2.classical Mechanics - NET-JRF - June 2011-June 2017

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics

CLASSICAL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
b
Q1. A particle of unit mass moves in a potential V  x   ax 2 , where a and b are positive
x2
constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations about the minimum of the potential
is
(a) 8b (b) 8a (c) 8a / b (d) 8b / a
Ans: (b)
1
b V 2b  b 4
Solution: V  x   ax 2  2   0  2ax  3  0  ax 4  b  0  x0    .
x x x a
k  2V
Since   , m  1 and k  2 where x0 is stable equilibrium point.
m x x  x0
1
 2V 6b 6b  b 4
Hence k  2  2a  4  2a   8a at x  x0    .
x x0 b a
a
Thus,   8a .
Q2. The acceleration due to gravity  g  on the surface of Earth is approximately 2.6 times
that on the surface of Mars. Given that the radius of Mars is about one half the radius of
Earth, the ratio of the escape velocity on Earth to that on Mars is approximately
(a) 1.1 (b) 1.3 (c) 2.3 (d) 5.2
Ans: (c)
Solution: Escape velocity = 2 gR
Escape velocity of Earth ge R e R g
  2.3 where e  2 and e  2.6.
Escape velocity of Mass gm R m Rm gm
Q3. The Hamiltonian of a system with n degrees of freedom is given by H q1 ,.....q n ; p1 ,....... p n ; t  ,
with an explicit dependence on the time t . Which of the following is correct?

(a) Different phase trajectories cannot intersect each other.
(b) H always represents the total energy of the system and is a constant of the motion.
(c) The equations q i  H / pi , p i  H / qi are not valid since H has explicit time
dependence.
(d) Any initial volume element in phase space remains unchanged in magnitude under
time evolution.
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Ans: (a)
Q4. The Lagrangian of a particle of charge e and mass m in applied electric and magnetic
1 2   
fields is given by L  mv  eA  v  e , where A and  are the vector and scalar
2
potentials corresponding to the magnetic and electric fields, respectively. Which of the
following statements is correct?
 
(a) The canonically conjugate momentum of the particle is given by p  mv

p2 e  
(b) The Hamiltonian of the particle is given by H   A  p  e
2m m
(c) L remains unchanged under a gauge transformation of the potentials
(d) Under a gauge transformation of the potentials, L changes by the total time derivative
Ans: (d)
L 
Solution: 2 V  
t 0
Q5. Consider the decay process         in the rest frame of the   . The masses of the
  ,   and   are M  , M  and zero respectively.
A. The energy of   is
(a)
M 2
 
 M 2 c 2
(b)
M 2
 
 M 2 c 2
(c)  M   M   c 2 (d) M M  c2
2M  2M
Ans. : (b)
Solution:        
From conservation of energy M  c2  E   E  .
E2  p 2 c 2  M 2 c 4 and E2  p 2 c 2 since momentum of   and   is same.
M 2 c 4
M c 2  E  E , M  2 c 4  E2  E2  E  E 
M c 2
E  E 
M 2 c 2
and E  E  M c  E 
2
M2  M 2 c 2
.
 
M 2M
B. The velocity of   is
(a)
M  M 2 c
2

(b)
M  M 2 c
2

(c)
M c
(d)
M c
M 2  M 2 M 2  M 2 M M
Ans: (a)
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Solution: Velocity of  
E 
M 2
  M 2  c 2

M c 2  v2 
 1  2  
4 M 2 M 2
2M   c   M 2  M 2 
2
v2
1
c2
v2 4M 2 M 2 v 2 M 4  M 4  2 M 2 M 2  4 M 2 M 2  M 2  M 2 
  1     v   2 2 
c.
c2  M 2  M 2  c M 2  M 2   M  M 
2 2 2
 
Q6. The Hamiltonian of a particle of unit mass moving in the xy -plane is given to be:
1 2 1 2
H  xp x  yp y  x  y in suitable units. The initial values are given to be
2 2
x0, y0  1,1 and  p x 0, p y 0   1 , 1  . During the motion, the curves traced out
2 2
by the particles in the xy-plane and the p x p y – plane are
(a) both straight lines

(b) a straight line and a hyperbola respectively
(c) a hyperbola and an ellipse, respectively
(d) both hyperbolas
Ans: (d)
1 2 1 2
Solution: H  xpx  yp y  x  y
2 2
Solving Hamiltonion equation of motion
H H
  p x  px  x   p x and   p y   p y  y   p y .
x y
H H
 x  x  x and  y   y  y .
px p y
After solving these four differential equation and eliminating time t and using boundary
1 1 1
condition one will get  x  and px 
y 2 py
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NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q7. A double pendulum consists of two point masses m attached by strings of length l as
shown in the figure: The kinetic energy of the pendulum is
(a)
2

