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Contents
Grammar reference
Unit 1 Present tenses page 114
Unit 2 Past tenses page 117
Unit 3 Modal verbs page 120
Unit 4 Future forms page 122
Unit 5 Conditionals page 124
Unit 6 The passive page 125
Unit 7 Relative clauses page 126
Unit 8 Reported speech page 128
Unit 9 Gerund and infinitive page 130
Writing reference
General points page 131
An informal letter page 132
A description of a place page 133
An opinion essay page 134
A formal letter page 135
A description of a person page 136
A summary page 137
A discussion essay page 138
A narrative page 139
Uso negativa
El present continuous se utiliza: I/you/we/
+ have not (havent) + participio
they
para hablar de acciones y procesos que se estn he/she/it + has not (hasnt)
pasado
produciendo mientras se habla.
Right now, people are throwing tomatoes at each We havent been to Cuba. No hemos estado en Cuba.
other. En estos momentos, la gente se est tirando I havent seen her new trainers. No he visto sus zapatillas
tomates. nuevas.
Im doing a degree in anthropology. Estoy haciendo la
interrogativa
carrera de antropologa.
Have I/you/we/they
para referirse a situaciones transitorias.
Has he/she/it
+ participio pasado
Im staying in Buol this summer. Estoy pasando el
verano en Buol. Have you been to a show? Has ido a un desfile?
They arent living in London at the moment. En este Has he asked you for help? Te ha pedido ayuda?
momento no viven en Londres.
afirmativa Uso
I/he/she/it/we/you/they + forma de pasado simple El past simple se utiliza:
He started work at the age of seventeen. Empez a para hablar de hechos o acciones que se completaron
trabajar con diecisiete aos. en el pasado.
He really liked it. Le gust mucho. We arrived at twelve oclock. Llegamos a las doce.
Mozart started to write music at the age of five.
negativa Mozart empez a componer a los cinco aos.
I/he/she/it/we/you/ What time did you finish your homework? A qu hora
+ did not (didnt) + infinitivo
they acabaste de hacer los deberes?
I didnt enjoy the film. No me gust la pelcula. para referirse a cosas que sucedieron repetidamente
Steve didnt apply for the job. Steve no solicit el trabajo. en el pasado.
We went to France every summer in the 1990s. En los
interrogativa aos 90, bamos a Francia todos los veranos.
Did + I/he/she/it/we/you/they + infinitivo She told me that story three times yesterday! Ayer
Did he go to university? Fue a la universidad? me cont esa historia tres veces!
Our maths teacher shouted at us if we were late.
When did they leave home? Cundo se marcharon de casa?
Nuestro profesor de matemticas nos chillaba si
llegbamos tarde.
Reglas ortogrficas
Past simple de verbos regulares
para describir estados del pasado.
I lived in London for five years. Durante cinco aos
viv en Londres.
la mayora de los verbos
acabados en -e 5 + -d I was very unhappy at school. Lo pas muy mal en el
+ -ed
colegio.
play played notice noticed
After the walk, they felt very tired. Despus del paseo
work worked decide decided
estaban muy cansados.
acabados en consonante + -y 5 y + -ied
apply applied Past continuous
study studied
Estructura
duplicar la consonante final
afirmativa
Si el verbo tiene una sola slaba y acaba en vocal ms
I/he/she/it was
consonante, se duplica la consonante final antes de aadir + -ing
-ed. we/you/they were
plan planned spot spotted A woman was watching her son. Una mujer estaba
Si el verbo tiene dos o ms slabas y acaba en una vocal mirando a su hijo.
acentuada, se duplica la consonante final antes de aadir We were travelling to the South Pacific. Viajbamos hacia
-ed. el Pacfico Sur.
admit admitted deter deterred
Si el verbo acaba en -l, duplicamos esta consonante antes negativa
de aadir -ed. I/he/she/it was not (= wasnt)
+ -ing
travel travelled we/you/they were not (= werent)
Past simple de verbos irregulares I wasnt looking at the people. No estaba mirando a la
gente.
