CE 73 : Prestressed Concrete

Course Project Report

Analysis and Design of a

Prestressed Concrete Bridge

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

Authors:
Cleo Batocail
Julie Mae Clarabal Instructor:
Glennie Lumampao Engr. Richard Aquino
Jethrine Claire Madarang
Edgardo Vargas Jr.

27 January 2013
Certification
This is to certify that part or parts of our work was not copied from some-
body else work. A proper and full referencing was included for all ideas
including plans, drawings, pictures and diagrams taken from the internet
and other sources. For the materials which is quoted essentially word-for-
word is given in quotation marks and referenced.

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Summary

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Contents

1 Project Background 9
1.1 Project Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Scope and Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Project Outline/Workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Prestressing Materials and Systems 11

2.1 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 Nonprestressing Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 Prestressing Tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Prestressing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.1 Classification and Types of Prestressing . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Pretensioning vs. Post-tensioning . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.3 Anchorages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.4 Jacking Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Bridge Engineering 16
3.1 Design Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Substructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.1 Wing wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.2 Abutment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2.3 Piles, Piers and Caissons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Superstructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.1 Bridge Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.2 Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4 Design Methods and Procedure 20

4.1 AASHTO and NSCP Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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 4.2 Loadings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Prestress Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4 Design for Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.5 Shear and Diagonal Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6 Deflection Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7 Development, Splicing and Bar Cut-offs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5 Plans and Specifications 21

5.1 Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2 Elevations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 Cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4 Framing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.5 Design Assumptions and Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6 Results and Discussions 24

6.1 Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.1 Dead Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.2 Live Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.1.3 Impact Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2 Design Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.1 Bending Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.2 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3 Bridge Girder Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3.1 Prestressing Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3.2 Non-prestressed Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.3.3 Prestressing Tendon and Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.3.4 Shear Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.4 Bridge Deck Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7 Conclusion and Recommendations 26

7.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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List of Figures

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List of Tables

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 Acknowledgements

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude firstly to Our Heav-

enly Father for the guidance and wisdom he have given and the bless-
ings He bestowed upon us enabling to complete this book. To our
loving parents for the financial, moral and emotional support as we
eagerly continue these lifetime challeges everyday of our lives as a stu-
dent. Without their guidance and love we cannot continue this step-
ping stone as Civil Engineering students.

To our Professor in CE 73 , Engr. Richard J. Aquino for being

our guide and humble mentor in every step of the way. For letting
us know that learning is the most important aspect as a student and
not just having good grades. For sharing his knowledge and all his
capabilities as we learn from him in our mistakes. And lastly for our
group who worked well together as a great team, as a family, as an
ordinary student who worked hard within our limits. Enabling to finish
this project was a great privilege and success to enhance our skills as
simple students and future engineers.

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Chapter 1

Project Background

To overcome concrete’s weakness in tension, Professor Magnel develop the

concept of prestressing in which internal stresses are introduced by means
of high strength reinforcement. Prestressed concrete was developed literally
to overcome the reinforced concrete’s limitations especially on cracking.This
improve shear and torsion strengths as well as protecting the reinforcement
steel.

1.1 Project Description

JR Borja Prestressed Concrete Bridge with a two way lane.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

• To be able to know the difference between reinforced concrete design
and prestressed concrete design.
• To have an experience in analyzing and designing a prestressed bridge
while at the same time learning.
• To plan and design a Prestressed Bridge Structure that is safe to use
and well planned.

1.3 Scope and Limitation

This Project is limited on designing and analyzing a prestressed concrete
bridge with the use of AASHTO specifications and NSCP code, that is
especially would not go beyond our objectives.

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1.4 Project Outline/Workflow

I. Design Parameters of Prestressed Concrete Bridge

II. Structural Designs using AASHTO Specs and ACI Codes
III. Computation of Loadings
IV. Structural Analysis
V. Design

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Chapter 2

Prestressing Materials and

Systems

2.1 Materials
This typical bridge is mainly a prestressed concrete material.

2.1.1 Concrete
”Concrete is an artificial engineering material made from a mixture of port-
land cement, water, fine and coarse aggregates, and a small amount of air.
It is the most widely used construction material in the world (Microsoft
Encarta 2009)”.
Concrete is the only major building material that can be delivered to the
job site in a plastic state. This unique quality makes concrete desirable as a
building material because it can be molded to virtually any form or shape.
Concrete provides a wide latitude in surface textures and colors and can be
used to construct a wide variety of structures, such as highways and streets,
bridges, dams, large buildings, airport runways, irrigation structures, break-
waters, piers and docks, sidewalks, silos and farm buildings, homes, and even
barges and ships.