1 2 2 2
ml  1   2 
l
(b)
2

ml 21   2  212 cos1   2 
1 2 2 2
 1
(c)
1 2 2
2

ml 1  222  212 cos1   2   m
l
(d) 
ml 2 1   2  212 cos 1   2 
1 2 2 2
2
 2
Ans: (b) m
Solution: Let co-ordinate  x1 , y1  and  x 2 , y 2  . K .E. 

1
2
 1
 
m x12  y 12  m x 22  y 22
2

x1  l sin  1 , y1  l cos 1  x1  l cos 11 , y1  l sin 11
x 2  l sin  1  l sin  2 , y 2  l cos 1  l cos  2
 
 x 2  l cos 11  l cos  2 2 , y 2  l  sin 11  l  sin  2 2
Put the value of x1 , y1 , x 2 , y 2 in K.E equation, one will get
1 2 2 2
T ml  21   2  212 cos 1   2   .
2
Q8. A constant force F is applied to a relativistic particle of rest mass m. If the particle starts
from rest at t = 0, its speed after a time t is
(a) Ft / m
 Ft 
(b) c tanh  
(c) c 1  e  Ft / mc  (d)
Fct
 mc  F 2t 2  m 2c 2
Ans: (d)
dp
Solution:  F  p  Ft  c . At t  0, p  0 so, c  0
dt
F
mu  t Fct
 p  Ft   Ft  u  m  .
u2  Ft 
2
F 2 t 2  m2 c 2
1 2 1  
c  mc 
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Q9. The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
a b
given by V r     12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
r 6
r
the atoms is:
(a)  4 a 2 / b (b)  2 a 2 / b (c)  a 2 / 2b (d)  a 2 / 4b
Ans: (d)
a b V 1  12b 
Solution: V r   
a 12b
 , for equilibrium  0     6    0  6 a  0
r 6 r 12 r r 7
r 13
r 
7
r 6 
1 1
12b  12b  6  2b  6
 6a  6  0  r    r  
r  6a   a 
 1

 2b  a b a2 a2 a2
V r      
6
      .
  a    2b   2b 2 2b 4b 4b
     
 a   a 
Q10. Two particles of identical mass move in circular orbits under a central potential
V r  
1 2
kr . Let l1 and l2 be the angular momenta and r1 , r2 be the radii of the orbits
2
l1 r
respectively. If  2 , the value of 1 is:
l2 r2
(a) 2 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 / 2

Ans: (a)
l2 1
Solution: Veff   kr 2 , where l is angular momentum.
2mr 2
2
Veff l2
Condition for circular orbit  0   3  kr  0  l 2  r 4  l  r 2 .
r mr
2
l r  r l r l
Thus 1   1   1  1  1  2 since 1  2 .
l2  r2  r2 l2 r2 l2
Q11. A particle of mass m moves inside a bowl. If the surface of the bowl is given by the
equation z 
1
2
 
a x 2  y 2 , where a is a constant, the Lagrangian of the particle is
(a)
1
2

m r 2  r 2 2  gar 2  (b)
1
2
 
m 1  a 2 r 2 r 2  r 2 2 
(c)
1
2

m r 2  r 2 2  r 2 sin 2  2  gar 2  1
 
(d) m 1  a 2 r 2 r 2  r 2 2  gar 2
2

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Ans: (d)
Solution: L 
1
2
  1

m x 2  y 2  z 2  mgz , where z  a x 2  y 2 .
2

a r2  .
1
It has cylindrical symmetry. Thus x  r cos  , y  r sin  , z 
2
x  r cos   r sin  , y  r sin   r cos  and z  a  rr  .
m 1  a 2 r 2  r 2  r 22  gar 2  .

