F36 Emotional Changes After Stroke - Referenced

Emotional changes after stroke
Stroke can have all sorts of different effects. Many are physical - that you can
see and recognise easily - but there can also be hidden effects, like emotional
changes1. Although we cannot see feelings or thoughts, changing emotions
often lead to a change in behaviour which may signify that all is not well 2. This
factsheet explains some of the emotional changes that can arise after stroke,
tips for coping and the help that is available.
Why have my emotions happens without any warning. It

been affected? takes time to come to terms with
the changes that a stroke can bring
If your emotions or behaviour to your day to day life.
have changed since your stroke,
or you feel different, this may be Don’t be surprised if you feel
partly caused by physical damage anxious, depressed, frustrated,
to your brain. Different parts of the angry or bewildered5. All of these
brain control different functions feelings are common.
within the body – including how we
feel. If the part of your brain that What emotional changes
normally controls your emotions can happen after stroke?
becomes damaged by a stroke,
the result can be a change in how Approximately one third of stroke
you think, feel or behave3. survivors report experiencing some
emotional problems after their
No two strokes are ever the same stroke6. Usually they will fade away
because the part of the brain with time and you will begin to feel
affected and the extent of the more like your old self. Some of
damage4 differs from person to the emotional changes that arise
person. So, you may experience may be more persistent than others
very different symptoms to and you may need coping
someone else who has also had a mechanisms to help you deal with
stroke. them. Some of these are listed in
this factsheet.
As well as the physical damage
caused by the stroke, it is normal One of the most common changes
to experience a change in your in emotion after a stroke is
emotions after any difficult or depression7. You can read about
traumatic life experience. Stroke
The Stroke Association June 2011 1

Stroke Helpline 0303 30 33 100 website www.stroke.org.uk
this separately in our factsheet F10
Depression after stroke. 1. having another stroke or TIA,
particularly whilst out in public
Other changes that you may be or whilst asleep
experiencing are:
2. being unable to communicate in
 anxiety8
an emergency, for example, to
 emotionalism9(having difficulty call an ambulance
controlling your emotions)
 personality changes10 3. being unable to drive or return
 anger11. to work
Anxiety 4. taking medication – worrying

about any side effects and
Anxiety is both a physical and whether it is helping
psychological response to a
frightening situation. If you are 5. falling
anxious you will probably have
feelings of fear or unease. At the 6. feeling embarrassed in social
same time, there is an increase in situations
blood flow to the heart and
muscles, preparing us for action. 7. understanding how to get help
This can be accompanied by from the NHS and social
sweating, rapid heart rate, services
shortness of breath, dizziness and
tremor. Anxiety can very suddenly 8. waiting for test results and
arise, or may develop slowly over a follow-up appointments
long period of time.12
9. never feeling any better
It is natural to experience anxiety
during stressful situations, for 10. feeling family members have
example, when attending a job an increased risk of stroke.
interview or speaking in public13.
These fears may be heightened if
After a stroke you might experience you live alone.
fears or worries connected to your
health or other aspects of your Some anxiety is to be expected
life. This is very common. Some of and is normal and healthy14. It
the most commonly reported often reduces in time. However, if
worries are listed below: anxiety persists for a long time

and begins to feel overwhelming, local groups or help you explore
then you may have developed an our online services. See page 10
anxiety disorder that you need to for our contact details.
get some help with. Here are some
signs to look out for: There are also many other useful
organisations listed at the back of
 You feel irritable, have difficulty this factsheet that you can contact,
concentrating or get tired very or your doctor, family or carers
easily. may be able to help support you17.
 You are avoiding things you Another way to reduce anxiety is to

would normally do – like going find ways to relax your mind and
out to see friends, or going body. This can be difficult to do
shopping. initially, but becomes easier with
practise. Try to find time to relax
 You are having trouble every day for two weeks and see if
sleeping because you are you can feel the benefits. There are
worrying so much. lots of different ways to relax,
like soaking in a hot bath, listening
 You are spending a lot of your to calming music, meditating, deep-
waking hours thinking about breathing exercises or even going
things which worry you. for a walk18. Some people find that
writing down their worries on a
 You have a persistent feeling of piece of paper helps them to feel
dread with physical better19. Try to find something that
sensations like a racing heart works for you and build it into your
or restlessness15. daily routine.
How can I help myself? What treatments are available?