The following are the main materials from which concrete is made:

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Cement
”Cement, is any material that hardens and becomes strongly adhesive after
application in plastic form. The term cement is often used interchangeably
with glue and adhesive.In engineering and building construction, the term
usually refers to a finely powdered, manufactured substance consisting of
gypsum plaster or portland cement that hardens and adheres after being
mixed with water (Microsoft Encarta 2009).”

Aggregates
”Is a granular materaial, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast
furnace slab, and when used with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic
cement concrete or mortar (NSCP,2010 6th Ed.).”

Water
”Water used in mixing concrete shall be clean, free from injurious amounts
of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials or other substances deleterious
to concrete or reinforcement(NSCP,2010 6th Ed.).”

Admixtures
”Is a material other than water, aggregate or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to
modify its properties (NSCP,2010 6th Ed.).”

2.1.2 Nonprestressing Reinforcement

Steel reinforcement consisting of bars, wire fabrics and welded wires all of
which are manufactured according to ASTM Standards.

The most important properties of reinforcing steel are:

1. Youngs’s Modulus, Es
2. Yield Strength , fy
3. Ultimate Strength , fu
4. Steel grade designation
5. Size or diameter of bar or wire.

To increase the bond of concrete and steel, deformations are rooled unto
the surface of the bar and must conform in accordance to ASTM specifica-
tions inorder to be accepted as deformed bars or reinforcement.

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2.1.3 Prestressing Tendons
Because of the high creep and shrinkage losses in concrete, effective pre-
stressing can be achieved by using very high strength steels in the range of
270,000 psi or more. Such high-stressed steels are able to counterbalance
these losses in the surrounding concrete and have adequate leftover stress
levels to sustain the required prestressing force.

2.2 Prestressing Systems

2.2.1 Classification and Types of Prestressing
Prestressing is applied to concrete by means of high-strength tendons (usu-
ally steel)in tension, passing through the concrete. This can be achieved
in one of two ways, namely pretensioning and post-tensioning, the main
distinction between the two methods being whether the steel is tensioned
before or after the concrete is cast,hence the terms pre and post.

Types of Prestressing

1. Full Prestressing: sufficient precompression to ensure crack-free at full

design load. Freyssinet 1930.
2.Partial Prestressing: Precompression is not sufficient to prevent cracks
under full design load. Therefore, the member will normally contain some
conventional reinforcement bars.

In many cases, partial prestressing improves the structural performance

and is commonly used.

Other method of Prestressing:

a. Thermal prestressing by application of electirc heat. Electric and me-
chanical combination has been also used in USSR.
b. Prebending high strength steel beam and encasing its tensile flange in
concrete. Releasing the bending will place the concrete under compression.
c. Chemical prestressing by means of expansive cement which expand chem-
ically after setting and during hardening started in France 1940 and known
as self stressing.

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2.2.2 Pretensioning vs. Post-tensioning
The term ”pretensioning” means the pretensioing of the prestressing steel
not the beam itself. Steel is tensioned before casting of concrete mix. It is
normally performed at pre-casting plants where a precasting stressing bed,
of a long reinforced concrete slab is cast on the ground with vertical anchor
bulk heads or walls at its ends.
In Summary: Pre-tensioned

• Stress strands

• Cast concrete

• Cut strands

• Force transferred to concrete by bond.

On the other hand in Post-tensioning, the steel is tensioned after concrete

is cast. Concrete is cast and hollow ducts are placed during casting in the
concrete. Tendons are located inside the hollow ducts. A tendon comprises
a number of individual strands in the same duct. After the concrete has at-
tained the required strength the tendons are stressed using prestressing jacks
at the ends of the concrete member (from one or both ends simultaneously)
and anchored.
In Summary: Post tensioned

• Provide tendon inside duct

• Cast concrete

• Tension tendon after concrete attains required strength

• Inject grout into duct

2.2.3 Anchorages
Anchorages is a prestressing system loacted at the end of a high tensile
strength section. After the wires are stressed, these anchor serves as lock at
both ends. Such anchorages are supported by large and stable bulkheads to
support the exceedingly high concentrated forces applied to the individual
tendons.

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 Figure 2.3: Type of Achorage

2.2.4 Jacking Systems

One of the fundamental components of a prestressing operation is the jacking
system applied,i.e.,the manner in which the prestressing force is transferred
to the steel tendons. Such a force is applied through the use of hydraulic
jacks of capacity 10 to 20 tons and a stroke from 6 to 48 in.,depending
on whether pretensioning or post-tensioning is used and whether individual
tendons are being prestressed or all the tendons are being stressed simulta-
neously.

Figure 2.4: Types of Jacking Systems

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Chapter 3

Bridge Engineering

An engineering bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such

as a bodies of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique
purposes and apply to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depend-
ing on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge
is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds
available to build it.
Bridges were made to provide trade to other places to boost economic
development and easier transportation of goods from one place to another.
Prestressed Bridges was made possible through the advancement of the
science of materials in creating long span bridges in utilizing compressive
strength of concrete and through proper design, eliminates deflection and
cracking.

