 0.020697 0.039812 466.9979 2880 20 9.167325 12
Foundation
C 4-C 8 & ground -2492.41 52.498 294.033 5.189 -0.202 0.610885 0.140474 0.022483 0.109052 1279.178 2880 20 9.167325 12
Foundation
C 4-C 9 & ground -2273.34 -54.701 -293.747 3.765 -5.596 0.557191 0.138568 0.020859 0.042809 502.1475 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 1 t -3010.36 48.155 -29.952 47.532 9.555 0.737833 0.044266 0.044011 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 2 t -2258.07 36.156 -22.505 -44.054 153.055 0.553449 0.033218 0.080971 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 3 t -2257.47 36.077 -22.423 -38.389 -138.722 0.553301 0.033181 0.075111 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 4 t -2257.83 36.1 -22.48 52.038 157.209 0.55339 0.033193 0.082666 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
st
C 4-C 5 Ground&1 -2257.71 36.133 -22.448 -57.331 -142.877 0.55336 0.033206 0.07681 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 6 Ground&1s -2344.73 -16.658 159.951 -24.565 4.558 0.574689 0.084496 0.029191 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12

t
Ground&1s
C 4-C 7 t -2170.81 88.891 -204.879 8.138 9.774 0.532061 0.101428 0.021728 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 8 t -2344.43 -16.727 159.982 -73.305 9.716 0.574615 0.084506 0.049099 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
Ground&1s
C 4-C 9 t -2171.11 88.96 -204.91 0.742 4.617 0.532135 0.101443 0.019624 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 1 1st&2nd -2281.2 54.146 -87.243 -29.845 49.079 0.559118 0.054276 0.038686 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 2 1st&2nd -1711.08 40.648 -65.493 106.864 137.564 0.419382 0.040733 0.070174 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 3 1st&2nd -1710.72 40.571 -65.371 62.097 -63.946 0.419294 0.04068 0.040098 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 4 1st&2nd -1710.94 40.599 -65.399 108.832 139.648 0.419348 0.040694 0.071024 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 5 1st&2nd -1710.86 40.619 -65.466 64.065 -66.03 0.419328 0.04072 0.040951 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 6 1st&2nd -1771.26 -54.321 48.98 -21.148 35.503 0.434132 0.036661 0.028974 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 7 1st&2nd -1650.54 135.54 -179.844 -23.62 38.115 0.404544 0.08695 0.029055 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 8 1st&2nd -1771.08 -54.381 49.097 -23.591 38.088 0.434088 0.036684 0.030028 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 9 1st&2nd -1650.72 135.6 -179.961 -21.177 35.53 0.404588 0.087 0.028 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 1 2nd&3rd -1554.39 49.6 -72.18 -27.394 39.965 0.380978 0.042185 0.029025 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 2 2nd&3rd -1165.9 37.232 -54.184 108.324 90.376 0.28576 0.031659 0.053775 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 3 2nd&3rd -1165.68 37.168 -54.085 67.232 -30.43 0.285706 0.031617 0.036988 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 4 2nd&3rd -1165.82 37.194 -54.128 110.364 91.85 0.28574 0.031636 0.054608 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 5 2nd&3rd -1165.76 37.206 -54.141 69.273 -31.904 0.285725 0.031641 0.037822 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 6 2nd&3rd -1201.44 -66.83 10.441 -19.265 29.05 0.294471 0.037116 0.021683 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 7 2nd&3rd -1130.14 141.23 -118.71 -21.827 30.897 0.276995 0.066925 0.021854 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 8 2nd&3rd -1201.34 -66.877 10.511 -21.798 30.88 0.294446 0.037134 0.022429 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 9 2nd&3rd -1130.24 141.277 -118.78 -19.294 29.067 0.27702 0.066945 0.021108 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12

C 4-C 1 3rd&4th -827.75 64.619 -80.641 -36.313 44.814 0.20288 0.039704 0.025069 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 2 3rd&4th -620.85 48.491 -60.522 101.061 57.72 0.152169 0.029795 0.046355 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 3 3rd&4th -620.77 48.438 -60.439 46.59 9.5 0.15215 0.029761 0.024104 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
-
C 4-C 4 3rd&4th -620.83 48.46 -60.472 102.928 58.229 0.152164 0.029775 0.047118 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 5 3rd&4th -620.79 48.469 -60.489 48.458 8.991 0.152154 0.029781 0.024867 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 6 3rd&4th -637.36 -41.775 -39.854 -26.064 33.294 0.156216 0.022272 0.018808 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 7 3rd&4th -604.26 138.704 -81.107 -28.406 33.927 0.148103 0.061597 0.018796 0.02802 328.6791 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 8 3rd&4th -637.33 -41.814 -39.791 -28.383 33.925 0.156208 0.022288 0.019065 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 9 3rd&4th -604.29 138.743 -81.17 -26.087 33.295 0.14811 0.061613 0.018538 0.028037 328.8787 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 1 4th&roof -98.17 4.757 -58.283 1.902 30.473 0.024061 0.02461 0.01325 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 2 4th&roof -73.62 3.578 -43.74 -28.053 21.053 0.018044 0.018469 0.012061 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 3 4th&roof -73.64 3.557 -43.685 30.906 24.657 0.018049 0.018447 0.013227 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 4 4th&roof -73.63 3.584 -43.719 -28.469 20.474 0.018047 0.018461 0.012231 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 5 4th&roof -73.63 3.551 -43.706 31.322 25.236 0.018047 0.018455 0.013396 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 6 4th&roof -78.05 -30.932 -52.149 1.686 23.22 0.01913 0.02194 0.010123 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 7 4th&roof -69.21 38.068 -35.277 1.166 22.49 0.016963 0.016116 0.009753 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 8 4th&roof -78.06 -30.924 -52.123 1.17 22.501 0.019132 0.02193 0.009829 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12
C 4-C 9 4th&roof -69.2 38.06 -35.302 1.683 23.209 0.016961 0.016113 0.010046 0 0 2880 20 9.167325 12

Table 16 Column 5D design result
column column in No. of

No. Comb b/n floor P(KNm) M2-2 M3-3 vsd sd,2-2 sd,3-3 Ac As used D bar use
Foundation
C 5-D 1 & ground -1880.87 -1.888 0.949 -0.769 0.441 0.82 0.038253 0.044892 0.016 105.57 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 2 & ground -1410.78 -0.501 -4.731 -15.119 90.995 0.615 0.031902 0.090867 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 3 & ground -1410.53 -2.331 6.154 13.965 -90.334 0.615 0.033275 0.090938 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 4 & ground -1390.29 -0.773 6.202 -17.821 105.188 0.606 0.032929 0.099182 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation -
C 5-D 5 & ground -1431.02 -2.059 -4.779 16.667 104.527 0.624 0.03234 0.100223 0.010865 71.69079 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 6 & ground -1199.52 2.262 96.671 1.145 -8.6 0.523 0.116835 0.033963 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 7 & ground -1621.78 -5.095 -95.248 -2.299 9.261 0.707 0.123635 0.043883 0.134523 887.5997 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 8 & ground -1174.09 1.925 110.243 -2.209 9.019 0.512 0.129484 0.033155 0.05053 333.4062 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-D 9 & ground -1647.22 -4.758 -108.82 1.056 -8.358 0.718 0.137269 0.044432 0.027907 184.1325 1620 20mm 5.15662 8

C 5-D 1 Ground&1st -1753.3 16.728 -9.22 19.028 2.765 0.764 0.050152 0.056331 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 2 Ground&1st -1315.89 13.46 -8.439 49.113 90.247 0.573 0.038516 0.118501 0.054024 356.4587 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 3 Ground&1st -1314.07 11.633 -5.391 -57.883 -86.099 0.573 0.036712 0.071875 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 4 Ground&1st -1300.27 10.048 -1.298 -5.022 104.224 0.567 0.03491 0.102427 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 5 Ground&1st -1329.69 15.044 -12.532 52.282 100.076 0.579 0.040317 0.078863 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 6 Ground&1st -1147.03 20.001 71.952 -45.992 -6.761 0.5 0.091883 0.056618 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 7 Ground&1st -1482.93 45.094 -85.782 -19.385 10.909 0.646 0.11178 0.044285 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 8 Ground&1st -1127.64 24.237 80.816 71.363 10.59 0.491 0.100091 0.082393 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 9 Ground&1st -1502.32 49.329 -94.646 -52.455 -6.443 0.655 0.120738 0.06977 0.069161 456.3329 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 1 1st&2nd -1330.08 19.387 -31.29 -4.73 6.124 0.58 0.056056 0.034388 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 2 1st&2nd -998.96 16.104 -25.677 -58.167 78.488 0.435 0.044208 0.060812 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 3 1st&2nd -996.17 12.976 -21.258 51.072 -69.301 0.434 0.039875 0.056396 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 4 1st&2nd -988.39 11.812 -20.408 -66.847 90.08 0.431 0.038902 0.06605 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 5 1st&2nd -1006.73 17.269 -26.527 59.752 -80.894 0.439 0.045182 0.062135 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 6 1st&2nd -879.92 30.237 35.339 1.969 -2.769 0.383 0.051259 0.022142 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8