Muchos de los verbos ms frecuentes tienen una forma
irregular de past simple que hay que aprenderse de They werent paying attention. No estaban prestando
memoria. Consulta la tabla de las pginas 151152. atencin.
interrogativa
+ I/he/she/it/we/you/
Had + participio pasado
they
Had you seen her? La habas visto?
Had they left? Se haban marchado?
Uso
going to El present continuous se utiliza para describir algo ya
Estructura planificado. A menudo se concreta un momento y un
lugar.
afirmativa Were celebrating my mums birthday this weekend. Este fin
I m de semana vamos a celebrar el cumpleaos de mi madre.
he/she/it s + going to + infinitivo Im visiting my grandparents tomorrow. Maana voy a
we/you/they re visitar a mis abuelos.
Holly is going to live on a space station. Holly va a vivir en
una estacin espacial.
negativa negativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/ + will
+ wont + be + -ing I/he/she/it/we/ + participo
they not + have
you/they pasado
I wont be studying tomorrow night so lets go out! (wont)
Maana por la noche no tengo que estudiar, as es que I wont have finished my homework by eight oclock. No
por qu no salimos? habr acabado los deberes a las ocho.
interrogativa interrogativa
I/he/she/it/we/you/ + I/he/she/it/we/ + + participo
Will + be + -ing Will
they you/they have pasado
Will she be living with you all summer? Va a estar Will they have arrived by the time I get there? Habrn
viviendo contigo todo el verano? llegado para cuando llegue yo?
Uso Uso
El future continuous se utiliza: El future perfect se utiliza con by para hablar de cosas
que se habrn completado en un momento
para referirse a acciones futuras que se determinado del futuro.
desarrollarn durante un periodo de tiempo,
coincidiendo adems con otra accin. By the end of next year, Holly will have made three space
I cant go out at seven Ill be finishing my flights. De aqu a finales de ao, Holly habr hecho tres
homework. No puedo salir a las siete, ya que estar viajes al espacio.
terminando los deberes. Will you have finished your studies by 2015? Habrs
para hacer referencia a acciones futuras que ya se acabado tus estudios para el ao 2015?
han planificado. Ill have mended my moped by the end of the day. Antes
This time next week, Ill be taking my exams. La de que acabe el da habr arreglado la motocicleta.
semana que viene, a estas horas, estar de exmenes.
Compara las frases que estn en past continuous y en
future continuous.
James has been around the world. This time last week, he
was sunbathing on the beach. James ha dado la vuelta al
mundo. La semana pasada, a estas horas, estaba tomando
el sol en la playa.
James is going around the world. This time next week,
hell be sunbathing on the beach. James va a dar la vuelta
al mundo. La semana que viene, a estas horas, estar
tomando el sol en la playa.
despus de una preposicin. like manage pretend promise refuse seem want
Im not very good at skiing. No se me da muy bien Would you like to go out tonight? Te gustara salir esta noche?
esquiar. I refuse to accept your apology. Me niego a aceptar tus
como sustantivo, sobre todo cuando es el sujeto de disculpas.
una frase. Jos promised to help me. Jos prometi ayudarme.
Smoking is bad for you. Fumar es malo.
La negativa se forma poniendo not delante del infinitivo.
Susan pretended not to know how to dance. Susan fingi
The infinitive: que no saba bailar.
El infinitivo se utiliza:
despus de ciertos verbos. be used to / get used to
I want to meet her. La quiero conocer.
Used to se forma con el verbo be + used to + -ing. El verbo
We managed to get a better offer. Conseguimos que
be puede ir en cualquier tiempo, pero used to no vara
nos hicieran una oferta mejor.
nunca. Be used to significa estar acostumbrado a.
despus de sustantivos.
Andy was used to waking up late. Andy estaba
We have homework to do tonight. Tenemos deberes
que hacer esta noche. acostumbrado a levantarse tarde.
despus de adjetivos. He wasnt used to playing to such big audiences. No estaba
Its good to see you. Me alegro de verte. acostumbrado a tocar para un pblico tan grande.
NO he wasnt used to play to such big audiences.