Figure 3: Cable Prestressed Concrete Bridge in China

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3.1 Design Parameters

3.2 Substructures
3.2.1 Wing wall
Wingwalls are a necessary component of most FIAB bridges to retain the fill
thatsupports the roadway. Currently, wingwalls do not get a lot of attention
from the designer, and are almost an afterthought to the overall design of
the structure. However, wingwall orientation and connection details can
have an impact on the forces induced in,and the distribution of, the forces
throughout the structure.
The following are types of Wingwall:

• A cantilevered wingwall is a retaining wall that is poured integrally

with the abutment stem and thus moves with the abutment stem with
respect to the soil. Cantilevered wingwalls may or may not have piles
placed directly beneath the wall.

• An independently supported wingwall is a retaining wall that has its

own foundation and is not connected to the moving abutment stem.

• An in-line wingwall is a retaining wall that is parallel to the centerline

of bearings.

• A U-wingwall is a retaining wall that is parallel to the roadway.

• A flared wingwall is a retaining wall that lies between an inline and a

U-wingwall.

3.2.2 Abutment
In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the end of a bridge
span whereon the bridge’s superstructure rests. Single-span bridges have
abutments at each end which provide vertical and lateral support for the
bridge, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the
earthen fill of the bridge approach.
Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans unsupported
by abutments.The term may also refer to the structure supporting one side
of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault.The word
derives from the verb ”abut”, meaning to ”touch by means of a mutual
border”.

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3.2.3 Piles, Piers and Caissons
Piles are a type of deep foundation that is drilled using a hydraulic drilling
machine below the earths surface unto a stable strata. Bridges are using
these piles to assure the stability because these are made from prestressed
concrete to withstand vertical forces.
A pier is a raised structure, including bridge and building supports and
walkways, typically supported by widely spread piles or pillars. The lighter
structure of a pier allows tides and currents to flow almost unhindered,
whereas the more solid foundations of a quay or the closely spaced piles of a
wharf can act as a breakwater, and are consequently more liable to silting.
In geotechnical engineering, a caisson is a watertight retaining struc-
ture[1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for
the construction of a concrete dam,[2] or for the repair of ships.[3] These are
constructed such that the water can be pumped out, keeping the working
environment dry. When piers are to be built using an open caisson and it
is not practical to reach suitable soil, friction pilings may be driven to form
a suitable sub-foundation.

3.3 Superstructures
3.3.1 Bridge Deck
A bridge deck or road bed is the roadway, or the pedestrian walkway, sur-
face of a bridge. The deck may be of concrete,wood which in turn may be
covered with asphalt concrete or other pavement.
The primary function of a bridge deck is to support the vehicular verti-
cal loads and distribute these loads to the steel superstructure. The deck is
typically continuous along the span of the bridge and continuous across the
width of the span.

In most applications, the bridge deck is made composite with the steel
superstructure through positive attachment to the girders, such as using
shear connecters to attach the concrete deck slabs to steel girders. In such
cases, the deck serves as part of the top flange in the composite section and
can be utilized for strength and stiffness. The deck is subjected to local flex-
ural bending of the slab spanning over the girders in the transverse direction
caused by the vehicle wheel loads. When the deck is made composite, it is
also subjected to longitudinal stresses caused by flexure along the span.

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3.3.2 Girders
A girder bridge is perhaps the most common and most basic bridge. A
log across a creek is an example of a girder bridge in its simplest form.
In modern steel girder bridges, the two most common girders are I-beam
girders and box-girders.

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Chapter 4

Design Methods and

Procedure

4.1 AASHTO and NSCP Codes

4.2 Loadings

4.3 Prestress Losses

4.4 Design for Flexure

4.5 Shear and Diagonal Tension

4.6 Deflection Calculations

4.7 Development, Splicing and Bar Cut-offs

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21
Chapter 5

Plans and Specifications

5.1 Plan

5.2 Elevations

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 .

5.3 Cross sections

5.4 Framing Plan

5.5 Design Assumptions and Specifications

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Chapter 6

Results and Discussions

6.1 Design Loads

6.1.1 Dead Load
6.1.2 Live Load
6.1.3 Impact Load

6.2 Design Envelope

6.2.1 Bending Moment
6.2.2 Shear

6.3 Bridge Girder Design

6.3.1 Prestressing Force
6.3.2 Non-prestressed Reinforcement
1. At supports

2. Midspan

3.Bar cut-offs

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6.3.3 Prestressing Tendon and Profile
6.3.4 Shear Reinforcement

6.4 Bridge Deck Design

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Chapter 7

Conclusion and
Recommendations

7.1 Conclusion

7.2 Recommendations

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