1
So, L 
2
Q12. A planet of mass m moves in the inverse square central force field of the Sun of mass
M . If the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b , respectively, the
total energy of the planet is:
GMm 1 1
(a)  (b)  GMm  
ab a b
GMm  1 1   ab 
(c)     (d)  GMm 

a b a  a  b 
2

Ans: (a)
Solution: Assume Sun is at the centre of elliptical orbit.
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
Conservation of energy mv1   mv2 
2 a 2 b v2
Conservation of momentum L  mv1a  mv2b b

v1
s a
 a
v2  v1  
 b
1 2 1 2 GMm GMm 1  2 2 a 
2
ba
mv1  mv2    m  v1  v1 2   GMm  
2 2 a b 2  b   ab 
1 2  b2  a 2   b  a 1 b 1
mv1    GMm    mv12  GMm   
 b   ab   a  b  a 
2
2 2
1 2 GMm b 1 GMm
E mv1   GMm 
2 a a b  a  a
GMm  b  GMm  b  b  a  GMm

   1     
a  b  a    a  b  a   b  a 
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Q13. An annulus of mass M made of a material of uniform density has inner and outer radii a
and b respectively. Its principle moment of inertia along the axis of symmetry
perpendicular to the plane of the annulus is:
1 b 4  a 4 
(a) M 2
2 b  a 2 
(b)
1
2

M b 2  a 2 
(c) M b 2  a 2   
1 1
(d) M b 2  a 2
2 2
Ans: (d)
Q14. The trajectory on the zpz - plane (phase-space trajectory) of a ball bouncing perfectly
elastically off a hard surface at z = 0 is given by approximately by (neglect friction):
PZ PZ
(a) (b)
z z
PZ PZ
(c) (d)
z z
Ans: (a)
Pz2 P2
Solution: H   mgz and E  z  mgz .
2m 2m
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q15. The bob of a simple pendulum, which undergoes small oscillations, is immersed in water.
Which of the following figures best represents the phase space diagram for the pendulum?
p p
(a) (b)
x x
p p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans: (d)
Solution: When simple pendulum oscillates in water it is damped oscillation so amplitude
continuously decrease and finally it stops.
Q16. Two events separated by a (spatial) distance 9  109 m , are simultaneous in one inertial
frame. The time interval between these two events in a frame moving with a constant
speed 0.8 c (where the speed of light c  3  108 m / s ) is
(a) 60 s (b) 40 s (c) 20 s (d) 0 s
Ans: (b)
Solution: x2'  x1'  9  10 9 m and t 2'  t1'  0 . Then
   
 t '  v x'   t1  v x' 
 2 c2 2
t 2  t1  
 

1 1 ' '
' '

c 2   t  t  t 2  t1  v x 2  x1  v x 2  x1 .
' '
 
  2 
2 1
v2 c c2
2
 1 v
2
  1 v  v2 v2
    1  1  1 
 c2   c2  c2 c2 c2
Put v  0.8c  t 2  t1  40 sec
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x 2
Q17. If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one dimensions is given by L   V  x  the
2x
Hamiltonian is
x 2 p2
xp  V  x   V x  x  V  x   V x 
1 2 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2x 2 2x
Ans: (a)
L x
Solution: Since H  p x x  L and  p x   p x  x  p x x .
x x
 px x 
2
x 2 p x2 x
H  p x x   V  x   H  px  px x   Vx  H   V x  .
2x 2x 2
Q18. A horizontal circular platform mutes with a constant angular velocity  directed
vertically upwards. A person seated at the centre shoots a bullet of mass m horizontally
with speed v. The acceleration of the bullet, in the reference frame of the shooter, is
(a) 2v  to his right (b) 2v  to his left
(c) v  to his right (d) v  to his left
Ans: (a)
Solution: Velocity of bullet = vˆj , Angular velocity= k̂ . There will be coriolis
 
force F  2m v   .
F  2mviˆ  a  2viˆ .
 
Q19. The Poisson bracket  r , p  has the value
 
(a) r p (b) rˆ  pˆ (c) 3 (d) 1
Ans: (b)
 
Solution: r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ , r   x 2  y 2  z 2  , p  p xiˆ  p y ˆj  p z kˆ ,
1/ 2

p   px2  p y2  pz2 
1/ 2
           
   r  p  r  p   r  p  r  p   r  p  r  p 
 r , p  =  x  p  p  x    y  p  p  y    z  p  p  y 
 x x   y y   z z 
 
x px y p y z pz rp
              rˆ  pˆ 
r p r p r p r p
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Q20. Consider the motion of a classical particle in a one dimensional double-well
potential V  x   
1 2
4
2

x  2 . If the particle is displaced infinitesimally from the minimum
on the x-axis (and friction is neglected), then

(a) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency   2
(b) the particle will execute simple harmonic motion in the right well with an angular
frequency   2
(c) the particle will switch between the right and left wells
(d) the particle will approach the bottom of the right well and settle there
Ans: (b)
Solution: V  x   x  2 2  V  2 x 2  2  2 x  0  x  0 , x   2 .
1 2
 
