Kabarak University

School of Law
KLAW 403-Children and Law Course outline 2013 Academic Year

A. Introduction
The course on Children and Law interrogates the theories, principles and normative
standards relating to the legal approaches to the status of childhood. For example,
whereas minority ends at 18 years, the needs and interests of infants under 1 year
might be significantly different from those of teenage children above 15 years. This
poses theoretical complications for designing policies and laws for regulating the lives
and rights of children as a distinct category. In the 20th century, there has been
progressive recognition and codification of principles for the protection and
promotion of the rights and welfare of children in international law. This process has
witnessed legalization of the moral claims of childrens rights in the UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child 1989 (hereinafter, the Child Convention). Following the
adoption of this Convention, childrens rights have been enacted in various regional
and national human rights systems. It is important to review these developments and
investigate whether the adoption of legal texts has had any impact on the lives of the
worlds children.

B. Course Content
Ten topics are selected for study this year. These are described below.
1. Unborn child and the Law
2. Theories of childrens rights and welfare
3. International protection of childrens rights
4. Economic and social rights of children in the developing world
5. Child labour and economic participation of children
6. Legal framework for the protection of childrens rights in Kenya
7. Best interest principle, child rights and end of childhood
8. Parental responsibility and human rights
9. Child offenders and the law
10. Private sector, NGOs and child welfare

1. Unborn child and the Law

Although it is widely believed that life begins at conception, it is a highly

contentious issue as to whether the human embryo or foetus should be accorded any
legal status. Moral and religious considerations of the respect for human life such as
the sanctity of the human person and the belief that life comes from God lead us to
infer that the human embryo should be accorded legal status and protection. For some,
the unborn child therefore is entitled to the protection of law including restrictions to
various forms of interference with pregnancy and prohibition of abortion.

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Critics of the pro-life perspective argue that whereas life begins at conception,
childhood and therefore personhood begins at life birth. This approach recognises that
to confer legal existence to the foetus before it has been completely separated from
the mothers body would result in contradictory consequences. For example,
protecting the right of the foetus to life might interfere with the freedoms and rights of
the pregnant woman. For example in Paton v. BPAS Trustees and Another (1979),
the husband of a pregnant woman sought an injunction to restrain his wife from
terminating her pregnancy. In Re F. (In Utero) (1988), an application was made to
place an unborn child under the Wardship protection of the High Court, because there
was a real risk of being harmed immediately upon birth, by the mother who had a
mental illness. These English cases illustrate the tension and contradictions of trying
to apply the pro-life ideas to the practical context.

i. Legal status of the human foetus and the jurisprudence of pregnancy

ii. Legal status of human embryos developed externally and preserved in a
laboratory freezer
iii. Consequences of according legal status, personality and human rights to the
foetus
iv. International and comparative law on the legal status of the foetus
v. Unborn child, reproductive health rights and childrens rights
vi. Current developments and problems related to the protection of the unborn
child
Reading List
Children Act (Cap. 586) s. 1
Penal Code (Cap. 63) ss. 157-159.
Constitution of Kenya
Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 1.
Abortion Act (England and Wales) 1967 s. 1.
See also the Declarations and reservations made by the Holy See and the United
Kingdom upon ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Constitution of the Republic of Ireland (12th Amendment 1993)
Kenyan cases
R. v. John Nyamu and Others Nairobi HC Cr. C. No. 81 of 2004 [2005] eKLR
R. v. Caroline Sigilai v. Republic Nakuru HC Cr. Appeal No. 536 of 2003
Reuben Mayende v. Republic Nairobi CA Crim. Appeal No. 66 of 1980

Other cases
Paton v. British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1978] 2 All E.R. 987.
Paton v. UK (1981) 3 E.H.R.R. 408 (Eur. Comm. H.R.)
Re F. (In Utero) [1988] 2 W.L.R. 1288. Compare the judicial approaches of English
courts and the UKs declaration upon ratifying the CRC
Evans v. Amicus Healthcare Ltd and Others [2004] E.W.C.A. Civ. 727.
Evans v. UK (Application No. 6339/05 ECtHR Grand Chamber, decided 10th April
2007). Note that Natalie Evans case failed in the HC, CA and the ECt HR.
A, B and C v. Ireland (2009) ECtHR The Irish Times Wednesday 9th December 2009.
N.V. Lowe, Wardship and Abortion prevention- Further Observations (1980) 96
Law Quarterly Review 29
Nicolette Priaulx, Rethinking progenitive conflict: Why reproductive autonomy
matters (2008) Medical Law Review 169.