C 5-D 7 1st&2nd -1115.2 59.317 -82.275 -9.064 11.956 0.486 0.101263 0.032062 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 8 1st&2nd -866.81 35.566 41.881 -8.807 11.621 0.378 0.057339 0.026023 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 9 1st&2nd -1128.32 64.646 -88.816 1.711 -2.435 0.492 0.10785 0.027865 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 1 2nd&3rd -908.36 17.618 -25.736 -5.555 7.582 0.396 0.042511 0.025094 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 2 2nd&3rd -682.79 14.65 -20.561 -54.322 62.247 0.298 0.033132 0.045637 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 3 2nd&3rd -679.76 11.777 -18.042 45.989 -50.874 0.296 0.030634 0.04018 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 4 2nd&3rd -676.78 10.524 -16.991 -62.175 71.265 0.295 0.029559 0.049765 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 5 2nd&3rd -685.77 15.902 -21.612 53.842 -59.891 0.299 0.034207 0.044592 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 6 2nd&3rd -610.89 31.315 21.9 0.841 -0.077 0.266 0.042152 0.015023 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 7 2nd&3rd -751.65 57.741 -60.504 -9.174 11.45 0.328 0.073142 0.023216 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 8 2nd&3rd -603.43 36.436 26.332 -8.908 11.117 0.263 0.046966 0.019549 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 9 2nd&3rd -759.12 62.863 -64.935 0.575 0.256 0.331 0.077577 0.018501 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 1 3rd&4th -487.91 21.976 -28.054 -5.591 8.164 0.213 0.036613 0.015416 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 2 3rd&4th -367.23 17.471 -21.841 -42.116 40.876 0.16 0.02826 0.028635 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 3 3rd&4th -364.63 15.493 -20.241 33.73 -28.631 0.159 0.02666 0.024603 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 4 3rd&4th -364.62 14.186 -20.099 -48.028 46.433 0.159 0.026523 0.031372 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8

C 5-D 5 3rd&4th -367.25 18.777 -21.983 39.642 -34.188 0.16 0.028398 0.027464 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 6 3rd&4th -332.59 19.326 1.012 -0.403 2.525 0.145 0.025154 0.009476 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 7 3rd&4th -399.27 52.29 -43.093 -7.983 9.72 0.174 0.058364 0.014055 0.037937 250.3103 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 8 3rd&4th -329.34 23.403 3.174 -7.741 9.424 0.144 0.029039 0.012259 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 9 3rd&4th -402.52 56.367 -45.256 -0.645 2.822 0.175 0.062375 0.011228 0.038984 257.2223 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 1 4th&roof -68.65 -0.507 -17.907 -5.042 7.485 0.03 0.018669 0.005169 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 2 4th&roof -52.03 0.363 -14.242 -22.768 21.313 0.023 0.014798 0.012012 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 3 4th&roof -50.94 -1.124 -12.618 15.205 -10.085 0.022 0.013204 0.008405 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 4 4th&roof -51.38 -0.898 -14.052 -25.525 23.579 0.022 0.014601 0.013302 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 5 4th&roof -51.59 0.137 -12.808 17.962 -12.352 0.022 0.013401 0.009726 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 6 4th&roof -42.36 -16.83 -6.021 -1.967 4.08 0.018 0.017117 0.002969 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 7 4th&roof -60.61 16.069 -20.84 -5.596 7.148 0.026 0.021353 0.004819 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
-
C 5-D 8 4th&roof -41.56 18.395 -5.785 -5.389 6.893 0.018 0.018617 0.004248 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8
C 5-D 9 4th&roof -61.41 17.634 -21.075 -2.174 4.334 0.027 0.021596 0.003506 0 0 1620 20mm 5.15662 8

Table 17 Column 5E design result
column M2-2 M3-3 As d in No.of

No. comb P(KNm) vsd sd,2-2 sd,3-3 As used mm bar use
Foundation
C 5-E 1 & ground -1269.02 -4.792 2.813 -2.983 2.063 0.553 0.029216 0.027464 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 2 & ground -1104.59 -2.404 -8.35 -2.432 94.511 0.481 0.029476 0.112905 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation -
C 5-E 3 & ground -798.95 -4.783 12.57 -2.042 91.417 0.348 0.027644 0.10399 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 4 & ground -1101.03 -1.47 12.535 -1.77 80.187 0.48 0.03346 0.098966 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation -
C 5-E 5 & ground -802.51 -5.718 -8.316 -2.705 77.092 0.35 0.023594 0.090189 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 6 & ground -1059.66 8.739 85.573 -2.665 10.552 0.462 0.10338 0.030739 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 7 & ground -843.88 -15.926 -81.354 -1.81 -7.457 0.368 0.095117 0.023563 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 8 & ground -1055.24 9.898 111.5 -1.842 -7.231 0.46 0.1284 0.027437 0.027428 180.9735 1620 20 5.15662 8
Foundation
C 5-E 9 & ground -848.3 -17.086 -107.281 -2.632 10.326 0.37 0.120307 0.026427 0.017178 113.3442 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 1 Ground&1st -1154.54 -30.13 23.447 -7.08 22.061 0.503 0.051533 0.04372 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 2 Ground&1st -985.89 -21.347 15.597 28.218 76.159 0.43 0.039763 0.092836 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
-
C 5-E 3 Ground&1st -745.92 -23.848 19.574 -26.342 43.067 0.325 0.037537 0.056147 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 4 Ground&1st -983.23 -26.651 27.314 22.109 67.148 0.428 0.045489 0.08406 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
-
C 5-E 5 Ground&1st -748.58 -18.544 7.857 -7.169 34.056 0.326 0.032453 0.047473 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 6 Ground&1st -952.12 -41.623 75.566 6.858 22.231 0.415 0.091608 0.039965 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 7 Ground&1st -779.69 -3.572 -40.395 -46.272 10.86 0.34 0.054213 0.059904 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 8 Ground&1st -948.81 -48.207 90.111 15.869 11.045 0.413 0.105628 0.03374 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8

C 5-E 9 Ground&1st -783 3.012 -54.941 57 22.046 0.341 0.068362 0.070356 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 1 1st&2nd -885.56 -32.28 51.57 -33.926 52.645 0.386 0.067084 0.068125 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 2 1st&2nd -747.55 -21.657 35.023 -62.182 86.28 0.326 0.048389 0.098021 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 3 1st&2nd -580.78 -26.764 42.332 11.293 -7.313 0.253 0.052237 0.022182 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 4 1st&2nd -745.73 -28.924 43.596 -56.357 78.924 0.325 0.056655 0.090863 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 5 1st&2nd -582.6 -19.497 33.759 5.468 0.044 0.254 0.043971 0.016577 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 6 1st&2nd -724.97 -55.395 77.88 -29.132 44.14 0.316 0.08945 0.05678 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 7 1st&2nd -603.36 6.974 -0.525 -21.757 34.828 0.263 0.018437 0.045408 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 8 1st&2nd -722.71 -64.416 88.523 -21.901 35.007 0.315 0.099712 0.047893 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 9 1st&2nd -605.62 15.996 -11.167 -28.988 43.96 0.264 0.027217 0.054294 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 1 2nd&3rd -613.95 -30.043 44.321 -32.897 47.597 0.268 0.054805 0.057977 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 2 2nd&3rd -509.79 -20.13 31.517 -60.634 66.598 0.222 0.04039 0.074359 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 3 2nd&3rd -411.14 -24.933 34.965 11.289 4.797 0.179 0.041818 0.018893 2.26E-05 0.149378 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 4 2nd&3rd -508.75 -27.395 36.965 -55.103 61.58 0.222 0.045645 0.06948 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 5 2nd&3rd -412.17 -17.668 29.518 5.758 9.814 0.18 0.036564 0.017485 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 6 2nd&3rd -497.23 -55.761 57.885 -28.18 38.891 0.217 0.065679 0.047287 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 7 2nd&3rd -423.69 10.697 8.597 -21.165 32.504 0.185 0.018563 0.039678 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 8 2nd&3rd -495.95 -64.779 64.648 -21.313 32.662 0.216 0.072329 0.041231 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 9 2nd&3rd -424.98 19.715 1.835 -28.032 38.733 0.185 0.02732 0.045735 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 1 3rd&4th -341.17 -37.669 48.652 -39.909 52.133 0.149 0.053716 0.057087 0.0408 269.2035 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 2 3rd&4th -278.95 -26.625 35.463 -58.59 54.846 0.122 0.03974 0.062134 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 3 3rd&4th -232.81 -29.879 37.515 -1.273 23.354 0.101 0.040834 0.027122 0.0792 522.5715 1620 20 5.15662 8