4 x 4
 2V  2V
 3 x 2
 2 . At x  0 ,  0 so V is maximum. Thus it is unstable point
x 2 x 2
 2V
 2V x 2 x  x0
 4 and it is stable equilibrium point with   2    1.
x 2 x 2

Q21. What is proper time interval between the occurrence of two events if in one inertial frame
events are separated by 7.5 108 m and occur 6.5 s apart?
(a) 6.50 s (b) 6.00 s (c) 5.75 s (d) 5.00 s
Ans: (b)
Solution: Proper time interval
2
 6.5     6 sec.
r2 7.5
t   t    2 
2 2
c  3 
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NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q22. A solid cylinder of height H, radius R and density ρ, floats vertically on the surface of a
liquid of density  0 . The cylinder will be set into oscillatory motion when a small
instantaneous downward force is applied. The frequency of oscillation is
g  g g 0 g
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 H 0 H 0H H
Ans: (d)
Solution: From Newton’s law of motion ma  mg  0 Agh where A is area of cross section,
m   AH .
0 gh 0 g
  AHa   AHg  0 Agh  a  1  
H H
Q23. Three particles of equal mass (m) are connected by two identical massless springs of
stiffness constant (K) as shown in the figure
K K
m m m
If x1, x2 and x3 denote the horizontal displacement of the masses from their respective
equilibrium positions the potential energy of the system is
(a)
1
2

K x12  x 22  x32  (b)
1
2

K x12  x 22  x32  x 2  x1  x3  
(c)
1
2

K x12  2 x 22  x32  2 x 2  x1  x3  (d)
1
2
 
K x12  2 x 22  2 x 2  x1  x3 
Ans: (c)
1 1
K  x2  x1   K  x3  x2  ,
2 2
Solution: V 
2 2
K  x22  x12  2 x2 x1   K  x32  x22  2 x3 x2   V  K  x12  2 x22  x32  2 x2  x1  x3  

1 1 1
V
2 2 2
Q24. A planet of mass m moves in the gravitational field of the Sun (mass M ). If the semi-
major and semi-minor axes of the orbit are a and b respectively, the angular momentum
of the planet is
2GMm 2 ab 2GMm 2 ab
(a) 2GMm 2 a  b  (b) 2GMm 2 a  b  (c) (d)
ab ab
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Ans: (d)
Solution: Assume Sun is at the centre of elliptical orbit.
1 2 GMm 1 2 GMm
Conservation of energy mv1   mv2  v2
2 a 2 b
Conservation of momentum L  mv1a  mv2b b
v1
s a
 a
v2  v1  
 b
1 2 1 2 GMm GMm 1  2 2 a 
2
 b  a
mv1  mv2    m  v1  v1 2   GMm 
2 2 a b 2  b   ab 
1 2  b2  a 2   b  a 1  b 1
mv1    GMm    mv12  GMm   
2  b 2
  ab  2  a  b  a
 b 1
v1  2GM   
 a  b  a
 b  1  2GMab 2GMm 2 ab
L  mv1 a  m 2GM      a  m L
 a  b  a b  a ab
Q25. The Hamiltonian of a simple pendulum consisting of a mass m attached to a massless

p2
string of length l is H   mgl 1  cos   . If L denotes the Lagrangian, the value of
2ml 2
dL
is:
dt
2g g
(a)  p sin  (b)  p sin 2
l l
g
(c) p cos  (d) lp2 cos 
l
Ans: (a)
dL L p2
Solution:  L, H   where H   mgl 1  cos   .
dt t 2ml 2
H p ml 2 2
L   pi qi  H  p   H ,  
    , L  mgl 1  cos   .
i P ml 2 2
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Hence we have to calculate L, H  which is only defined into phase space i.e. p and  .
p2
Then  L   mgl 1  cos  
2ml 2
L, H   L  H 
L H
 