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Mary Ford, 'Evans v United Kingdom: what implications for the jurisprudence of
pregnancy? (2008) Human Rights Law Review pp. 171-186.
Rhonda Copelon et al., 'Human rights begin at birth: International Law and the claim
of Fetal Rights (2005) 13 Reproductive Health Matters 120-129.
Laurie Shrage, 'From Reproductive Rights to Reproductive Barbie: Post-Porn
Modernism and Abortion (2002) 28 Feminist Studies 61-93.
Philip Alston, 'The Unborn Child and Abortion under the Draft Convention on the
Rights of the Child' (1990) 12 Human Rights Quarterly 156-178.
Siobhan Mullally, Debating reproductive rights in Ireland (2005) 27 Human Rights
Quarterly 78.

Notes and Questions

Does the Convention on the Rights of the Child attempt to resolve the contentious issue of the
legal status of the unborn child? (see the preamble and Article1 as well as the declarations of
the Holy See, the UK and China upon ratification. Notice that the Constitution of China
requires the state and citizens to adhere to family planning policies to ensure that population
growth is proportional to economic development).
Examine ruling in R. v. Nyamu. Compare Kaplana Rawal J.s approach with the English
approach and the European Commission and European Court of Human Rights)
Some approaches present the following propositions:
a. To compel a woman to continue with an unwanted pregnancy she does not consent to violates her
freedom of association and an invasion of her right to privacy. It constitutes forced labour.(
Copelon 2005: 120)
b. The so called pro-life policies are a veiled conspiracy against poor women, calculated to deny
them the right to reproductive health care including abortion that the rich can afford. This is a form
of enforced segregation and apartheid in health care. (Copelon 2005: 120)
c. Pro-life activists are on a moral and political crusade, which tramples the rights and freedoms of
affected pregnant women and their care givers. (Shrage 2002: 29)
d. To insist on seeing and protecting an unborn child is too simplistic and perhaps optimistic because
not all foetuses result in a life birth.
e. It is in the best interests of every child to be born in a family that is adequately prepared and
equipped with resources and means adequate for his survival and development. This makes
planned parenthood, including pregnancy options matters of serious concern for individuals and
policy makers (pro-choice campaign messages)
f. Every year, millions of unborn children are killed at abortion clinics around the world. This
horrendous murder of silent and innocent children is a violation of the rights of the unborn children
to life. (pro-life campaign messages)
g. 'We have to restore women to a central place in the pregnancy scene. To do this we must create
new images that re-contextualize the foetus, that place it back into the uterus, and the uterus back
into the woman's body, and her body back into its social space' Rosalind Petchesky, Fetal Images:
The power of visual culture in the politics of reproduction (1987) 13 Feminist Studies, 265- 2294
at 287.
Which of these is most convincing?
FIDA Kenya and a group of Kenyan medical practitioners have recently challenged
proposals in the revised draft constitution that defines right to life as beginning at
conception. What principles should guide debate on this issue?
Although measures can be taken to regulate pregnancy, this is NOT on the basis that
the foetus is a child.

2. Theories of childrens rights

It can be argued that many of the issues and concerns of children contained in the
Child Convention had already been addressed under the generic international Bill of
Rights comprising of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, the Charter of
the UN 1945 and the two Covenants of 1966. However, the mainstream literature

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recognises the emergence of the rights of children as a distinct category and recent
trends in regional and international human rights treaty-making support this
perspective.
Readings:
Onora O'Neill, Children's Rights and Children's Lives (1992) 6 International Journal
of law and the Family 24-42.
Tom Campbell, 'The Rights of the minor: as person, as child, as juvenile, as future
adult (1992) 6 International Journal of law and the Family 1-23
Lars-Goran Sund, The rights of the child as legally protected interests (2006) 14
International Journal of Children's Rights 327-337
Michael freeman, Rethinking Gillick (2005) 13 International Journal of Children's
Rights 201-217.