Verb + gerund / infinitive (con to) Get + used to + -ing significa acostumbrarse a. Get
puede ir en cualquier tiempo verbal pero used to no
Cuando utilizamos dos verbos, uno detras de otro, el vara.
segundo suele ser la forma -ing o un infinitivo (con to).
Andy had to get used to waking up early. Andy tuvo que
She finished telling me the story. (verbo + forma en -ing) acostumbrarse a madrugar.
Ella termin de contarme la historia.
Now hes got used to performing live. Ahora se ha
I hope to see you soon. (verbo + infinitivo) Espero verte acostumbrado a tocar en directo.
pronto.
Cada vez que aprendas un verbo nuevo te resultar ReCUERDA!
muy til comprobar si rige la forma en -ing o en Trata de no confundir used to y be used to. Tienen
infinitivo. significados y estructuras diferentes.
Sandra used to live in Madrid (but now she lives in
Verbo + forma -ing Valencia). Sandra antes viva en Madrid (pero ahora vive en
Estos son algunos de los verbos que rigen la forma -ing: Valencia).
Sandra was used to living in Madrid (= she had adapted
admit avoid cant stand consider dont mind
to life in Madrid). Sandra estaba acostumbrada a vivir en
enjoy finish give up hate imagine like love Madrid.
mention miss practise resist risk start stop
suggest try
Pregunta modelo
Write to your American friend and tell him or her about what you usually do at the weekends.
Escribe una carta a un amigo/a americano/a contndole lo que te gusta hacer los fines de semana.
Respuesta modelo
23 Barn Road direccin
Downton
Hangford
17th September fecha
Dear Mark,
How are you? I hope youre enjoying life saludo
in the USA! Whats the weather like at the moment? pregunta
Here its terrible. It rains all the time!
Thanks for your letter. It was good to hear from you. agradecimiento
You asked me about my weekends. Well, I like sports respuesta
a lot so I often play tennis. Sometimes in the winter I
play football. (I know, girls like football too!) I also like informal y coloquial
watching sport on TV at the weekends. My favourite
sports star is David Beckham. Hes so cool! Who do
you like?
Do you go to many parties? At the weekends I often
go to parties at my friends houses. In the summer we
have barbeques on the beach. Not at the moment
theres too much rain!! contraccin
I hope your family are all well. envo de saludos
Write soon! despedida
Laura
Pregunta modelo
Describe a place that tourists like to visit in your area. Do you like to go there?
Describe un lugar de tu regin que a los turistas les guste visitar. Es un sitio al que a ti te gusta ir?
Respuesta modelo
Ten minutes from my house is the most beautiful dnde est?; superlativo
area in the south of England. It is called The New nombre del lugar
Forest and people from different parts of England
and different countries often come here on holiday.
The New Forest is a very large area of natural forest qu es?
and there are a lot of animals that live there. Horses
and donkeys walk everywhere and sometimes you
can even see pigs, cows and ducks crossing the road.
What I like about the New Forest is that the colours opinin personal
of the forest change during the year. In autumn the
leaves are red and gold and in the spring everything adjetivos
is purple and different shades of green. The trees are
always colourful and different.
Tourists often prefer to go to the small villages in
the New Forest with pretty houses and traditional
restaurants. I love to walk along the rivers and
through the trees because there you can see the true razones
heart of the forest.
Pregunta modelo
It is better to travel around your own country instead of going abroad on holiday. Do you agree?
Es mejor viajar por tu pas que ir de vacaciones al extranjero. Ests de acuerdo con esta afirmacin?
Respuesta modelo
I think that it is wonderful to travel to different dar la opinin
countries and therefore I completely disagree with enlazar
the idea that it is better to stay in your own country.
I feel very strongly that we should visit as many dar la opinin
countries as possible. If we visit another
country we can learn a lot. We can learn about the
culture, we can meet the people and we can find out
about different ways of life. We can eat new food,
listen to a variety of music and learn about customs. We
can also practise a foreign language. enlazar
Another reason for visiting other countries is that it dar razones
is good for relations between countries. When we
know about peoples customs and culture we can
understand the people better. If people travel more
to other countries perhaps there will be less fighting dar la opinin
in the world.
