Example comapring failure criteria

Stress analysis of a spacecraft structural member

gives the state of stress as shown below. If the
part is made from an alloy with Y = 500 MPa,
check yielding according to Rankine, Tresca
and von Mises criteria. What is its safety factor
for each criterion?
Maximum principal stress Criterion
(Rankine)
200 0 0
= 0 100 30 MPa
0 30 50

The principal stresses are:

1 = 200; 2 = 105.77; 3 = 55.77;
Maximum principal stress is 200MPa
Factor of safety FS=500/200=2.5
 Maximum shear stress Criterion
(Tresca)
Y
Yield function f = e
2

1 3 200 + 55.78
e = = = 127.89 MPa
Maximum shear stress 2 2

Shear stress for uniaxial tension

Y
= 250 MPa f = 127.89 250 < 0
2
Factor of safety FS=250/127.89=1.95
 Distortional Energy Density
Criterion (von Mises)
Yield function
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) Y = 224 500
2 2 2
f = 1
2

Factor of safety FS=500/224=2.2

Why are all the results so close?

1 = 200; 2 = 105.77; 3 = 55.77;

 Other yield criteria
For isotropic materials there is usually
substantial difference between yield in
tension and compression. Why?
For orthotropic materials there is also
differences between the behavior along
the three principal directions and between
shear and normal stresses
Fortunately, for most applications we have
at least transverse isotropy
4.5.1 Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion
(Charles Augustin de Coulomb, 1736-1806,
Christian Otto Mohr, 1835-1918)
Yield of materials like rock and concrete does
change with hydrostatic pressure
Yield function written in terms of cohesion c
and internal friction angle as

f = 1 3 + ( 1 + 3 ) sin 2c cos 1 2 3
What would it look like for plane stress?
 From test results
For tension test
2 cos
1 = YT , 2 = 3 = 0, f =0 YT =
1 + sin

For compression test

2 cos
3 = YC , 2 = 1 = 0, f = 0 YC =
1 sin
Get
YT YT Y
c= = tan 1 T
2 YC 2 YC
Simpler treatment for plane stress
If both stresses are of the same sign, then we
compare the corresponding Y. If they are of
different signs
Check if the two formulations are the same!

1 3
f = 1
YT YC
 Drucker-Prager yield criterion
(Dan Drucker, 1918-2001, William
Prager 1903-1980)
Generalization of Von Mises to account for
hydrostatic pressure
f = I1 + J2 K
Gets outer bound of Coulomb Moher with
2sin 6c cos
= , K=
3 ( 3 sin ) 3 ( 3 sin )
Inner bound with
2sin 6c cos
= , K=
3 ( 3 + sin ) 3 ( 3 + sin )
Pictorially
 Reading assignment
Sections 4.6: Question: For what kind of beam cross-section
there will not be much difference between the moment
causing initial yield and the fully plastic moment?

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