3. International protection of childrens rights

a. History of international protection of the rights of the child

b. Legal and institutional framework for international protection of the
rights of the child (global, regional and national legal apparatus)
c. Implementation of the international norms and standards on the rights
of the child
Readings
Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1924
UN declaration of the Rights of the Child 1959
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Sale of Children 2000
Optional Protocol to the CRC Optional Protocol to the CRC on the involvement of
children in Armed Conflict 2000
Regional conventions on the rights of the Child (Africa, Europe and America)
A more elaborate collection of materials is found in the Electronic Folder for this
topic.
Geraldine van Bueren, International Law on the Rights of the Child (Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 1995).
Sharon Detrick, J. Doek and N. Cantwell, The United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child: A guide to the Travaux Preparatoires (Martinus Nijhoff, London
1992).
Hugh Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (London,
Longman, 1995).
Barsh Lawrence, The Convention on the Rights of the Child: A Reassessment of the
Final text, (1990) 7 New York Law School Journal of Human Rights 142.
Dominique Marshall, The Construction of Children as an object of international
relations: The Declaration of Childrens Rights and the Child Welfare Committee of
the League of Nations 1900-1924, (1999) 7 International Journal of Childrens
Rights 103.
With such structures and standards in force, why then is it that we still witness 11
million preventable child deaths every year? This issue is addressed in the next topic.

4. Economic and social rights of children in the developing world

a. Theory of economic and social rights

b. Minimum core content of economic and social rights

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 c. Characteristics of the economic and social and conditions in
developing countries
d. Normative content of Article 4 of the CRC: is it for universal
application?
e. Look at the UNICEF and UNESCO reports: Does the non-enjoyment
of economic and social rights in the global South constitute violations
of these rights? Can we draw a line between these two concepts?
f. Are the rich countries legally liable to contribute to the universal
realisation of economic and social rights in the developing world? See
the competing arguments of Wouter Vandenhole and Michael Wabwile
on this point. At least there is the correct position and the erroneous
one and course participants should easily identify where the truth lies.
g. How can we use current regimes of international human rights law to
promote and secure universal realisation of childrens economic and
social rights? Where and why are 11 million children dying annually in
an otherwise prosperous world?
Readings
Situational analysis
UNESCO, Education For All Global Monitoring Report 2009 Overcoming
Inequality: Why Governance Matters (UNESCO, Paris 2008). (Please download your
free copies on the UNESCO website)
UNICEF, State of the World's Children 2008: Child Survival (UNICEF, New York,
2007). (Please download your free copies on the UNICEF website)
UNICEF, The State of the Worlds Children 2005: Childhood Under Threat
(UNICEF, New York 2004). (Please download your free copies on the UNICEF
website)
Michael Todaro and Stephen Smith, Economic Development ( Pearson Addison
Wesley, London 2006). (This book presents descriptive accounts of economic
development in the Global South).
Viljoen Frans, International Human Rights Law in Africa (OUP, Oxford 2007).

Theoretical and doctrinal perspectives

Rhoda Howard, Evaluating Human Rights in Africa: Some Problems Implicit in
Comparisons (1984) 6 Human Rights Quarterly 160.
Agbakwa Shedrack C, Reclaiming Humanity: Economic, social and Cultural Rights
as the Cornerstone of African Human Rights (2001) 4 Yale Human Rights and
Development Law Journal 177.
Monshipouri Mahmood, Promoting Universal Human Rights: Dilemmas of
Integrating Developing Countries (2001) 4 Yale Human Rights & Development Law
Journal 25.
Chapman Audrey, A Violations Approach for Monitoring the International Covenant
for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, (1996) 18 Human Rights Quarterly 23.
Wouter Vandenhole, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the CRC: Is there a
Legal obligation to Cooperate internationally for Development? (2009) 17
International Journal of Children's Rights 23.
Sigrun Skogly and Mark Gibney, Transnational Human rights obligations (2002) 24
Human Rights Quarterly 781.
Julio Montero, Global poverty, human rights and correlative duties (2009) 22
Canadian Journal of Law of Jurisprudence 79.