C 5-E 4 3rd&4th -278.48 -32.699 37.908 -54.235 52.183 0.121 0.042099 0.057908 0.0632 417.0015 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 5 3rd&4th -233.28 -23.805 35.071 -5.629 26.016 0.102 0.038476 0.029709 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 6 3rd&4th -273.59 -56.555 47.394 -32.701 40.815 0.119 0.06006 0.044819 0.0648 427.5585 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 7 3rd&4th -238.17 0.051 25.584 -27.162 37.384 0.104 0.029385 0.040811 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 8 3rd&4th -273 -64.095 50.429 -27.295 37.511 0.119 0.067349 0.041608 0.0648 427.5585 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 9 3rd&4th -238.76 7.592 22.549 -32.569 40.689 0.104 0.026458 0.044022 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 1 4th&roof -69.22 -7.79 38.532 -11.216 40.679 0.03 0.038651 0.04073 0.007664 50.5676 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 2 4th&roof -58.19 -4.738 27.773 -21.122 35.022 0.025 0.028019 0.035038 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 3 4th&roof -45.65 -6.948 30.024 4.298 25.996 0.02 0.029956 0.026056 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 4 4th&roof -58.05 -7.012 27.704 -19.31 34.32 0.025 0.02795 0.034356 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 5 4th&roof -45.78 -4.673 30.093 2.486 26.698 0.02 0.030025 0.026738 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 6 4th&roof -56.85 -18.027 30.334 -9.585 30.992 0.025 0.030473 0.03111 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 7 4th&roof -46.98 6.341 27.464 -7.239 30.026 0.02 0.027503 0.029984 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 8 4th&roof -56.68 -20.851 30.249 -7.335 30.121 0.025 0.030387 0.030263 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8
C 5-E 9 4th&roof -47.15 9.165 27.549 -9.489 30.897 0.021 0.027588 0.03083 0 0 1620 20 5.15662 8

Table 18 Column design

result
used
column 2
(mm ) No.
of
bar
C3-A 3769.911
12
3769.911
C3-B
12
3769.911
C3-C
12
C3-D 3769.911
12
3769.911
C3-E
12
C4-A 3769.9112880
12
C4-B 5026.548
16

C4-C 5026.548
16
C4-D 5026.548
16
C4-E 3769.911
12
C5-A 3769.911
12
5026.548
C5-B
16
C5-C 5026.548
16
C5-D 3769.9112880
12
C5-E 3769.9112880
12

8 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Foundation substructures are structural members used to support walls and columns to
transmit and distribute their loads to the ground. If these loads are to be properly
transmitted, the substructure must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation
and to minimize differential settlement. In addition, it should be designed in such a way
that the load bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded and adequate safety against
sliding and overturning is assured.
The purpose of foundations are:
To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring intensity
of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.
To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
Generally foundations may be broadly classified into two categories:
1. Shallow foundations
2. Deep foundations
1. Shallow foundations
Shallow foundations transmits the loads to the strata at a shallow depth, i.e. near to the
ground surface. There are different types of shallow foundations. These are:
a. Isolated (Spread) footing
b. Combined footing
c. wall footing
d. Cantilever (strap) footing
e. Mat (Raft) foundation
a. Isolated (spread) footing: These footings are used to carry individual columns.
These may be square, rectangular, or occasionally circular in plan.
They are one of most economical types of foundation, when columns are spaced at a
relatively long distance.

b. Combined footing: This type is used to support two or more column loads. The
combined footing becomes necessary in situations where a wall column has to be placed
a property line, column spacing, or other considerations limit the footing clearance on the
column location. The combined footings are more economical to construct in the case of
closely spaced columns.
c. wall footing: They are used to support partitions and structural masonry walls that
carry loads from floors and beams. This type of footing preferable for location which is
liable to earthquake.
d. Cantilever (strap) footing: They are basically the same as combined footings except
that they are isolated footings joined by a strap beam that transfers the effect of the
bending moment produced by the eccentric column load at the exterior column (possibly
located along the property line) to the adjacent interior column footing that lies at a
considerable distance from it.
e. Mat (Raft) foundation: This is a large continuous footing supporting all of the
columns and walls of a structure. A mat or a raft footing is used when the soil conditions
are poor so that isolated footing can't be used due to its high susceptible to differential
settlement and a pile foundation is not economical.
2. Deep foundations
This type of foundation becomes essential when the supporting soil consists of poor
layers of material to an extended depth such that an individual or mat foundation is not
feasible.
Selection of foundation type
The selection of foundation type is the role of geotechnical engineer. The criteria that
should be considered during the selection are:
Soil type
Bearing capacity of the soil
Susceptibility of the soil and the building to deflections
Variability of the soil type over the area and with increasing depth
The following steps are the minimum required for designing a foundation:
1. Locate the site and the position of load. A rough estimate of the foundation
load(s) is usually provided by the client or made in-house. Depending on the site

or load system complexity, a literature survey may be started to see how others have
approached similar problems.
2. Physically inspect the site for any geological or other evidence that may indicate a
potential design problem that will have to be taken into account when making the design
or giving a design recommendation. Supplement this inspection with any previously
obtained soil data.
3. Establish the field exploration program and, on the basis of discovery (or what is
found in the initial phase), set up the necessary supplemental field testing and any
laboratory test program.
4. Determine the necessary soil design parameters based on integration of test data,
scientific principles, and engineering judgment.
5. Design the foundation using the soil parameters from step 4. The foundation should
be economical and be able to be built by the available construction personnel.
Based on the above conditions stated, the types of foundations chosen for our building
are Isolated Footing and Combined Footing. The design is based on EBCS-7 1995, and
design axial loads and bending moments are obtained from 3D frame analysis using
ETABS v9.7.
8.1 Design philosophy
1. Load Resistance Factored Design (LRDF)
In Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method, load factors are applied to the
loads and resistance factors to the internal resistances or capacities of sections. The
value of a load factor depends on the accuracy with which a load can be determined and
the probability of its simultaneous occurrence with other loads in a combination for a
specific limit state. For any structural design including foundation we use LRDF method.
2. Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Members proportioned so that the stresses in the steel and concrete resulting from normal
service loads were within allowable stress (specified limits), were only fractions of the
failure stresses of the materials. Allowable stresses, in practice were set at about one-half
the concrete compressive strength and one-half the yield stress of the steel.
This method is adopted for footing proportioning, in order to avoid application of safety
factor for third time in analysis and design.
1st- Dead load and live load factored with 1.3 and 1.6 respectively.
2nd - Concrete and Steel cross sectional capacity factored by 1.5 and 1.15
respectively
3rd- Using Ultimate capacity (Allowable Stress * Safety factor) of the soil is the
governing capacity to avoid third time safety factor and be economical.
Footing Area = Unfactored load / Allowable Stress
= (Dead Load + Live Load)/ (Allowable Stress)
OR
Footing Area = Factored Load / (Allowable Stress * Safety factor)
= (1.3*Dead Load + 1.6*Live Load)/ (Allowable Stress*Factor of Safety).
Factor of Safety used to determine footing area is the average value Dead Load and Live
Load safety factor.
Factor of safety= (Factor of safety of Dead load + Factor of safety of Live load)/2
= (1.3+1.6)/2
= 1.45
As the dead load of the structure is the dominate one, for footing design we use a factor
of safety (FS) =1.4.
For all footing proportioning we use ASD method with a factor of safety ranges from 2.5
to 3.
Design combination for isolated and combined footing
For our project foundation design we use combination one which only take in
consideration factored dead load and live load. As the base shear force located at the
bottom of the ground floor, earthquake doesnt have any effect.
8.2 Design of Isolated Footing

An isolated footing is a footing that carries a single column. The function of an isolated
footing is to spread the column load laterally to the soil so that the stress intensity is
reduced to a value that the soil can safely carry.
The approximate contact pressure under a given symmetrical foundation can be obtained
from the flexural formula, provided that the considered load lies within the kern of the
footing.