I think it is clear that going abroad on holiday can dar la opinin
only be good for us and although I love my own country enlazar
I would like to visit as many different countries as I can.
Pregunta modelo
You see an advertisement for assistant photographer in the newspaper. Write a letter applying for the job.
Imagnate que ves una oferta de trabajo de asistente de fotgrafo anunciada en el peridico. Escribe una carta
solicitando este trabajo.
Respuesta modelo
15 Runnymede Close direccin
Hythe
Kent
18 July 2008 fecha
Mr Parker nombre
Perky Photos direccin
High Street
Hythe
Dear Mr Parker, saludo
With reference to your advertisement for an assistant photographer expresin formal
in last weeks Echo, I am writing to apply for the position. I am razn por la que se
studying fashion photography at Hythe College and I won the year escribe la carta
prize in 2007.
I enclose my CV and some of my recent photos. I also enclose my documentos adjuntos
application form. Please contact me if you need any more information. contacto
I would be happy to attend an interview and if I am successful formal
I could start work at the beginning of September.
I look forward to hearing from you. final de la carta
Yours sincerely, despedida
Ron Gates
Ron Gates
Cuando se escribe la descripcin de una persona se Termina dando la opinin que otras personas tienen
informa al lector de la apariencia fsica y el carcter de esta persona.
de la persona; y puede tratarse de una persona que
se conoce en el momento de componer la
Utiliza distintos adjetivos y superlativos para que la
descripcin resulte interesante.
descripcin, de una persona que se conoci en el
pasado o de alguien famoso. Vocabulario de utilidad
Apariencia fsica: tall / short / slim / old / young / pretty /
good-looking / dark hair / fair hair/ blue eyes /
Recuerda!
she looks / looked like
Utiliza tiempos verbales en pretrito si vas a describir Edad: ten years old / about ten
a una persona que conociste en el pasado. Ropa: she wore / wears smart clothes / jeans /
Utiliza tiempos verbales en presente si vas a describir
T-shirts / dresses
a una persona que todava conoces. Carcter: kind / intelligent / shy / outgoing / honest /
Empieza la descripcin diciendo a QUIN vas a
hard-working / lazy
describir y POR QU has elegido describir a esta Modificadores: very / quite / extremely / a little
persona. Memorias: I remember that I still remember his / her
Describe su apariencia fsica (una o dos oraciones Cosas de tipo general: everyone loves / loved him / her
sern suficientes). I shall always remember / never forget
Describe su carcter y, si tienes oportunidad, da
un ejemplo que muestre bien el carcter de dicha
persona. Utiliza el presente para la descripcin
de su carcter.
Pregunta modelo
Write a description of one of your first teachers. Why do you remember him or her?
Escribe la descripcin de uno de los primeros profesores que tuviste. Por qu te acuerdas de esta persona?
Respuesta modelo
My first teacher was very tall and quite old. Perhaps modificador
I thought that because I was very short and quite adjetivos
young! I was five years old. My teachers name was edad
Miss Dunn and I adored her.
I remember that Miss Dunn had long, dark hair and memorias
a big smile. She was always kind to the children. apariencia
Her voice was soft and she never shouted. She was slim, ejemplo
like a model, and she wore long skirts and pretty blouses. ropa
We all thought she was like a queen.
Miss Dunn was an extremely kind person and everyone
loved her but she was also a very good teacher. She taught ejemplo
us all how to read and write.
I still remember the things she said and I would really like memorias
to meet her now and say Thank you for everything you
taught me.
Se escribe un resumen para transmitir en trminos Sin volver a leer el texto, escribe cuatro oraciones
breves y concisos las ideas principales de un texto. cortas que hablen del texto.
Enlaza estas oraciones con conectores.
Recuerda! Vuelve a leer el texto, revisa el nmero de palabras
que has utilizado para construir las oraciones y
Transmite las ideas principales. escribe una ltima versin a limpio de tu resumen.
No incluyas ejemplos ni des muchos detalles.