2g
p sin  and
L
0
dL

2g
p sin 
 p p  l t dt l
Q26. Two bodies of equal mass m are connected by a massless rigid rod of length l lying in the
xy-plane with the centre of the rod at the origin. If this system is rotating about the z-axis
with a frequency ω, its angular momentum is
(a) ml 2 / 4 (b) ml 2 / 2 (c) ml 2 (d) 2ml 2
Ans: (b)
Solution: Since rod is massless i.e. M  0 .
l
Moment of inertia of the system I  m1r12  m2 r22 , m1  m2  m and r1  r2 
2
ml 2 ml 2 ml 2 ml 2
I  I . Angular momentum, J  I and J  .
4 4 2 2
Q27. Which of the following set of phase-space trajectories is not possible for a particle
obeying Hamilton’s equations of motion?
(a) (b)
P P
x x
(c) (d)
P P
x x
Ans: (b)
Solution: Phase curve does not cut each other
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Q28. The muon has mass 105 MeV / c and mean life time 2.2  s in its rest frame. The mean
2
distance traversed by a muon of energy 315 MeV before decaying is approximately,
(a) 3  105 km (b) 2.2 cm (c) 6.6  m (d) 1.98 km

Ans: (d)
MeV
Solution: Since E  315MeV and m0  105 .
c2
m0 c 2 m0 c 2 105
E  mc 2  E   315   315   v  0.94c .
v2 v2 v2
1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c
t0 2.2  10 6
Now, t  , t 0  2.2 s  t   t  6.6  s
v2 8
1 2 1
c 9
Now the distance traversed by muon is vt  0.94c  6.6  10 6  1.86 km .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q29. The area of a disc in its rest frame S is equal to 1 (in some units). The disc will appear
distorted to an observer O moving with a speed u with respect to S along the plane of the
disc. The area of the disc measured in the rest frame of the observer O is ( c is the speed
of light in vacuum)
1/ 2 1 / 2 1
 u2   u2   u2   u2 
(a) 1  2  (b) 1  2  (c) 1  2  (d) 1  2 
 c   c   c   c 
Ans: (a)
Solution: Area of disc from S frame is 1 i.e.  a 2  1 or  a  a  1
u2 u2 u2
Area of disc from S  frame is  a  b   a  a 1   1  1   1 
c2 c2 c2
u2
where b  a 1  .
c2
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Q30. A planet of mass m and an angular momentum L moves in a circular orbit in a potential,
V r   k / r , where k is a constant. If it is slightly perturbed radially, the angular
frequency of radial oscillations is
(a) mk 2 / 2 L3 (b) mk 2 / L3 (c) 2mk 2 / L3 (d) 3mk 2 / L3

Ans: (b)
Veff
L2 k Veff L2 k
Solution: Veff   . For circular orbit    2 0
2mr 2
r r mr 3
r
L2 k L2 k
  2 . Thus r  r0    ,
mr 3
r mk m
r
d 2Veff 3L 2
2k 3L 2
2k 3m k 3
2m k
4
m k43 4 3
k   3      6
dr 2
mr 4
r r  r0  L2 
4
 L2 
3
L6 L6 L
r  r0
m   
 mk   mk 
d 2V
dr 2 r  r0 mk 2
   .
m L3
Q31. The number of degrees of freedom of a rigid body in d space-dimensions is
(a) 2d (b) 6 (c) d d  1 / 2 (d) d!
Ans: (c)
Q32. A system is governed by the Hamiltonian
1
 p x  ay 2  1  p x  bx 2
H 
2 2
where a and b are constants and p x , p y are momenta conjugate to x and y respectively.
For what values of a and b will the quantities  p x  3 y  and  p y  2 x  be conserved?
(a) a  3, b  2 (b) a  3, b  2

(c) a  2, b  3 (d) a  2, b  3
Ans: (d)
Solution: Poisson bracket  px  3 y, H   0 and
 p y  2 y , H   0
p y (b  3)  x(3b  b 2 )  0 and p x ( a  2)  y (2 a  a 2 )  0
 a  2, b  3
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Q33. The Lagrangian of a particle of mass m moving in one dimension is given by
1 2
L mx  bx
2
where b is a positive constant. The coordinate of the particle xt  at time t is given by: (in
following c1 and c 2 are constants)
b 2
(a)  t  c1t  c 2 (b) c1t  c 2
2m
 bt   bt   bt   bt 
(c) c1 cos   c 2 sin   (d) c1 cosh   c 2 sinh  
m m m m
Ans: (a)
d  L  L d
Solution: Equation of motion    0  mx   b  0  mx  b  0  mx  b
dt  x  x dt
d 2x b dx b b t2
     t  c1  x    c1t  c2
dt 2 m dt m m 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q34. Let A, B and C be functions of phase space variables (coordinates and momenta of a
mechanical system). If ,  represents the Poisson bracket, the value of
A, B, C  A, B, C is given by
(a) 0 (b) B, C , A (c) A, C , B (d) C , A, B
Ans: (d)
Solution: We know that Jacobi identity equation
A, B, C  B, C , A  C , A, B  0
Now A, B, C   A, B, C   B, C , A  C , A, B
z2
Q35. A particle moves in a potential V  x 2  y 2  . Which component(s) of the angular
2
momentum is/are constant(s) of motion?
(a) None (b) Lx , L y and L z (c) only L x and Ly (d) only L z
Ans: (d)
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z2
Solution: A particle moves in a potential V  x 2  y 2 
2
r 2
V r ,  ,    r 2 sin 2  cos 2   r 2 sin 2  sin 2   cos 2 
2
r 2
V r ,  ,    r 2 sin 2   cos 2 
2
Now  is cyclic-co-ordinate  p  i.e Lz is constant of motion.
Q36. The Hamiltonian of a relativistic particle of rest mass m and momentum p is given
by H  p 2  m 2  V x  , in units in which the speed of light c  1 . The corresponding