= (1 )
Where = & =
The thickness of a given footing that determined by checking the thickness needed
for punching shear criteria and wide beam shear criteria. The greater of the two governs
the depth of the footing.
Design procedures
Step 1. Area proportioning and Load Calculation.

Step 2. Determination of eccentricity.
Step 3. Check depth for punching shear.
Step 4. Check for wide beam shear.
Step 5. Determination of Reinforcement Requirement.
Step 6. Determination of development length.
8.2.1.1 Sample calculation

1. Isolated footing Design
Design Load My-y P
p = 2132.71
Mx-x = -274.652 y
My-y = 2.155 x b MX-X
a a
Material and geometry property
Concrete - C25
S-400
Column dimension 450mmx450mm

. Area proportioning
Assume maximum allowable bearing capacity of the soil, to be 200KN/ m2 , d = 250mm
, and a/b = 1.0 .
all > max
all = 280 KN/m2
max = P/A (16ea/a 6eb/b) ..........................*
For square footing assuming a = b
ea & eb are eccentricity in the x & y direction respectively
ea = My-y/P = 2.155/2132.71=0.00101m
eb = Mx-x/P = 274..652/2132.71=0.1288m
max = 188.575KN/m2
Substituting these values in equation *, the dimensions of the footing is calculated as
fallows
280 = 2132.71/b (16*0.001010/b6 *0.1288/b)
b = 7.62 (1 6.06*10-3/b 0.773/b)
So by using excel sheet iteration the value of a will be
b = 3.675 = a, so use b = a = 3.7m
Stress distribution
maxA = P/A (1-(6ea/a)-(6eb/b)) My-y +ve & Mx-x -ve
= 2132.71/3.72 (1-(6*0.00101/3.7)-(6*0.1288/3.7))
= 122.997KN/m2
maxB = P/A (1-(6ea/a) +(6eb/b)) = 188.064KN/m2 My-y +ve & Mx-x +ve
maxC = P/A (1+(6ea/a) -(6eb/b)) = 123.51KN/m2 My-y -ve & Mx-x -ve
maxD = P/A (1+(6ea/a)+(6eb/b)) = 188.575KN/m2 My-y -ve & Mx-x +ve
2
avg = 155.786KN/m
Depth determination
1. Check for punching shear
Allowable punching Vp is given by
VRD =0.25fctd*k 1 *K 2
Where fctd = 0.21*fck0.66/cm
k1= (1+50) 2, = As/bd

hence use min = 0.5/fck at initial stage b/c As is to be determined at last.

fctd = 1.0315Mpa
min = 0.00125
K1 = 1.0625
K2=1.6d1.0
Vp = 0.25* 1.0315 *1.0625*(1.6-d)
= 0.274(1.6-d)
= 0.44-0.274d..............*
punching stress (vp) = (p- avg * AP *d)/ (u*d)
U - Perimeter of the critical section
U = (2(a' + 3d) + 2(b' + 3d)), a & b' are column dimensions. a' = b' = 0.45m
= 4(0.45 +3d)
= 1.8+12d
Ap = (a' + 3d)*(b' +3d)
= (0.45+3d)2
= 9d2 + 2.7d +0.2025
Vs = (2131.71-155.786 * (9d2+2.7d+0.2025)*d)/ (d (1.8 +12d))
= (2100.2 +1402.07d2 +420.62d)/ (12d2 + 1.8d) ...........**
Equating eqn'(*) and eqn (**)
Vp = Vs
0.44-0.274d = (2100.2 +1402.07d2 +420.62d)/ (12d2 + 1.8d)
3.29d3 + 5.77d2 + 0.79d = 2100.2 +1402.07d2+420.62d
d = (3.29d3 - 1396.3d2 - 2100.2)/ (419.83)
Therefore, calculated the value of 'd ' by iteration using Excel sheet so that
Vs Vp to be safe against punching shear. Obtained as:
d = 650mm, Vs = 248.3089KN/m2 < Vp = 273.999KN/m2 OK.

Check for wide beam shear
x=((a or b)/2+(a' or b')/2)+d Where a and b= 3.7

a and b=0.45
x1-1 2.725 d=0.65
x2-2 2.725
x3-3 2.725
x4-4 2.725
Line equations for critical maximum stress given by: Y=mX+b

Example line 1-1, using the Maximum stresses at A, B, C and D for each lines
= 122.997+ (((188.064-122.997)/ (3.7))*2.725) = 170.9181063
The respective results are given below
Line 1-1 170.9181063 and 171.4286387
Line 2-2 188.4400636 123.3733548
Line 3-3 123.3733548 123.3733548
Line 4-4 170.9181063 171.4286387

Using critical line which are line 2-2 and line 1-1 we use the stresses from both;
At x2-2: =188.4400636 and =123.3733548 from the above line equation
results
maxD=188.5745958 and maxC=123.507887 are the distributed stresses
Average of all four stresses is avg=155.9739753
At x1-1: =170.9181063 and =171.4286387

maxD=188.5745958 maxB=188.0640633
Average of all four stresses is avg=179.746351
Wide beam shear stress
Using (Vws) =avg*(a-x2-2)*b/ (b*d) we compute Vws for the above two average
stresses
Along line 2-2
Vws=155.974*(3.7-2.725)/0.65
Vws=233.9609629
d=0.65 is ok
Along line 1-1
Vws=179.746*(3.7-2.725)/0.65
Vws=269.6195266
d=0.65 is ok
The depth satisfies the requirements at both critical lines along line 1-1 and 2-2.
Maximum moment effect at the face of column
Along x-x
Location of critical section from the origin=a/2+a'/2 where a=3.7 and a=0.45 will be at
2.075
At x5-5: the stresses are =188.3503754 and =123.2836667
The average of these two stresses will be avg=155.8170211
The maximum stresses at D and C respectively maxD=188.5745958 and
maxC=123.507887
The average of these two maximum stresses will be avg=156.0412414

Average of both averages becomes AVG=155.9291312

Mmax= avg *(a-2.075)2 where a=3.7
Mmax1= 155.929*(3.7-2.075)2=411.7503621KNm/m and
Mmax2= ((155.817*((3.7-2.075)2))+(0.5*(156.041-155.817)*(2/3)*(3.7-2.075)))
Mmax2=411.5757739KNm/m
And the maximum moments are Mmax1=411.7503621KNm/m and
Mmax2=411.5757739KNm/m along x-x
Along y-y
Location of critical section from the origin=b/2+b'/2 where b=3.7 and b=0.45 will be at
2.075
At x6-6 the stresses are =159.4874683 and =159.9980007
The average of these will be avg=159.7427345
Maximum stress at D is maxD= avg =188.5745958
From above, Average of both averages is AVG=155.9291312
Mmax= avg *(b-2.075)2 where b=3.7
Mmax=411.7503621KNm/m and Mmax=437.4379164KNm/m
8.5. Reinforcement calculation
If sd,s <0.295 then its SRS. But if sd,s >0.295 its DRS.
We look up the value of Kz from a chart for the respective value of sd,s.
As=Msd/ (fyd*Z) where Z=Kz/d

Along x-x
sd,s=Msd/(fcd*b*(d^2))
b 1 M
sd,s 0.086
SRS
Kz 0.946
As 1924.346 mm2/m
spacing 163.2551 Mm
use s 160 Mm
Along y-y
sd,s=Msd/(fcd*b*(d^2))
b 1 M
sd,s 0.091
SRS
Kz 0.944
As 2049.599 mm2/m
spacing 153.2784 mm
use s 150 mm