A good start to reducing feelings of If you are in hospital you will have
anxiety is to seek out information. an informal check for anxiety20.
Being informed takes away the fear This will involve a brief chat by a
that arises from uncertainty16 and member of staff and they will ask
gives you some control over your whether you have any concerns.
situation. We can offer you If you have family members
support and information by visiting, they may also be asked if
telephone or email. We can tailor they have noticed anything that
an information pack to your needs to be addressed. Any issues
needs, check for support services that arise should be discussed with
in your area, put you in touch with

you and you should be given group of medicines called
information21. benzodiazepines
If anxiety is affecting your  buspirone, another type of

recovery or distressing you, you medicine for anxiety28
will need a more thorough
assessment with a trained member  antihistamines such as
of staff to find out if you have hydroxyzine.
developed an anxiety disorder.
You may then be referred to a The medicines listed above are
specialist, such as a used to treat anxiety on a short
psychologist, who will aim to help term basis. Longer term medicines
you overcome this22. for anxiety include some
antidepressant medicines such
Usually the symptoms of anxiety as sertraline, paroxetine29 and
settle down over time, but, if this venlafaxine. If these are not
does not happen, or if you have not suitable for you, pregabalin is an
been seen in hospital, you should alternative medicine. It is used to
see your GP. Your GP will help treat epilepsy, but can be helpful for
you access the right therapy, anxiety.
depending on your needs. One
type of therapy commonly offered Emotionalism
is Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
(CBT)23. This therapy aims to help Emotionalism can arise with many
you change the way you think, feel neurological conditions (those
and behave, so that you can be affecting the brain and nervous
more positive in your thoughts and system) and often happens after
actions24,25. a stroke30,31,32. It is a term you may
hear if, since your stroke, you have
If you are experiencing severe or become more emotional than
prolonged anxiety and the usual and/or have difficulty
psychological treatments have not controlling your emotions33.
helped, you might be offered one of (Other terms for this condition
the following medicines: include emotional lability,
pathological laughing/crying and
 medicines that treat anxiety pseudo-bulbar affect.34)
directly include
diazepam/lorazepam26, You will probably find you suddenly
alprazolam and have very intense emotional
oxazepam27which are all from a reactions when talking to people,

watching television, carrying out
tasks, or even thinking. Although Such a loss of control is upsetting
these emotions may reflect how for a great many people, but you
you are feeling, you will probably are not alone and knowing this can
express them in a particularly be reassuring. There will be other
strong way.35 It might be that your people who have had similar
emotions are very close to the experiences who you could talk to.
surface, with the smallest thing Contact us to find out how to meet
setting you off36. For example, you other stroke survivors.
might get upset more easily, or cry
at things you would never have
cried at before37. How can I help myself?
Coping with emotionalism can
You might also have outbursts of have added complications – it can
crying for little or no reason. be distressing for everyone
Similarly, you may laugh at concerned44. If you feel
inappropriate times (although this embarrassed by your emotions,
45
is less common). You may even try talking openly about your
swing from crying to laughing experience. The more you talk to
quite suddenly38 . These reactions others, the more people will
usually do not mirror your actual understand that the exaggerated
emotions39. They often seem out of (and often uncontrollable)46
place and can come and go very emotional reactions are a part of
quickly, unlike when you feel your stroke and not necessarily a
genuinely upset or happy40,41. cause for concern47.
There are usually triggers that will Tell people how you would like
cause this type of response: to be treated if you become
someone being kind to you, asking emotional. Everyone is different but
how you are, or talking about some of the following tips may help
something which always makes you:
you feel emotional normally42.
• Being told not to cry will not help
It can all be very distressing, to stop your tears and might lead to
especially if you have never been further frustration.
an emotional person before. It can
also be particularly difficult if you • There’s no need for others to feel
are a man because society often embarrassed or to avoid talking
expects men not to display their about topics that might cause you
emotions43.