Lagrangian is
(a) L  m 1  x 2  V  x  (b) L  m 1  x 2  V  x 
(c) L  1  mx 2  V  x  mx  V  x 

1 2
(d) L 
2
Ans: (b)
H
Solution: H  p 2  m 2  V x  
p
 x 
1 2p
1

 x p 2  m 2 
1/ 2
p
2
p 2
m 
2 2

xm
 p
1  x 2
Now L   xp  H  xp  H  xp

  p 2  m2  V  x 

xm
Put value p   L  m 1  x 2  V  x 
1  x 2
Q37. A pendulum consists of a ring of mass M and radius R suspended by a massless rigid
rod of length l attached to its rim. When the pendulum oscillates in the plane of the ring,
the time period of oscillation is
lR 2
(a) 2
g
(b) l 2
 R2 1/ 4
2 R 2  2 Rl  l 2 2
(c) 2
g R  l 
(d) 2R 2
 2 Rl  l 2  1/ 4
g
Ans: (c)
Solution: The moment of inertia about pivotal point is given by
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I  I c.m  Md  MR  M (l  R)
2 2 2
If ring is displaced by angle  then potential energy is  Mg (l  R ) cos 

The Lagrangian is given by
1 2 1
L I  V ( ) = ( MR 2  M (l  R) 2 ) 2  Mg (l  R) cos 
2 2
d  L   L  2 
   0  ( MR  M (l  R) )  Mg (l  R ) sin   0
2

dt      
For small oscillation sin     ( MR 2  M (l  R) 2 )  Mg (l  R)  0
2 R 2  2 Rl  l 2
Time period is given by 2 .
g R  l 
Q38. Consider a particle of mass m attached to two identical springs y
each of length l and spring constant k (see the figure). The
equilibrium configuration is the one where the springs are
o
unstretched. There are no other external forces on the system. If the
particle is given a small displacement along the x -axis, which of
the following describes the equation of motion for small x
o
oscillations?
kx 3 kx 2
(a) mx  0 (b) mx  kx  0 (c) mx  2kx  0 (d) mx  0
l2 l
Ans: (a)
Solution: The lagrangian of system is given by y
1 2
L mx  V ( x)
2 x
o
The potential energy is given by
2 2
k 1
 k 1

2

V ( x)   x 2  l 2  2

 l    x2  l 2  2  l
 2  o x
2
 1


V ( x)  k  x 2  l 2  2  l
 
For small oscillation one can approximate potential by Taylor expansion
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2
 1
 2
2 
 x 
2 2
  1 x 2 1 x 4  
V ( x)  kl  1  2   1  V ( x)  kl 1  2  4   1
2
 
 l   2 l 8 l  
 
2
kl 2  x   x 4
2
V ( x)     V ( x )  k  2 .
4  l2   4l 
1 2  x 4
So Lagrangian of system is given by L  mx  k  2 
2  4l 
d  L   L  kx 3
The Lagranges equation of motion      0  m
x   0.
dt  x   x  l2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q39. The time period of a simple pendulum under the influence of the acceleration due to
gravity g is T . The bob is subjected to an additional acceleration of magnitude 3 g in
the horizontal direction. Assuming small oscillations, the mean position and time period
of oscillation, respectively, of the bob will be
(a) 0 o to the vertical and 3T (b) 30 o to the vertical and T / 2
(c) 60 o to the vertical and T / 2 (d) 0 o to the vertical and T / 3