Table 19 Footing 4C,5D & 5E design result
s(mm) x- s(mm) x- s
Column Load P M2 M3 a b D As x-x As y-y diameter As x s used x used
C9 COMB1 -2246.26 -1.743 1.803 2.9 2.9 0.65 1873.218 1874.024 20 314.1593 167.71 160 167.638 160
C11 COMB1 -1269.02 2.813 2.063 2.2 2.2 0.45 1360.219 1363.622 20 314.1593 230.962 230 230.385 230
C14 COMB1 -3177.16 0.191 -3.865 3.4 3.4 0.8 2270.75 2270.33 20 314.1593 138.35 130 138.376 130
C9 COMB2 -1687.21 -6.529 106.64 2.7 2.7 0.55 1716.217 1695.266 20 314.1593 183.053 180 185.315 180
C11 COMB2 -1104.59 -8.35 94.511 2.3 2.3 0.45 1337.356 1315.204 20 314.1593 234.91 230 238.867 230
C14 COMB2 -2383.18 0.133 250.699 3.2 3.2 0.75 1895.687 2167.192 20 314.1593 165.723 160 144.961 140
C9 COMB3 -1682.17 3.916 -103.935 2.7 2.7 0.55 1708.982 1686.4 20 314.1593 183.828 180 186.289 180
C11 COMB3 -798.95 12.57 -91.417 2.1 2.1 0.35 1267.546 1248.275 20 314.1593 247.848 240 251.674 250
C14 COMB3 -2382.57 0.153 -256.497 3.2 3.2 0.75 1898.056 2168.961 20 314.1593 165.516 160 144.843 140
C9 COMB4 -1696.32 3.884 90.507 2.7 2.7 0.55 1710.721 1691.475 20 314.1593 183.641 180 185.73 180
C11 COMB4 -1101.03 12.535 80.187 2.3 2.3 0.45 1313.65 1301.021 20 314.1593 239.149 230 241.471 240
C14 COMB4 -2382.94 0.128 255.095 3.2 3.2 0.75 1897.649 2168.715 20 314.1593 165.551 160 144.859 140
C9 COMB5 -1673.07 -6.498 -87.803 2.7 2.7 0.55 1685.98 1667.955 20 314.1593 186.336 180 188.349 180
C11 COMB5 -802.51 -8.316 -77.092 2 2 0.35 1223.757 1201.82 20 314.1593 256.716 250 261.402 260
C14 COMB5 -2382.81 0.158 -260.894 3.3 3.3 0.75 1911.611 2185.798 20 314.1593 164.342 160 143.727 140
C9 COMB6 -1793.65 89.655 11.492 3 3 0.55 1806.368 1874.694 20 314.1593 173.917 170 167.578 160
C11 COMB6 -1059.66 85.573 10.552 2.4 2.4 0.4 1352.71 1478.933 20 314.1593 232.244 230 212.422 210
C14 COMB6 -2492.7 294.04 -5.66 4 4 0.7 2135.342 2247.189 20 314.1593 147.123 140 139.8 130
C9 COMB7 -1575.74 -92.269 -8.787 2.8 2.8 0.55 1537.361 1615.231 20 314.1593 204.349 200 194.498 190
C11 COMB7 -843.88 -81.354 -7.457 2.2 2.2 0.35 1179.538 1340.037 20 314.1593 266.34 260 234.44 230
C14 COMB7 -2273.04 -293.754 -0.138 3.8 3.8 0.7 2071.546 2030.289 20 314.1593 151.654 150 154.736 150
C9 COMB8 -1804.95 102.583 -8.535 3 3 0.55 1815.488 1894.158 20 314.1593 173.043 170 165.856 160
C11 COMB8 -1055.24 111.5 -7.231 2.5 2.5 0.45 1202.975 1340.094 20 314.1593 261.151 260 234.43 230
C14 COMB8 -2492.41 294.033 -0.202 3.9 3.9 0.7 2119.298 2234.13 20 314.1593 148.237 140 140.618 140
C9 COMB9 -1564.44 -105.197 11.24 2.9 2.9 0.55 1549.669 1631.348 20 314.1593 202.726 200 192.576 190

C11 COMB9 -848.3 -107.281 10.326 2.4 2.4 0.4 1075.36 1233.861 20 314.1593 292.143 290 254.614 250
C14 COMB9 -2273.34 -293.747 -5.596 3.8 3.8 0.7 2074.127 2031.984 20 314.1593 151.465 150 154.607 150
Table 20 Isolated footing design result
s(mm) s(mm) s
Column Load P M2 M3 a b d As x-x As y-y diametr as x-x s used x-x used
C1 COMB7 -1023.58 -115.772 6.34 2.5 2.5 0.4 1322.976 1487.859 20 314.1593 237.464 230 211.148 210
C2 COMB6 -1198.47 126.028 -2.109 2.7 2.7 0.45 1410.457 1554.139 20 314.1593 222.735 220 202.143 200
C3 COMB6 -1119.96 111.88 7.229 2.6 2.6 0.45 1299.923 1431.559 20 314.1593 241.675 240 219.452 210
C4 COMB7 -1652.65 -108.793 8.537 2.9 2.9 0.55 1636.156 1723.288 20 314.1593 192.01 190 182.302 180
C5 COMB6 -1951.06 105.707 15.319 3.1 3.1 0.6 1817.208 1884.487 20 314.1593 172.88 170 166.708 160
C6 COMB7 -1706.64 -100.847 8.735 2.9 2.9 0.55 1693.123 1774.247 20 314.1593 185.55 180 177.066 170
C7 COMB1 -2821.79 -2.397 -8.114 3.2 3.2 0.7 2275.807 2275.764 20 314.1593 138.043 130 138.045 130
C8 COMB9 -1647.22 -108.82 -8.358 2.9 2.9 0.55 1630.662 1717.844 20 314.1593 192.657 190 182.879 180
C9 COMB8 -1804.95 102.583 -8.535 3 3 0.55 1815.488 1894.158 20 314.1593 173.043 170 165.856 160
C10 COMB9 -1022.87 -115.541 -6.264 2.5 2.5 0.4 1320.556 1486.547 20 314.1593 237.899 230 211.334 210
C11 COMB8 -1055.24 111.5 -7.231 2.5 2.5 0.45 1202.975 1340.094 20 314.1593 261.151 260 234.43 230
C12 COMB8 -1152.65 125.379 2.023 2.7 2.7 0.45 1353.659 1496.056 20 314.1593 232.081 230 209.991 200
C13 COMB6 -2246.85 310.942 -0.429 3.9 3.9 0.7 2061.923 2022.719 20 314.1593 152.362 150 155.315 150
C14 COMB6 -2492.7 294.04 -5.66 4 4 0.7 2135.342 2247.189 20 314.1593 147.123 140 139.8 130
C15 COMB8 -2144.91 313.79 3.312 3.8 3.8 0.65 1949.916 2090.569 20 314.1593 161.114 160 150.274 150

9 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
9.1 Slab Detailing

Section A-A
Section B-B
Section C-C
Section D-D

Section E-E
Section 1-1
Section 2-2
Section 4-4

Section 5-5

9.2 Typical Beam Detailing

Beam on Axis A and B
Beam on Axis C and D
Beam on Axis E

Beam 3 (typical beam)

9.3 Ground Beam

Beam on Axis A, B, C, D, E
Beam on Axis 3, 4, 5

9.4 Roof Beam

On Axis A, B, C, D, E
On Axis 3, 4, 5

9.5 Foundation Detailing
0.45
0.45






9.6 Column Detailing


10 CONCLUSION
So far we took different courses concerning structural design of a building such as:
theory of structures, reinforced concrete and others which enabled us to accomplish this
project. This project helped us compile our knowledge in structural design which will in
turn enhance our capacity to perform well in the jobs we will be engaged.
While designing every element of this building such as: slabs, beams, columns and
footings the use of software played a great role. We used ETABS analysis results for
design by first assigning every expected load on the structural members and considering
possible load combinations. When we use software we have to make sure that we
inserted correct data so that we wont get false output which may lead to failure of the
structure if we used it for design.
This report doesnt include roof design mainly due to the reason that we havent learned
Steel and timber structures by the time we begun project and also time limit.
Four of the five floors in this building are typical(the same ) so design of slabs and
beams is done accordingly for one floor. Design of this building is according to the
specification and limits of EBCS 1995.
The foundation footing was made square footing because both axes have similar
Probability of experiencing the biaxial moment. Besides square footings are simpler for
Supervision in construction.