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Michael Wabwile, Re-examining States external obligations to implement economic
and social rights of children (2009) 22 Canadian Journal of law and Jurisprudence
407.
Michael Wabwile, Implementing the economic and social rights of children in
developing countries: the place of international assistance and cooperation (2010) 18
International Journal of Childrens Rights 1.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 5 (2003), General
Measures of Implementation for the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
CRC/GC/2003/5. ( Notice that the CRC Committees interpretation of Article 4 is
supposed to be authoritative, yet Professor Vandenhole seems to dispute the
Committees approach.)
Strategies for tackling child poverty
UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the
Millennium Development Goals: Report of the UN Secretary General (Earthscan,
London, 2005).
UNDP, Millennium Development Goals: A compact among Nations to end Human
Poverty Human Development Report (Oxford University Press New York 2003)
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/
Jeffrey Sachs, The end of Poverty: How We can Make it Happen in Our Lifetime
(Penguin, London 2005).
Philip Alston, Ships Passing in the Night: the current state of human rights and
dvelopment debate seen through the lens of the Millennium Development Goals
(2005) 27 Human Rights Quarterly 755.
Patrick McAuslan, Good governance and Aid in Africa (1966) 40 Journal of African
Law 168.
Solange Rosa and Mira Dutschke, Child Rights at the Core: the use of International
law in South African cases on Children's socio-economic rights (2006) 22 South
African Journal on Human Rights 224.
Geraldine van Bueren, Combating child poverty through Human Rights Approaches
(1999) 21 Human Rights Quarterly 680.
Social Assistance Act 2004 (South Africa)
UNICEF, Poverty Reduction Begins with Children (UNICEF, New York 2000).
Note: do you agree with Michael Wabwiles thesis that there is an obligation to create
an international revenue system to guarantee universal fulfilment of childrens
economic and social rights? Who should be leading the movement for creating such a
mechanism?

5. Child labour, economic rights of children and economic deprivation of

children

The concept of child labour: diverse approaches to child labour

a) The labour market perspective
b) The human capital perspective
c) The social responsibility perspective
d) The child centred perspective
We can distinguish between child labour and the legitimate economic engagement of
children in the economy. The social responsibility perspective identifies
characteristics of economic exploitation of children and argues that it is the
economically marginalised families and their children who become victims of child
labour. Studies by development economists also show that child labour reduces

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proportionately with rising levels of economic growth and development. In the rich
countries, working children come from rich families and are not victims of child
labour: ( Edmond, 2005: 89, and Leonard, 2004: 59)
Readings:
CRC Articles 12, 32.
Children Act s. 10.
OPSAL
ILO Convention on Minimum age for admission to employment 1973
ILO Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child labour 1999
ILO-IPEC progress reports
Philip Alston, Implementing children's rights: the case of child labour (1989) 58
Nordic Journal of International law 35.
WIlliam E. Myers, The right Rights: Child labour in a globalizing world (2001) 575
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science pp. 38-55.
Joost Kooijmans, The ILO and its work against Child labour: The Normative
Framwework and recent progress (2007-2008)14 Tilburg Law Review 31.
Eric Edmonds, Does Child labour decline with improving economic Status? (2005)
40 Journal of Human Resources 77-99.
Madeleine Leonard, Children's Views on Children's right to work: reflections from
Belfast (2004) 11 Childhood 45-61.
Armando Barrientos and Jocelyn De Jong, Reducing Child Poverty with Cash
Transfers: A Sure Thing? (2006) 24 Development Policy Review 537.
Compare the strategies adopted in the OPSAL and ILO Convention No. 182 to
address the root causes of child labour. How are the ILO and the UNICEF
approaching these challenges? (See Kooijmas, 2008: 36)
From comparative study, identify the various strategies employed by states to tackle
the root causes of child labour. ( See Barientos and de Jong, 2006: 540)
There is an wide collection of study materials in the electronic folder for this topic.