to cry. In fact, this may even delay What treatments are available?
your recovery48. Emotionalism is usually worse
soon after the stroke happens,
• If you don’t want to get emotional, and often lessens or goes away as
for example, if you are out socially, you recover52. If this doesn’t
ask someone to distract you. They happen, your GP may be able to
can do this simply by changing the help. Some medicines that are
subject of conversation49. used to treat depression can also
help with the control of emotions -
• If you find it harder to control your even if you are not depressed53.
emotions when other people are
emotional – tell them. People do One such anti-depressant that you
not have to change their behaviour might be offered is called
but at least it will not be a surprise fluoxetine (Prozac)54. As with all
if you cry more than usual, or medicines, there may be unwanted
choose to leave the room. side effects55. If these are troubling
you, let your doctor know. There
• Don’t let people ignore you, or are a number of anti-depressants
leave the room, unless that is what available.
you want50.
You could also ask your GP about
• Encourage people to treat your psychological services56.
emotionalism as a minor Sometimes talking to someone
inconvenience and continue the can be very therapeutic and can
conversation as if it will go away. It help you understand what you are
usually does.51 going through. These services are
also a good option if you have a
• Touch can be helpful – on the mixture of emotionalism and
arm or hand or even a hug if it is depression57.
appropriate. This can make you
feel more emotional but you might Personality changes
prefer this. It’s okay to cry, and it
might make you feel better. Personality is a difficult concept to
explain. For simplicity, we could
• Tell people if you are genuinely describe it as a combination of
upset so it isn’t mistaken for behaviours, thought patterns and
emotionalism. You will still need feelings58. People who know you
empathy and understanding from well may sometimes finish your
time to time. sentence or predict how you will
respond to something because you

will normally be quite consistent. A 4. becoming aggressive64, either
stroke can cause changes to your verbally or physically
personality59so that to others you
may seem like a different person 5. showing a loss of interest in
altogether. aspects of your life you once
enjoyed65
Sometimes your character traits
can be reversed, for example - if 6. becoming impulsive - making
you were previously mild- sudden, sometimes rash
mannered, you may now be more decisions66
aggressive. Or, if you have always
been loud and outspoken, you may 7. showing more stress and
now be more passive. More often, anger.
however, existing personality
traits are exaggerated60. You
might be unaware that your
personality is different and deny
that you have changed. However, How can I help myself?
your family and friends might be Even if you don’t feel as though
more aware of how you are you have changed in any way, try
different61. to take on board other people’s
comments. If everyone is telling
There are many ways your you that they are surprised by your
personality can change. Some of behaviour and that you’ve never
the most commonly reported acted in that way before, perhaps
changes are listed below: they are right. Not all behaviours
are problematic, but if you have
1. becoming impatient and changed, others around you may
irritable62 need a little time to adjust to the
new you67.
2. becoming withdrawn and
introspective (focussed If you have become less inhibited,
inwards)63 other people may find your
comments or behaviour upsetting
3. showing a loss of inhibitions, and difficult to put up with. Try to
for example making understand how they are feeling.
inappropriate comments or Pause before you speak or act and
swearing question whether or not they will
view it as appropriate.