11 RECOMMENDATION
It has been quite bulky to prepare a precise reinforcement detail. However, since it
is essential to achieve proper performance of a structure under the situation it is designed
for, the detailing has to be done seriously. Detailing is used as a guide to put the paper
work in to practical, hence strict supervision is necessary at site during construction.
For engineers in addition to designing safe structure, economy should be considered. So
instead of designing for the maximum all the time, critical conditions are selected. For
example, critical conditions for flexure are maximum negative moments at support and
maximum positive at span, for this the design will be safe and number of reinforcement
bars to be used is reduced.
While designing a structural element it is better to make it non sway because design
faults may occur and workmanship may not meet design requirements. In our case we
recommend using low ductility class for design, because high ductility class requires
advanced level of understanding and also results a complicated detailing.
.

12 APPENDICES
12.1 Determination of total building weight and Center mass
Table 21 Typical Floor Weight and Center Mass
Distance in Distance
Nota the in the
Tion x-axis, Xi Load Wi Wi*Xi y-axis, Yi Wi*Yi
P1 2.25 201.357 453.05325 9.75 1963.23075
P2 11.25 192.582 2166.5475 9.75 1877.6745
P3 15.75 201.357 3171.37275 9.75 1963.23075
P4 2.25 192.582 433.3095 4.25 818.4735
P5 6.75 192.582 1299.9285 4.25 818.4735
P6 11.25 192.582 2166.5475 4.25 818.4735
P7 15.75 192.582 3033.1665 4.25 818.4735
C1 2.25 44.442 99.9945 13.75 611.0775
C2 11.25 44.442 499.9725 13.75 611.0775
C3 15.75 44.442 699.9615 13.75 611.0775
C4 2.25 46.97325 105.689813 1.25 58.7165625
C5 6.75 62.631 422.75925 1 62.631
C6 11.25 62.631 704.59875 1 62.631
C7 15.75 46.97325 739.828688 1.25 58.7165625
C8 8.1 100.3158 812.55798 9.75 978.07905
W1 2.25 27.45 61.7625 14.5 398.025
W2 5.85 16.47 96.3495 14.5 238.815
W3 11.25 27.45 308.8125 14.5 398.025
W4 15.75 27.45 432.3375 14.5 398.025
W5 0 9.15 0 13.75 125.8125
W6 4.5 9.15 41.175 13.75 125.8125
W7 7.2 9.15 65.88 13.75 125.8125
W8 9 9.15 82.35 13.75 125.8125

W9 13.5 9.15 123.525 13.75 125.8125

W10 18 9.15 164.7 13.75 125.8125
W11 0.75 18.3 13.725 13 237.9
W12 8.1 10.98 88.938 13 142.74
W13 9.75 18.3 178.425 13 237.9
W14 17.25 18.3 315.675 13 237.9
W15 0 39.65 0 9.75 386.5875
W16 4.5 39.65 178.425 9.75 386.5875
W17 9 39.65 356.85 9.75 386.5875
W18 13.5 39.65 535.275 9.75 386.5875
W19 18 39.65 713.7 9.75 386.5875
W20 2.25 27.45 61.7625 6.5 178.425
W21 6.75 27.45 185.2875 6.5 178.425
W22 11.25 27.45 308.8125 6.5 178.425
W23 15.75 27.45 432.3375 6.5 178.425
W24 0 27.45 0 4.25 116.6625
W25 4.5 27.45 123.525 4.25 116.6625
W26 9 27.45 247.05 4.25 116.6625
W27 13.5 27.45 370.575 4.25 116.6625
W28 18 27.45 494.1 4.25 116.6625
W29 0.75 18.3 13.725 2 36.6
W30 8.25 18.3 150.975 2 36.6
W31 9.75 18.3 178.425 2 36.6
W32 17.25 18.3 315.675 2 36.6
W33 0 9.15 0 1.25 11.4375
W34 4.5 10.37 46.665 1 10.37
W35 9 12.2 109.8 1 12.2
W36 13.5 10.37 139.995 1 10.37
W37 18 9.15 164.7 1.25 11.4375
W38 2.25 27.45 61.7625 0.5 13.725

W39 6.75 27.45 185.2875 0 0

W40 11.25 27.45 308.8125 0 0
W41 15.75 27.45 432.3375 0.5 13.725
B1 0 6.5625 0 13.75 90.234375
B2 4.5 6.5625 29.53125 13.75 90.234375
B3 9 6.5625 59.0625 13.75 90.234375
B4 13.5 6.5625 88.59375 13.75 90.234375
B5 18 6.5625 118.125 13.75 90.234375
B6 2.25 19.6875 44.296875 13 255.9375
B7 6.75 19.6875 132.890625 13 255.9375
B8 11.25 19.6875 221.484375 13 255.9375
B9 15.75 19.6875 310.078125 13 255.9375
B10 0 28.4375 0 9.75 277.265625
B11 4.5 28.4375 127.96875 9.75 277.265625
B12 9 28.4375 255.9375 9.75 277.265625
B13 13.5 28.4375 383.90625 9.75 277.265625
B14 18 28.4375 511.875 9.75 277.265625
B15 2.25 19.6875 44.296875 6.5 127.96875
B16 6.75 19.6875 132.890625 6.5 127.96875
B17 11.25 19.6875 221.484375 6.5 127.96875
B18 15.75 19.6875 310.078125 6.5 127.96875
B19 0 19.6875 0 4.25 83.671875
B20 4.5 19.6875 88.59375 4.25 83.671875
B21 9 19.6875 177.1875 4.25 83.671875
B22 13.5 19.6875 265.78125 4.25 83.671875
B23 18 19.6875 354.375 4.25 83.671875
B24 2.25 19.6875 44.296875 2 39.375
B25 6.5 19.6875 127.96875 2 39.375
B26 11.25 19.6875 221.484375 2 39.375
B27 15.75 19.6875 310.078125 2 39.375

B28 0 8.75 0 1.25 10.9375

B29 4.5 8.75 39.375 1 8.75
B30 9 8.75 78.75 1 8.75
B31 13.5 8.75 118.125 1 8.75
B32 18 6.5625 118.125 1.25 8.203125
B33 7.65 0 13 0
Cl1 0 15.44063 0 13 200.728125
Cl2 4.5 15.44063 69.4828125 13 200.728125
Cl3 9 15.44063 138.965625 13 200.728125
Cl4 13.5 15.44063 208.448438 13 200.728125
Cl5 18 15.44063 277.93125 13 200.728125
Cl6 0 15.44063 0 6.5 100.3640625
Cl7 4.5 27.45 123.525 6.5 178.425
Cl8 9 27.45 247.05 6.5 178.425
Cl9 13.5 27.45 370.575 6.5 178.425
Cl10 18 15.44063 277.93125 6.5 100.3640625
Cl11 0 15.44063 0 2 30.88125
Cl12 4.5 15.44063 69.4828125 2 30.88125
Cl13 9 15.44063 138.965625 2 30.88125
Cl14 13.5 15.44063 208.448438 2 30.88125
Cl15 18 15.44063 277.93125 2 30.88125
stair 2 5.85 124.149 726.27165 9.75 1210.45275
landing 5.85 28.65 167.6025 13.75 393.9375
Sum 3689.301 33138.0558 26128.67193
Center of
mass X=8.98220491 Y=7.082282888

Table 22 Ground Floor Weight and Center Mass

Distance in Distance in
Nota the x-axis, the
Tion Xi Load Wi Wi*Xi y-axis, Yi Wi*Yi
P1 2.25 201.357 453.05325 9.75 1963.23075
P2 11.25 192.582 2166.5475 9.75 1877.6745
P3 15.75 201.357 3171.37275 9.75 1963.23075
P4 2.25 192.582 433.3095 4.25 818.4735
P5 6.75 192.582 1299.9285 4.25 818.4735
P6 11.25 192.582 2166.5475 4.25 818.4735
P7 15.75 192.582 3033.1665 4.25 818.4735
C1 2.25 0 13.75 0
C2 11.25 0 13.75 0
C3 15.75 0 13.75 0
C4 2.25 0 1.25 0
C5 6.75 0 1 0
C6 11.25 0 1 0
C7 15.75 0 1.25 0
C8 8.1 100.3158 812.55798 9.75 978.07905
W1 2.25 13.725 30.88125 14.5 199.0125
W2 5.85 8.235 48.17475 14.5 119.4075
W3 11.25 13.725 154.40625 14.5 199.0125
W4 15.75 13.725 216.16875 14.5 199.0125
W5 0 4.575 0 13.75 62.90625
W6 4.5 4.575 20.5875 13.75 62.90625
W7 7.2 4.575 32.94 13.75 62.90625
W8 9 4.575 41.175 13.75 62.90625
W9 13.5 4.575 61.7625 13.75 62.90625
W10 18 4.575 82.35 13.75 62.90625