6. Legal framework for the protection of childrens rights in Kenya

i) Legal and Institutional structures and concepts established by the

Children Act (2001) Cap 586
ii) Judicial procedures for enforcement of the rights of the Child
iii) Administrative processes for promotion of the rights of the child
iv) The Bill of childrens rights: How has this Act changed the legal
landscape?
v) Leading Kenyan cases on child law : the constitutional case RM v. AG
Nairobi HC Civil Case No. 1352 of 2002. With three open doors,
Cradle chose the most unhelpful route to litigate RMs rights?
vi) Comparative perspectives and future directions (SA constitutional
court: Grootboom, TAC)
vii) What further legal reforms in Kenyan child law would you
recommend?
Several cases and materials can be accessed in the electronic folder for this topic.

7. Best interest principle, child rights and end of childhood

The relationship between child welfare and rights

How do courts determine the best interests of the child?

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How do courts determine disputes between children and parents regarding their
upbringing?
See the readings on this topic in the electronic folder

8. Parental responsibility and human rights

a. The concept of parental authority, powers, rights and responsibility
b. Tension between childrens autonomy rights and parental powers: the
concept of Gillick competence
c. Acquiring parental responsibility
d. Extension of parental responsibility
e. Parental responsibility in families outside marriage
See the leading English case on this issue: Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area
Health Authority and another [1986] 1 AC 112, [1985] 3 All ER 402, HOUSE OF LORDS
Diana Wambua v. Dr. Paul Wambua Nairobi HCCC No. 30 of 2001 (eKLR 2004) (extension
of Parental responsibility)
Vedder Gathua v. Grace Gathua Nairobi HCCAppeal No. 14 of 2005 (eKLR 2005) (powers
of court on ordering extension of parental responsibility eg. From Kampala Intl Univ. to Athi
River polytechnic)
Edward kamau v. Jane Wairimu Nairobi HCCiv. Appeal No. 23 of 2004 (eKLR 2004)
(receiving government bursary not enough to discharge parental duties)
JGM v. CNW Nakuru HC Civ. Appeal No. 40 of 2004 ( Justice Koome on law reform and
discrimination: does the judge understand the intricacies of sections 23-25 of the CA?).

9. Child offenders and the law

a) The problem of child crime: understanding the causes and patterns of

criminal behaviour in children (Note: lawyers traditional training and
skills do not prepare them for investigations such as these.)
b) Institutional framework for responding to child crime
c) Application of international standards of justice for child offenders
d) Beijing Rules on Juvenile Justice 1985
e) Special provisions for child offenders: bail in capital offences, separate
remand prisons, limitations on sentencing, speedy trial etc.
f) The Concept of diversion of child offenders- the various dimensions of
diversion: general diversion of society from criminal activities, pre-
trial diversion and post-conviction diversion.
g) Comparative law on diversion of child offenders
h) Corporal punishment and school discipline
A collection of materials on this study accessible in the electronic folder for the topic.

10. Non-state Actors: Private sector, NGOs and child welfare

Traditional approaches to law, human rights and governance tend to target states and public
authorities. However, this approach is inaccurate and fails to recognise that the international
political economy of the twentieth century incorporates the engagement of both states and
non-state actors on the global and local scenes. The movement for the international protection
and promotion of childrens social rights and welfare can be traced to private civil society
initiatives relying entirely on the capacities and goodwill of non-state actors. Long before
governments could develop child welfare programmes and departments or negotiate the text
of the Child Convention, voluntary agencies including individuals, non-governmental
organizations, churches and charities had established facilities and arrangements for

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promoting the welfare of children whose needs could not be secured by their families.1 These
included privately run foundling hospitals, foster homes, orphanages and other philanthropic
initiatives to save abandoned and vulnerable children. Indeed, from its inception international
legal protection of the rights and welfare of children has taken the position that guaranteeing
the social and economic rights of the worlds children remains a moral and legal
responsibility of men and women of all nations and it is the duty of states,
intergovernmental organizations and other political structures to facilitate the performance of
this responsibility. The preamble to the Geneva Declaration of the rights of the Child of 1924
addressed not only states but:
By the present Declaration of the Rights of the Child. men and women of all
nations, recognizing that mankind owes to the Child the best that it has to give,
declare and accept it as their duty that, beyond and above all considerations of race,
nationality or creed:2
It appears from this text that the pioneer norm entrepreneurs of international protection of
childrens social rights understood that the (moral and financial) burden of securing social and
economic rights of the worlds children fell squarely upon the global community of men and
women of all nations. In the same vein these obligations were owed to all the worlds
children, beyond all considerations of race, nationality and creed. It is significant to note that
in 1919, just after the World War I, the British charity Save the Children Fund whose founder
Eglantyne Jebb drafted the Geneva Declaration was the first organization in the UK to send
British financial aid to communities and children in Germany, a gesture that, with fresh
memories of the war, was considered taboo. The belief of the global civil society working in
the child welfare sector was that the moral obligation to secure the social and economic
interests of the worlds children fell on the men and women of all nations and it was the
responsibility of League of Nations and its members to translate these moral duties into
enforceable legal obligations.