Ans: (c)
l
Solution: T  2
g  T
g   3g 2  g 2  4g 2  2 g
3g
l l 1 T 
T   2  T   2   T  g
2g g 2 2 g
T cos  mg , T sin   3 mg  tan   3    60o
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1 
Q40. A particle of mass m and coordinate q has the Lagrangian L  mq 2  qq 2 , where 
2 2
is a constant. The Hamiltonian for the system is given by
p 2 qp 2 p2
(a)  (b)
2m 2 m 2 2m  q 
p2 qp 2 pq
(c)  (d)
2m 2m  q 2 2
Ans: (b)
1 2  2
Solution: H   qp
  L where L  mq  qq
2 2
L p
 p  mq   qq  p  q  m   q   q 
q m  q
 H  qp
 L 
p2 1
 m
p2

 
q 
p2
 m   q  2  m   q 2 2  m   q 2
p2 p2
 H  qp
 L    m  q 
 m   q  2  m   q 2
p2 p2 p2
 H  qp
 L   H 
 m  q  2  m  q  2 m  q 
Q41. The coordinates and momenta xi , pi i  1, 2, 3 of a particle satisfy the canonical Poisson
bracket relations xi , p j    ij . If C1  x2 p3  x3 p2 and C2  x1 p2  x2 p1 are constants of
motion, and if C3  C1 , C 2   x1 p3  x3 p1 , then
(a) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2
(b) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2
(c) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1   C2
(d) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: C1  x2 p3  x3 p2 , C2  x1 p2  x2 p1 , C3  x1 p3  x3 p1
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 C C C C   C C C C   C C C C 
C2 , C3    2 3  2 3    2 3  2 3    2 3  2 3 
 x1 p1 p1 x1   x2 p2 p2 x2   x3 p3 p3 x3 
C2 , C3    p2 x3    x2  p3    0  x1  0    0  x1  0  p1    p2 x3  x2 p3   C1
 C3 C1 C3 C1   C3 C1 C3 C1   C3 C1 C3 C1 
C3 , C1        
 x1 p1 p1 x1   x2 p2 p2 x2   x3 p3 p3 x3 
C3 , C1   p3  0  x3  0    0  x3  0  p3    p1 x2  x1 p2     x1 p2  x2 p1   C2

Q42. The recently-discovered Higgs boson at the LHC experiment has a decay mode into a
photon and a Z boson. If the rest masses of the Higgs and Z boson are 125 GeV/c2 and
90 GeV/c2 respectively, and the decaying Higgs particle is at rest, the energy of the
photon will approximately be
(a) 35 3 GeV (b) 35 GeV (c) 30 GeV (d) 15 GeV
Ans. : (c)
Solution: H B  PH  Z B
   
From conservation of momentum 0  P1  P2  P1   P2  P1  P2
Now EH B  EPH  EZ B  EPH  EZ B  M H B c 2
E P2H  P12 c 2  0 and EZ2B  P22 c 2  M Z2B c 4

 EZ B  EPH  E ZB 
 EPH  M Z2B c 4  P1  P2
M Z2B c 4 M Z2B c 2
 EZ B  EPH    EZ B  EPH  M H B c 2
M HB c2 M HB
 2 EPH  M H B c  2
M z2B c 2
 EPH 
M 2
HB 
 M z2B c 2
M HB M HB
 125 125  90  90  c
4
 EPH    4  30.1GeV

 2 125  c
Q43. A canonical transformation relates the old coordinates q, p  to the new ones Q, P  by
the relations Q  q 2 and P  p / 2q . The corresponding time independent generating

function is
(a) P / q 2 (b) q 2 P (c) q 2 / P (d) qP 2
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Ans. : (b)
Solution: Q  q 2 ; P  p / 2q
F2 F
 p  2  P  2q  F2  q 2 P  f ( P)
q q
F2
 Q  q 2  F2  q 2 P  f (q)
P
comparing both side f (q )  f ( P)  0  F2  q 2 P
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q44. The equation of motion of a system described by the time-dependent Lagrangian
1 
L  e t  mx 2  V  x   is
2 
dV dV
(a) mx  mx  0 (b) mx  mx  0
dx dx
dV dV
(c) mx  mx  0 (d) mx  0
dx dx
Ans: (a)
1  L L V  t
Solution:  L  e t  mx 2  V  x     e t mx and  e
2  x x x
d  L  L d V  t V  t
     0   e t mx     t  mx e t 
e  mxe e 0
dt  x  x dt x x
 V   t V
 mx  m x   e  0  mx   mx  0
x x
A particle of mass m is moving in the potential V  x    ax 2  bx 4 where a, b are