W11 0.75 9.15 6.8625 13 118.95

W12 8.1 5.49 44.469 13 71.37
W13 9.75 9.15 89.2125 13 118.95
W14 17.25 9.15 157.8375 13 118.95
W15 0 19.825 0 9.75 193.29375
W16 4.5 19.825 89.2125 9.75 193.29375
W17 9 19.825 178.425 9.75 193.29375
W18 13.5 19.825 267.6375 9.75 193.29375
W19 18 19.825 356.85 9.75 193.29375
W20 2.25 13.725 30.88125 6.5 89.2125
W21 6.75 13.725 92.64375 6.5 89.2125
W22 11.25 13.725 154.40625 6.5 89.2125
W23 15.75 13.725 216.16875 6.5 89.2125
W24 0 13.725 0 4.25 58.33125
W25 4.5 13.725 61.7625 4.25 58.33125
W26 9 13.725 123.525 4.25 58.33125
W27 13.5 13.725 185.2875 4.25 58.33125
W28 18 13.725 247.05 4.25 58.33125
W29 0.75 4.575 3.43125 2 9.15
W30 8.25 4.575 37.74375 2 9.15
W31 9.75 4.575 44.60625 2 9.15
W32 17.25 4.575 78.91875 2 9.15
W33 0 4.575 0 1.25 5.71875
W34 4.5 5.185 23.3325 1 5.185
W35 9 6.1 54.9 1 6.1
W36 13.5 5.185 69.9975 1 5.185
W37 18 4.575 82.35 1.25 5.71875
W38 2.25 13.725 30.88125 0.5 6.8625
W39 6.75 13.725 92.64375 0 0
W40 11.25 13.725 154.40625 0 0

W41 15.75 13.725 216.16875 0.5 6.8625

B1 0 6.1875 0 13.75 85.078125
B2 4.5 6.1875 27.84375 13.75 85.078125
B3 9 6.1875 55.6875 13.75 85.078125
B4 13.5 6.1875 83.53125 13.75 85.078125
B5 18 6.1875 111.375 13.75 85.078125
B6 2.25 18.5625 41.765625 13 241.3125
B7 6.75 18.5625 125.296875 13 241.3125
B8 11.25 18.5625 208.828125 13 241.3125
B9 15.75 18.5625 292.359375 13 241.3125
B10 0 26.8125 0 9.75 261.421875
B11 4.5 26.8125 120.65625 9.75 261.421875
B12 9 26.8125 241.3125 9.75 261.421875
B13 13.5 26.8125 361.96875 9.75 261.421875
B14 18 26.8125 482.625 9.75 261.421875
B15 2.25 18.5625 41.765625 6.5 120.65625
B16 6.75 18.5625 125.296875 6.5 120.65625
B17 11.25 18.5625 208.828125 6.5 120.65625
B18 15.75 18.5625 292.359375 6.5 120.65625
B19 0 18.5625 0 4.25 78.890625
B20 4.5 18.5625 83.53125 4.25 78.890625
B21 9 18.5625 167.0625 4.25 78.890625
B22 13.5 18.5625 250.59375 4.25 78.890625
B23 18 18.5625 334.125 4.25 78.890625
B24 2.25 18.5625 41.765625 2 37.125
B25 6.75 18.5625 125.296875 2 37.125
B26 11.25 18.5625 208.828125 2 37.125
B27 15.75 18.5625 292.359375 2 37.125
B28 0 6.1875 0 1.25 7.734375
B29 4.5 8.25 37.125 1 8.25

B30 9 8.25 74.25 1 8.25

B31 13.5 8.25 111.375 1 8.25
B32 18 6.1875 111.375 1.25 7.734375
Cl1 0 7.720313 0 13 100.3640625
Cl2 4.5 7.720313 34.7414063 13 100.3640625
Cl3 9 7.720313 69.4828125 13 100.3640625
Cl4 13.5 7.720313 104.224219 13 100.3640625
Cl5 18 7.720313 138.965625 13 100.3640625
Cl6 0 7.720313 0 6.5 50.18203125
Cl7 4.5 13.725 61.7625 6.5 89.2125
Cl8 9 13.725 123.525 6.5 89.2125
Cl9 13.5 13.725 185.2875 6.5 89.2125
Cl10 18 7.720313 138.965625 6.5 50.18203125
Cl11 0 7.720313 0 2 15.440625
Cl12 4.5 7.720313 34.7414063 2 15.440625
Cl13 9 7.720313 69.4828125 2 15.440625
Cl14 13.5 7.720313 104.224219 2 15.440625
Cl15 18 7.720313 138.965625 2 15.440625
FCl 1 0 4.594 0 13 59.722
FCl 2 4.5 4.594 20.673 13 59.722
FCl 3 9 4.594 41.346 13 59.722
FCl 4 13.5 4.594 62.019 13 59.722
FCl 5 18 4.594 82.692 13 59.722
FCl 6 0 4.594 0 6.5 29.861
FCl 7 4.5 7.594 34.173 6.5 49.361
FCl 8 9 7.594 68.346 6.5 49.361
FCl 9 13.5 7.594 102.519 6.5 49.361
FCl 10 18 4.594 82.692 6.5 29.861
FCl 11 0 4.594 0 2 9.188
FCl 12 4.5 4.594 20.673 2 9.188

FCl 13 9 4.594 41.346 2 9.188

FCl 14 13.5 4.594 62.019 2 9.188
FCl 15 18 4.594 82.692 2 9.188
Stair 5.85 8.074 47.2329 9.75 78.7215
2634.7 X=24028.5201 Y=18613.06743
Center of
mass 9.12002113 7.064586887
Table 23 Roof Weight
Distance Distance
Nota in the x- in the
Tion axis, Xi Load Wi Wi*Xi y-axis, Yi Wi*Yi
B1 0 4.21875 0 13.75 58.0078125
B2 4.5 4.21875 18.984375 13.75 58.0078125
B3 9 4.21875 37.96875 13.75 58.0078125
B4 13.5 4.21875 56.953125 13.75 58.0078125
B5 18 4.21875 75.9375 13.75 58.0078125
B6 2.25 12.65625 28.4765625 13 164.53125
B7 6.75 12.65625 85.4296875 13 164.53125
B8 11.25 12.65625 142.3828125 13 164.53125
B9 15.75 12.65625 199.3359375 13 164.53125
B10 0 18.28125 0 9.75 178.2421875
B11 4.5 18.28125 82.265625 9.75 178.2421875
B12 9 18.28125 164.53125 9.75 178.2421875
B13 13.5 18.28125 246.796875 9.75 178.2421875
B14 18 18.28125 329.0625 9.75 178.2421875
B15 2.25 12.65625 28.4765625 6.5 82.265625
B16 6.75 12.65625 85.4296875 6.5 82.265625

B17 11.25 12.65625 142.3828125 6.5 82.265625

B18 15.75 12.65625 199.3359375 6.5 82.265625
B19 0 12.65625 0 4.25 53.7890625
B20 4.5 12.65625 56.953125 4.25 53.7890625
B21 9 12.65625 113.90625 4.25 53.7890625
B22 13.5 12.65625 170.859375 4.25 53.7890625
B23 18 12.65625 227.8125 4.25 53.7890625
B24 2.25 12.65625 28.4765625 2 25.3125
B25 6.75 12.65625 85.4296875 2 25.3125
B26 11.25 12.65625 142.3828125 2 25.3125
B27 15.75 12.65625 199.3359375 2 25.3125
B28 0 4.21875 0 1.25 5.2734375
B29 4.5 5.625 25.3125 1 5.625
B30 9 5.625 50.625 1 5.625
B31 13.5 5.625 75.9375 1 5.625
B32 18 4.21875 75.9375 1.25 5.2734375
Rl 1 0 3 0 13.75 41.25
Rl 2 4.5 3 13.5 13.75 41.25
Rl 3 9 3 27 13.75 41.25
Rl 4 13.5 3 40.5 13.75 41.25
Rl 5 18 3 54 13.75 41.25
Rl 6 2.25 9 20.25 13 117
Rl 7 6.75 9 60.75 13 117
Rl 8 11.25 9 101.25 13 117
Rl 9 15.75 9 141.75 13 117
Rl 10 0 13 0 9.75 126.75
Rl 11 4.5 13 58.5 9.75 126.75
Rl 12 9 13 117 9.75 126.75
Rl 13 13.5 13 175.5 9.75 126.75
Rl 14 18 13 234 9.75 126.75