Readings and Questions:

The Non-state actors sector consists of civil society/NGOs and the business/corporate
entities. Which of these has had the most profound influence on the rights and welfare
of children?
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989: To what extent is the principle of the
best interests of the child binding on the private sector? See also the UN General
Assembly resolutions listed below.
The Declaration on the Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to
Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1998: UNGA RES/53/144 of 9th December 1998, Annex of 8th March 1999
UN General Assembly Resolution on A World fit for Children UNGA/A/S-27/2 Annex of
10th May 2002, Article 32.
Children Act, section 3: to what extent is the best interests principle binding on or
applicable to the private business sector?
How has Kenyan law on this subject attempted to engage the private sector? See section 31
on the composition of the Council.
Eric Engle, Corporate Social Responsibility: Market based remedies for international human
rights violations? (2004) 40 Willamette Law Review 103.
Gerald Keim, Corporate Social responsibility: an assessment of the Enlightened self-interest
model (1978) Academy of Management Review 32.
Daniel Aguirre, Multinational Corporations and the Realisation of Economic, social and
cultural rights (2004-2005) 35 California Western International Law Journal 53.

1 Hugh Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500 (London Longman, London 1995)
pp. 134-137, arguing that it was only in the 1880s that governments realised the need for state intervention to
secure the welfare of children and began to take over from philanthropy the key role in so doing.
2 Adopted by the General Assembly of the League of Nations resolution O.J. Spec. Supp. 21 of Sept. 26, 1924.

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John Knox, Horizontal human rights law (2008) 102 American Journal of International Law
1.
Steven Ratner, Corporations and Human Rights: a theory of legal responsibility (2004) 111
Yale Law Journal 443.
M.E. Hecht, Corporate Social responsibility: Concept Note on private sectors involvement in
Commercial sexual Exploitation of Children 2003
Identify the grounds and basis for seeking to enlist the contribution of the non-state
actors in promoting and securing fulfilment of the rights of children.
Discuss the significance of the concepts of corporate citizenship, corporate
governance and corporate social responsibility to the theory and practice of childrens
rights.
Michael Wabwile has argued that the corporate business sector can be engaged in the
promotion of childrens economic and social rights in both the donor and coordinator
models. See Legal Protection of Social and Economic Rights of Children in the
developing world: Reassessing International Cooperation and Responsibility
(Intersentia, Antwerp 2010) (chapter 7).
Examine the merits and defects (if any) of this approach to responsibility for
childrens rights.
Compare the views of Daniel Aguerre and John Knox regarding horizontal human
rights obligations. Which of these two approaches is correct? (Note: only one of them
is right)

C. Attendance, Materials and Assessment

This is an elective course. Students taking the course must sign a registration form
and attend all scheduled classes, seminars and tutorials. Roll call will be taken to
ensure only bona fide candidates are authorised to take the prescribed examinations in
this course. The study materials will be distributed electronically through open access
or on the PC workstations provided in the Students Computer/IT Room. The
standard regulations regarding examinations and assessment for the LLB degree shall
apply.

Prof. Michael Wabwile

LL.B. (Hons) Nairobi (1994) LL.M. Cambridge (1998) Ph.D. Leicester (2010)

Course instructor and Fellow, Cambridge Commonwealth Society

January 2013
The course director welcomes any comments and suggestions on this course. These
can be sent to: thecolony85@yahoo.co.uk

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