Seek out information and support. stimulate the heart, lungs, blood
Our information, advice and vessels and nervous system71.
support Services can offer
support to the whole family. These Anger is a normal, healthy
services are currently available in emotion that we all feel and show
some parts of England, Wales and from time to time, particularly
Northern Ireland. Contact us to during stressful situations72, like
see if we have a service near you. trying to do lots of things in a short
There are also organisations listed space of time, or getting soaked by
at the end of this factsheet that can a passing car in the rain.
help.
After a stroke you might find you
What treatments are available? experience anger much more
If you are concerned by changes frequently, have less control over
to your personality, your GP can your outbursts and/or get angry
help by referring you to a over things that would not normally
psychological service, such as a cause you to feel that way73. You
specialist Neuropsychology are likely to direct this anger at
service for an assessment.68 your family and carers74.
Anger Typical triggers for angry outbursts

are:
As with anxiety, anger is both a
physical and psychological  struggling to do something,
response. It usually occurs when like get dressed, which has
we feel intense displeasure, become more difficult since
offense or exasperation. It is your stroke, for example,
another part of our survival strategy because your arm is weak or
– the part that comes into play paralysed
when we prepare to fight. Designed
to improve our performance – it  other people doing things for
may kick in if we are provoked or you all the time
attacked69.
 not having enough time to
It is normal for feelings of anger to respond during conversations
be accompanied by a surge of
energy going through the body70.  not being able to express
This is because chemicals (like yourself; your wants and needs
adrenaline) are released which

 other people making choices normal part of the recovery
and decisions for you process – a sign that you are
aware of the changes the stroke
 getting things wrong has caused to your everyday life77.
 feeling embarrassed If you want to regain control over

your angry outbursts, try doing
 not being able to do something something physical to let off
you enjoy because of a steam, like jogging or dancing78. If
disability, for example, watching you aren’t able to do these things,
your favourite programme on try pounding a pillow. Another
T.V if your stroke has caused technique is to look at yourself in
visual problems the mirror when you feel angry –
the image looking back at you may
 being tired surprise you, provoking laughter or
tears instead– this is fine79. A
 feeling overwhelmed, either by release of the tension that has
too many people, or too many built up is good for you80.
distractions going on around
you making concentration It is easy to be yourself with the
difficult75 people nearest and dearest to you
– after all, they know and love you
Although some anger is normal, it and will most likely forgive you if
can have a negative effect on you have a bad day. If you have
health. It can, for example: become more aggressive since
your stroke, try to be aware of how
 cause digestive problems your behaviour is affecting others.
 increase blood pressure For example, are members of your
 lower your immune system family crying, shouting or leaving
 lead to depression the room because they feel
 lead to addictive behaviour frightened?
(such as smoking)76.
What treatments are available?
If you have concerns about how Usually, your anger will become
angry you feel – speak to your GP. less severe over time as your
stroke recovery continues81. The
How can I help myself? more you can do and the more you
Don’t be too hard on yourself. regain control, the less frustrated
You’re bound to feel some anger you will feel. If this is not
and frustration after a stroke. It’s a happening, or you have concerns

that you are behaving aggressively,
speak to your GP about People are more likely to become
psychological services. frustrated and angry if they cannot
think as clearly or as quickly as
I’m a carer – what about they did before their stroke.
me? Reducing distractions when
doing a particular task can help
When people experience someone to focus and concentrate
personality changes or become on what they are doing. 85
angry following an illness, their
anger is often directed at family It is important not to get drawn into
and/or those caring for them82. If an angry or aggressive encounter
you are a carer, you may from time as it is unlikely to help anyone in
to time be on the receiving end of the situation86. It is also important
angry outbursts that frighten or to look after your own health and
upset you, especially if they feel safety. Just because someone has
like a personal attack. had a stroke does not give them
the right to hurt or abuse you in
You may feel strongly that the any way.
behaviour is unfair if you have
been spending a lot of time taking There are coping techniques for
care of someone you love83. dealing with aggressive behaviour
Emotions can escalate all round that may help you. These include:
when people are tired and fed up.
 explaining that the behaviour is
Sometimes, anger and aggression not acceptable
can be avoided. Try to give the
person you are caring for as much  asking friends and family to
choice as possible, even down to support you by giving the same
small things – like which socks they message
want to wear – after all, these are
normal choices they would have  being firm but polite
made for themselves prior to the
stroke. Be patient; allow plenty of  using the word ‘I’ instead of
time for them to carry out tasks ‘you’, for example, ‘I feel really
and to respond to you. Pay upset when we argue’, instead
attention; don’t ask them to do of ‘you really upset me’.
something you know they will not
be able to do as failure is likely to  explaining that you are
cause anger84. frightened or upset