Rl 15 2.25 9 20.25 6.5 58.5

Rl 16 6.75 9 60.75 6.5 58.5
Rl 17 11.25 9 101.25 6.5 58.5
Rl 18 15.75 9 141.75 6.5 58.5
Rl 19 0 9 0 4.25 38.25
Rl 20 4.5 9 40.5 4.25 38.25
Rl 21 9 9 81 4.25 38.25
Rl 22 13.5 9 121.5 4.25 38.25
Rl 23 18 9 162 4.25 38.25
Rl 24 2.25 9 20.25 2 18
Rl 25 6.5 9 58.5 2 18
Rl 26 11.25 9 101.25 2 18
Rl 27 15.75 9 141.75 2 18
Rl 28 0 3 0 1.25 3.75
Rl 29 4.5 4 18 1 4
Rl 30 9 4 36 1 4
Rl 31 13.5 4 54 1 4
Rl 32 18 3 54 1.25 3.75
Cl 1 0 7.7203125 0 13 100.3640625
Cl 2 4.5 7.7203125 34.74140625 13 100.3640625
Cl 3 9 7.7203125 69.4828125 13 100.3640625
Cl 4 13.5 7.7203125 104.2242188 13 100.3640625
Cl 5 18 7.7203125 138.965625 13 100.3640625
Cl 6 0 7.7203125 0 6.5 50.18203125
Cl 7 4.5 13.725 61.7625 6.5 89.2125
Cl 8 9 13.725 123.525 6.5 89.2125
Cl 9 13.5 13.725 185.2875 6.5 89.2125
Cl 10 18 7.7203125 138.965625 6.5 50.18203125
Cl 11 0 7.7203125 0 2 15.440625
Cl 12 4.5 7.7203125 34.74140625 2 15.440625

Cl 13 9 7.7203125 69.4828125 2 15.440625

Cl 14 13.5 7.7203125 104.2242188 2 15.440625
Cl 15 18 7.7203125 138.965625 2 15.440625
W1 2.25 13.725 30.88125 14.5 199.0125
W2 5.85 8.235 48.17475 14.5 119.4075
W3 11.25 13.725 154.40625 14.5 199.0125
W4 15.75 13.725 216.16875 14.5 199.0125
W5 0 4.575 0 13.75 62.90625
W6 4.5 4.575 20.5875 13.75 62.90625
W7 7.2 4.575 32.94 13.75 62.90625
W8 9 4.575 41.175 13.75 62.90625
W9 13.5 4.575 61.7625 13.75 62.90625
W10 18 4.575 82.35 13.75 62.90625
W11 0.75 9.15 6.8625 13 118.95
W12 8.1 5.49 44.469 13 71.37
W13 9.75 9.15 89.2125 13 118.95
W14 17.25 9.15 157.8375 13 118.95
W15 0 19.825 0 9.75 193.29375
W16 4.5 19.825 89.2125 9.75 193.29375
W17 9 19.825 178.425 9.75 193.29375
W18 13.5 19.825 267.6375 9.75 193.29375
W19 18 19.825 356.85 9.75 193.29375
W20 2.25 13.725 30.88125 6.5 89.2125
W21 6.75 13.725 92.64375 6.5 89.2125
W22 11.25 13.725 154.40625 6.5 89.2125
W23 15.75 13.725 216.16875 6.5 89.2125
W24 0 13.725 0 4.25 58.33125
W25 4.5 13.725 61.7625 4.25 58.33125
W26 9 13.725 123.525 4.25 58.33125
W27 13.5 13.725 185.2875 4.25 58.33125

W28 18 13.725 247.05 4.25 58.33125

W29 0.75 9.15 6.8625 2 18.3
W30 8.25 9.15 75.4875 2 18.3
W31 9.75 9.15 89.2125 2 18.3
W32 17.25 9.15 157.8375 2 18.3
W33 0 4.575 0 1.25 5.71875
W34 4.5 5.185 23.3325 1 5.185
W35 9 6.1 54.9 1 6.1
W36 13.5 5.185 69.9975 1 5.185
W37 18 4.575 82.35 1.25 5.71875
W38 2.25 13.725 30.88125 0.5 6.8625
W39 6.75 13.725 92.64375 0 0
W40 11.25 13.725 154.40625 0 0
W41 15.75 13.725 216.16875 0.5 6.8625
Sum 1187.3575 10682.595 8589.739687
Center
of mass X=8.996949108 Y=7.23433312

13 REFFERANCE
1. Design of concrete structures, 14th edition, H.Nilson, David Darwin, and Charles
W.D
2. Ethiopian building code standards(EBCS 1995)
2.1 EBCS-1
2.3 EBCS-2
2.2 EBCS-7
2.3 EBCS-8
3. Reinforced concrete design materials
4. Structural analysis and design books
5. Software used
Auto CAD 2007
SAP 2000 14
ETABS V9.6
MS-EXEL
MS-Word
Sketch-up pro
Paint
6. Previous Sample papers

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF A G+4 HOTEL AT ADDIS

Advisor Signature Date

Internal Examiner Signature Date

External Examiner Signature Date

Chair person Signature Date

1.2 Limit States.......................................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Overview of The Project ..................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Design Consideration .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Material Properties ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

2 SLAB ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..........................................................................................................................7

2.2 Depth Determination .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Load Calculations ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Analysis .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

2.5 Design ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14

2.6 Load Transfer to Beams ................................................................................................................................................... 17

3 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE ................................................................................................................................... 20

3.1 Depth Determination ........................................................................................................................................................ 20

3.2 Loading .............................................................................................................................................................................. 20

3.3 Design Moment Calculation ............................................................................................................................................. 21

3.4 Reinforcement Calculation ............................................................................................................................................... 22

4 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................. 23

4.1 Earthquake Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 23

4.2 Base Shear Calculation ..................................................................................................................................................... 26

4.3 Story Shear Calculation.................................................................................................................................................... 27

5 FRAME ANALYSIS AND MODELING ............................................................................................................. 30

5.1 Modeling for 3D Frame Analysis Using ETABS 2013 ................................................................................................... 30

5.2 Load Combinations ........................................................................................................................................................... 33

5.3 Drift Analysis..................................................................................................................................................................... 34

6 BEAM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 38

6.2 Flexure Theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 38

6.2.1 Design of Beam for Flexure ............................................................................................................................................................ 39

6.3 Shear .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48

6.3.1 Design for Shear .............................................................................................................................................................................. 50

6.3.2 Minimum Shear Rebar ................................................................................................................................................................... 54

6.4 Bond and Development Length ........................................................................................................................................ 57

6.5 Serviceability ..................................................................................................................................................................... 59

6.5.1 Check for Crack .............................................................................................................................................................................. 61

6.5.2 Check for Deflection........................................................................................................................................................................ 68

7 COLUMN DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 70

7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 70

7.2 Design of columns ............................................................................................................................................................. 71

7.2.1 Design procedure............................................................................................................................................................................. 71

8 FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ..................................................................................................... 112

8.1 Design philosophy ........................................................................................................................................................... 114

8.2 Design of Isolated Footing .............................................................................................................................................. 115

9 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS ......................................................................................................................... 125

9.1 Slab Detailing .................................................................................................................................................................. 125

9.2 Typical Beam Detailing .................................................................................................................................................. 129

9.3 Ground Beam .................................................................................................................................................................. 131

9.4 Roof Beam ....................................................................................................................................................................... 132

9.5 Foundation Detailing ...................................................................................................................................................... 133

9.6 Column Detailing ............................................................................................................................................................ 139

10 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................... 141

11 RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................................................................................... 142

12 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................................... 143

13 REFFERANCE ................................................................................................................................................... 156

Table 2 Slab self weight and finishing ............................................................................................ 9

Table 3 Support and field moments of slab .................................................................................. 12

Table 4 Design of slab support moments in the X direction......................................................... 16

Table 5 Design of slab support moments in the Y direction......................................................... 16

Table 6 Design of slab field moments in the X & Y direction ..................................................... 17