Vocabulario de utilidad
No copies mucho del texto a resumir; trata de utilizar
tus palabras siempre que puedas. Conectores (que muestran contraste): Although /
No aadas nada y no des tu opinin. However, / In spite of
Conectores (que aaden ms informacin): Both /
Preparacin Also / In addition to this
Lee el texto que tienes que resumir una primera vez. Conectores (que indican causa y resultado): Because /
Hazte la siguiente pregunta: De qu trata el texto? So
Anota algunas palabras que podran ser tiles. Oraciones de relativo: The programme, which was watched
Lee el texto de nuevo y subraya las palabras o by millions of people,
conceptos ms importantes.
Pregunta modelo
Summarize the following text in no more than 50 words.
Resume el siguiente texto sin pasarte de las 50 palabras.
Texto modelo
Cosmetic surgery is an enormously successful business popular
today. Millions of pounds are spent in the UK and the cara
amount is increasing every year.
Many years ago it was only the rich and famous who
had enough money to pay for such operations. Today,
however, ordinary people are spending their money
on looking younger and on becoming more beautiful.
If a young man or woman doesnt like his or her chin tanto hombres como mujeres
or nose they can change them. partes del cuerpo
There are some worrying trends. The age of the people cada vez ms es gente joven la que
paying for cosmetic surgery is getting younger and
younger and TV programmes show us the terrible puede ser peligrosa
mistakes that can happen. In spite of the dangers many
teenagers no longer want a new car for their birthday
they want a new nose.
Respuesta modelo
Cosmetic surgery is becoming more popular with
younger men and women who do not need the
operations to look younger. They want to improve parts
of themselves that they do not like. These operations
can be both very expensive and sometimes dangerous
but the number is continuing to grow.
Pregunta modelo
Should children under ten use mobile phones?
Es bueno que los nios menores de diez aos utilicen telfonos mviles?
Respuesta modelo
Most people have mobile phones and use them
every day. However, many people think that children, contraste
in particular, use mobile phones too much. We must comentario
consider several points.
On the one hand, it is good for children to have mobile contraste
phones because their parents can contact them. If causa
the children have a problem they can phone someone
for help.
On the other hand, many doctors believe that mobile contraste
phones are bad for our health. This is worse if we start
to use phones when we are very young. Another point aadir ms informacin
is that children use phones for texting their friends and
some teachers say that writing skills, like spelling, are
getting worse.
In my opinion, mobile phones are useful for children opinin personal
to have but they must learn not to use them too often.
Pregunta modelo
Write about a good concert that you have been to.
Escribe sobre un buen concierto al que hayas asistido.
Respuesta modelo
Last summer I went to an open air concert in Hyde Park expresiones de tiempo
and it was probably the best night of my life! comienzo interesante
I went with three friends from college. We all love tiempos verbales en pretrito
Madonna so the 200-mile journey was not a problem
for us. It took hours and we ate and slept on the
coach too.
When we finally got to Hyde Park a lot of people conjunciones y expresiones de
tiempo
had already arrived. Everyone was talking, listening tiempos verbales en pretrito
to music and waiting for the concert to begin. It was
very noisy and I was very excited. adjetivos que expresan sentimientos
After about an hour it got dark and suddenly different expresiones de tiempo
coloured flashing lights came on and very loud music
started playing. Then Madonna appeared. The
atmosphere was electric and everyone shouted her
name. She sang for two hours and we were thrilled. adjetivos que expresan sentimientos
We went home on the coach again. We were very tired, final definido
but very, very happy!
-y 5 -ily
Ortografa
angry angrily
Cuando se aaden sufijos a ciertas palabras hay que
lucky luckily
realizar algunas pequeas modificaciones ortogrficas
-ic 5 -ically
Palabras que terminan en -e basic basically
La mayor parte de las palabras pierden la -e final cuando
enthusiastic enthusiastically
se les aade un sufijo
No se produce modificacin
educate education
fast fast
imagine imagination
straight straight
mature maturity
style stylish
adjetivo verbo
Palabras que terminan en -y Adjetivo -e + -ify
Se sustituye la -y final por -i cuando se les aade un sufijo pure purify
comedy comedian simple simplify
happy happily / happiness Adjetivo + -ize
history historian / historical modern modernize
mystery mysterious social socialize