control of life by working out and
 walking away trying to find solutions to
problems91.
 reward or be positive about
appropriate behaviour - this Your GP will be able to help you
can reinforce the likelihood of it access the appropriate service –
happening again.87 but there may be a waiting list.
There are a range of specialists
You may need to repeat yourself available, depending on the
many times before someone resources in your local area. They
begins to understand the impact may include:
that their behaviour is having on
others. If you’re finding this difficult 1. Social worker – offers short
you can seek support by speaking term counselling whilst in
to your GP or contacting us88. hospital92. Can specialise in
mental health.
Psychological services
explained 2. NHS counsellor or
psychotherapist – uses a
Psychological services aim to talking therapy to help you
encourage you to talk about your identify problems and find
thoughts and feelings and help you solutions. Often based within
come to terms with what has the GP practice93. Counsellors
happened.89 Accepting how life cannot prescribe medicine.
has changed is an important step
in the recovery process. With the 3. Occupational therapist –
guidance of a trained professional helps you with practical tasks
you will have the opportunity to and to adapt to your
look at how the stroke has affected environment. Usually helps with
your life and discover ways of specific concerns and draws on
moving forward90. a range of other services94.
These sorts of services can be 4. Mental health team – provides

especially helpful if you have a help in the community during
range of problems. They allow difficult periods. May involve
you the space and time to talk home visits and include the
things through at your own pace support of a community
so you can gain a clearer picture of psychiatric nurse (CPN).95
what lies ahead. Usually this
process helps you feel more in

5. Clinical psychologist – may language therapist100to enable
work as part of a community you to communicate as effectively
mental health team or in as possible with others101. There
hospital. Can undertake a are many ways to communicate,
thorough assessment of mental including writing, drawing, using
health needs and provide pictures, gestures and
individual or group therapy. communication aids102. It may be
Cannot prescribe medicine96,97. possible for a speech and language
therapist to accompany you to
6. Clinical neuropsychologist – your appointment (although not all
has specialist knowledge of the counsellors will agree to this). If
brain and behaviour. Can you think this would be helpful –
provide an assessment of why not ask?
cognitive and emotional
functioning.98 Alternatively, there is an
organisation called CONNECT that
7. Consultant psychiatrist – you can contact (see Useful
usually works as part of the organisations section). They aim to
community mental health team. find you the right tools to make
Has overall responsibility for the communication possible. They
patients. Can provide therapy also offer a counselling service to
and prescribe medicine99. people with communication
problems, although this service is
Therapy is also available privately currently limited to people living in
(the cost varies between therapists London103. For more detailed
but can be quite expensive). There information about communication
may also be local organisations problems, see our factsheet F3
which offer counselling, sometimes Communication problems after
at a reduced cost, so it is worth stroke.
checking in your telephone
directory, online or at your library Looking after yourself
for more local contacts. It is important that you are helped
to find some way to make your
Many people benefit from talking future life as meaningful and
through their difficulties, but if your fulfilled as possible. Keeping up
stroke has left you with problems your morale is a crucial aspect of
communicating or understanding your psychological well-being104.
others, this may not be so easy. Those around you can contribute
You will probably require the greatly to this. They should ensure
specialist skills of a speech and that they understand the reasons

for any changes in your behaviour BACP House, 15 St John’s
or emotions after a stroke, so they Business Park, Lutterworth LE17
can make sense of what has 4HB
happened and help as much as Tel: 01455 883 300
possible105. There are also many Website: www.bacp.co.uk
things you can do yourself to Publish the Counselling &
improve your psychological well- Psychotherapy Resources
being. See factsheet F10 Directory. This lists organisations,
Depression after stroke for more counsellors and psychotherapists
ideas. in the UK. Some counsellors
operate a sliding scale of charges
Useful organisations according to income.
All organisations are UK-wide British Psychological Society

