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ACID-BASE REACTIONS
LECTURER:
What is a base?
ACIDS & BASES
Acids Bases
MOM Milk of
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
magnesia
Bronsted-
Arrhenius
Lowry
Lewis
THE ARRHENIUS THEORY
H2O
HNO3 H+ + NO3-
H2O
H2SO4 2 H+ + SO42-
bases
H2O
NaOH Na+ + OH-
H2O
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2 OH-
Arrhenius theory for acids and bases are
limited to:
Compounds containing H and OH
respectively
Only applicable to aqueous solutions
THE BRONSTED-LOWRY THEORY
ACIDS BASES
I. Conjugate base
Conjugate
Acid
base
HA + H2O D H3O+ + A-
Conjugate
Base
acid
Example of Bronsted-Lowry base such as ammonia
accepts a proton from the solvent (water), acts as
Bronsted Lowry acid
Conjugate
Base
acid
Conjugate
Acid
base
The Conjugate Pairs in Some Acid-Base Reactions
Conjugate Pair
Conjugate Pair
HCO3-(aq) + OH-(aq)
HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
LEWIS THEORY
ACIDS BASES
electron transfer
25
Polyprotic acids:
An acid which can produce more than
one proton on dissociation.
26
STRENGTH OF ACID AND BASE
Example:
Example:
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3,
HF, H3PO4, CH3COOH
H2SO4, HClO4
Complete dissociation of strong acid
31
32
STRONG BASE WEAK BASE
Example:
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2,
Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 Example:
NH3, CH3NH2, C2H5NH2
(hydroxides of the Group I
and Group II metals)
Strong bases dissociate completely to form
OH- ions in aqueous solutions.
H2O
NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O
KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
moles of solute
Molarity (M) =
liters of solution
PREPARATION OF STANDARD
SOLUTION AND DILUTION
PROCESS
STANDARD SOLUTION
Remains constant
M = moles of solute
Mi Vi = Mf Vf
Volume after
dilution
Molarity before Volume before Molarity after
dilution dilution dilution
Exercise 5
monitor pH
Ma and Va = molarity and volume of acid
Mb and Vb = molarity and volume of base
a and b = stoichiometric reaction coefficients
51
TITRATION CURVE
Equivalence
Titration pH change
point
Strong acid-strong base pH 7 3.5 - 9.5
Strong acid-weak base pH < 7 3.0 7.0
Weak acid-strong base pH > 7 6.5 10.5
Weak acid-weak base Not obvious Not obvious
STRONG ACID-STRONG BASE TITRATIONS
Example:
Example:
Example:
Type of Acid-Base
Suitable Indicators
Titration
Methyl orange,
Strong Acid-Strong Base
Phenolphthalein
8.7
5.5 7.0
(i) titration C
Indicator pH range
In an acidic solution
[H+] > [OH-]
In a basic solution
[H+] < [OH-]
Exercise 10
Methods for measuring the pH of an aqueous solution
pH (indicator) pH
paper meter
pH VALUES OF STRONG ACIDS AND BASES
Equilibrium constant, Kc :
[H3O+][A-]
Kc =
[H2O][HA]
pKa = -log Ka
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Ka AND pKa
acid strength
Nitrous acid (HNO2) 7.1x10-4
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
pKb = -log Kb
DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION ()
[HA]dissociated
% dissociation = x 100%
[HA]initial
[HA]dissociated = [H3O+]
Percentage dissociation for hydrolysis weak
basic:
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
[NH3]dissociated
% dissociation = x 100%
[NH3]initial
[NH3]dissociated = [OH-]
Example:
What is the pH of a 0.5 M HF solution (at 250C)
and percentage of dissociation of HF?
BUFFER SOLUTION
A buffer solution is a solution of:
1. A weak acid or a weak base and
2. The salt of the weak acid or weak
base
pH of acidic buffer:
pH of alkaline buffer:
Consider 1.0 L of a solution which is 0.8 M HF and 0.2 M NaF (Ka for HF =
7.2 x 10-4).
2. Calculate the pH after 0.10 mol of HCl has been added to the original
solution. Assume no volume change on addition of HCl.
3. Calculate the pH after 0.20 mol of NaOH has been added to the original
buffer solution. Assume no volume change on addition of NaOH.