unless otherwise stated. (BPS)
St Andrews House, 48 Princess
The Stroke Association Road East, Leicester LE1 7DR
Helpline: 0303 3033 100 Tel: 0116 254 9568
Website: www.stroke.org.uk Email: enquiries@bps.org.uk
Email: info@stroke.org.uk Website: www.bps.org.uk
Contact us for information about Holds lists of counselling
stroke, emotional support and psychologists and clinical
details of local services and neuropsychologists.
support groups.
Carers UK
Anxiety UK 20 Great Dover Street, London,
Zion Community Resource Centre, SE1 4LX
339 Stretford Road, Hulme, Carersline: 0808 808 7777
Manchester M15 4ZY (open Wed & Thur 10–12pm & 2–
Tel: 08444 775 774 4pm)
Website: www.anxietyuk.org.uk Email: adviceline@carersuk.org
A national charity for people Website: www.carersuk.org
suffering from anxiety disorders. Provides information and support to
Provides information, support and carers.
has a range of services including
therapy. CONNECT
16–18 Marshalsea Road. London
British Association for SE1 1HL
Counselling and Tel: 020 7367 0840
Psychotherapy (BACP) Email: info@ukconnect.org

Website: www.ukconnect.org
Has counsellors with personal MIND
experience of aphasia who are Mindinfoline, PO Box 277,
trained to help counsel people with Manchester M60 3XN
communication problems. Tel: 0845 766 0163
Email: info@mind.org.uk
Counselling Directory Website: www.mind.org.uk
www.counselling-directory.org.uk Mind is a national mental health
Website listing recognised and charity offering a range of
qualified counsellors and publications and information on
psychotherapists with a postcode local services and support groups.
search facility.
Niamh Wellbeing (Northern
Different Strokes Ireland Association for Mental
9 Canon Harnett Court, Wolverton Health)
Mill, Milton Keynes MK12 5NF 80 University Street, Belfast, BT7
Tel: 0845 130 7172 1HE Tel: 028 9032 8474
Email: info@differentstrokes.co.uk Website: www.niamhwellbeing.org
Website: A network of support services
www.differentstrokes.co.uk throughout Northern Ireland
A charity for younger people supporting mental well being.
affected by stroke.
Support in Mind (Scotland)
Gofal Cymru 6 Newington Business Centre,
26 Dunraven Place, Bridgend Dalkeith Road Mews, Edinburgh,
CF31 1JD EH16 5GA Tel: 0131 662 4359
Tel: 01656 647722 Email:
email: enquiries@gofal.org.uk info@supportinmindscotland.org.uk
Website: www.gofal.org.uk Website:
A range of support services for www.supportinmindscotland.org.uk
people with mental health problems Supports people with mental health
in Wales. problems in Scotland, offers
information, support and a drop in
Mankind Initiative resource centre.
Flook House, Belvedere Road,
Taunton, Somerset, TA1 1BT RELATE
Tel: 01823 334244 Premier House, Carolina Court,
Website: www.mankind.org.uk Lakeside, Doncaster, DN4 5RA
Support for males experiencing Tel: 0300 100 1234
domestic abuse or violence. Website: www.relate.org.uk

Relationships Scotland details what these therapies involve
18 York Place, Edinburgh, EH1 and how to find a therapist.
3EP Tel: 0845 119 2020
Website: www.relationships- Womens Aid
scotland.org.uk Head Office, PO Box 391,
Have local branches and provide Bristol BS99 7WS
counselling for couples and Tel: 0808 2000 247 - 24 Hour
individuals with relationship Email: helpline@womensaid.org.uk
problems. Website: www.womensaid.org.uk
Information and support for women
UK Council for Psychotherapy experiencing domestic abuse or
(UKCP) friends/relatives/professionals
2nd Floor, Edward House, 2 Wakley seeking information on their behalf.
Street, London, EC1V 7LT
Tel: 020 70149955 Disclaimer: The Stroke
Email: info@ukcp.org.uk Association provides the details of
Website: www.ukcp.org.uk other organisations for information
Holds national register of only. Inclusion in this factsheet
psychotherapists and does not constitute a
psychotherapeutic counsellors; recommendation or endorsement.
For further information, phone the Stroke Helpline on 0303 3033 100,
email info@stroke.org.uk or visit our website www.stroke.org.uk
Produced by The Stroke Association’s Information Service. For

sources used, visit www.stroke.org.uk
Factsheet 26 version 01 published June 2011

(next revision due December 2013).
© The Stroke Association 2011. The Stroke Association is registered as a Charity in England
and Wales (No 211015) and in Scotland (SC037789). Also registered in Isle of Man (No 945)
Jersey (NPO 369) and in Northern Ireland.

References

1
Stein,J et al. (2009). Stroke recovery and rehabilitation. Demos Medical Publishing, United
States of America. P453.
2
Godefroy, O and Bogousslavsky, J. (2007). The behavioural and cognitive neurology of
stroke. Cambridge university press, Cambridge. P26.
3
Rudd, A., Irwin, P. and Penhale, B. (2005). Stroke at your fingertips. 2nd Edn. Class
Publishing; London. P6.
4
NHS Choices website. Symptoms and signs of stroke.
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/Symptoms.aspx (updated 15th Oct 2010,
accessed 30th Nov 2010).
5
Hinds,D.M. (2000). After stroke. Martins the printers Ltd. Berwick Upon Tweed. P72, 84, 85,
142 & 159.
6
McKevitt, C. et al. Dec 2010. UK Stroke survivor needs survey. The Stroke Association,
London. P9.
7
NHS Choices website. Stroke recovery.
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Stroke/Pages/recovery.aspx (updated 15th Oct 2010, accessed
30th Nov 2010).
8
9
Ibid
10
11
12
Ibid
13
Ibid
14
NHS Choices website. Anxiety.
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Anxiety/Pages/Introduction.aspx (updated 1st Apr 2010,
accessed 16th Dec 2010).
15
Beers, M. et al. (2003) The Merck Manual of Medical Information. 2nd edn. Pocket Books:
New York. P606.
16
Sassoon, R. (2002). Understanding stroke. Pardoe Blacker Publishing, Sussex. P23
17
Rutherford, D. (2006). Strokes. Net Doctor. Hodder & Stoughton; London. P113.
18
BBC website. Health: A guide to relaxation techniques to help prevent stress and anxiety.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/coping_relaxation.shtml
(updated Dec 2008, accessed 4th Jan 2011).
19
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Emotional changes after stroke

Why have my emotions happens without any warning. It

The Stroke Association June 2011 1

Anxiety 4. taking medication – worrying

The Stroke Association June 2011 2

 You are avoiding things you Another way to reduce anxiety is to

How can I help myself? What treatments are available?

The Stroke Association June 2011 3

If anxiety is affecting your  buspirone, another type of

The Stroke Association June 2011 4

The Stroke Association June 2011 5

The Stroke Association June 2011 6

The Stroke Association June 2011 7

Anger Typical triggers for angry outbursts

The Stroke Association June 2011 8

 feeling embarrassed If you want to regain control over

The Stroke Association June 2011 9

The Stroke Association June 2011 10

These sorts of services can be 4. Mental health team – provides

The Stroke Association June 2011 11

The Stroke Association June 2011 12

All organisations are UK-wide British Psychological Society

The Stroke Association June 2011 13

The Stroke Association June 2011 14

Produced by The Stroke Association’s Information Service. For

Factsheet 26 version 01 published June 2011

The Stroke Association June 2011 15

The Stroke Association June 2011 16

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