1 1
Q45.
2 4
positive constants. The frequency of small oscillations about a point of stable equilibrium
is
(a) a/m (b) 2a / m (c) 3a / m (d) 6a / m
Ans: (b)
1 1
Solution: V  x    ax 2  bx 4
2 4
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1
V  a 2
 0  ax  bx3  0  x  a  bx 2   0  x     , 0
x b
 2V  2V
  a  3bx 2  At x  0,  a (Negative so it is unstable point)
x 2
x 2
 2V a
  a  3b  2a (Positive so it is stable point)
x 2 b
1
a 2
x   
 b
 2V
  x 2  2a
m m
Q46. The radius of Earth is approximately 6400 km . The height h at which the acceleration
due to Earth’s gravity differs from g at the Earth’s surface by approximately 1 % is
(a) 64 km (b) 48 km (c) 32 km (d) 16 km
Ans: (c)
g 2h g 2h g 2h
Solution:  1  1     h  32 k .m.
g R g R g R
Q47. According to the special theory of relativity, the speed v of a free particle of mass m and
total energy E is:
mc 2 2 E  mc 2 
(a) v  c 1  (b) v  1  
E m  E 
2
 mc 2   mc 2 
(c) v  c 1    (d) v  c1  
 E   E 
Ans: (c)
2 2
v 2  mc 2 
mc 2 v2 m2c 4  mc 2 
Solution: E   1 2      1   v  c 1   
v2 c  E  c2 E2  E 
1 2
c
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p2
Q48. The Hamiltonian of a classical particle moving in one dimension is H   q 4 where
2m
 is a positive constant and p and q are its momentum and position respectively. Given
that its total energy E  E 0 the available volume of phase space depends on E 0 as
(a) E 03 / 4 (b) E 0
(c) E0 (d) is independent of E 0
Ans: (a)
V q
p2
Solution: H    q4
2m E0
Phase area   p  dq q
p
1 2mE0
E 4
A   p  dq   2mE   
    E0 / 
1/4  E0 / 1/4
AE 1/2
E
1/4
 AE 3/4  2mE0
0 0 0
p2 1
Q49. A mechanical system is described by the Hamiltonian H q, p    m 2 q 2 . As a
2m 2
Q
result of the canonical transformation generated by F q, Q    , the Hamiltonian in
q
the new coordinate Q and momentum P becomes
1 2 2 m 2 2 1 2 2 m 2 2
(a) Q P  Q (b) Q P  P
2m 2 2m 2
1 2 m 2 2 1 2 4 m 2  2
(c) P  Q (d) Q P  P
2m 2 2m 2
Ans: (d)
p2 1 Q
Solution: H   m 2 q 2 , F  F1  q, Q   
2m 2 q
F1 Q
 p  2 p (i)
q q
F1 1 1
  P    P  q  (ii)
Q q P
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1
From equation (i) and (ii)  p  QP 2 q 
P
p2 1 Q2 P4 1  1  1 2 4 1
H  m q 
2 2
 m 2  2   Q P  m 2 P 2
2m 2 2m 2  P  2m 2
Q50. The probe Mangalyaan was sent recently to explore the planet Mars. The inter-planetary
part of the trajectory is approximately a half-ellipse with the Earth (at the time of launch),
Sun and Mars (at the time the probe reaches the destination)
forming the major axis. Assuming that the orbits of Earth
and Mars are approximately circular with radii RE and Sun
Earth Mars
RM , respectively, the velocity (with respect to the Sun) of RE
RM
the probe during its voyage when it is at a distance
r RE  r  RM  from the Sun, neglecting the effect of Earth and Mars, is
R E  RM  R E  RM  r 
(a) 2GM (b) 2GM
r R E  R M  r  r R E  RM 
RE 2GM
(c) 2GM (d)
rRM r
Ans: (b)
Solution: Total energy E   K / 2a where 2a major axis and 2a  RE  RM .
1 2 GMm GMm  R  RM  r 
 v  2GM E
mv  
2 r  RE  RM  r  RE  RM 
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q51. A particle moves in two dimensions on the ellipse x 2  4 y 2  8 . At a particular instant it
is at the point  x, y    2,1 and the x -component of its velocity is 6 (in suitable units).
Then the y -component of its velocity is

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
Ans. (a)
dx dy
Solution:  x 2  4 y 2  8  2 x  8y 0
dt dt
 2 xvx  8 y v y  0  2  2  6  8 1 v y  0  v y  3
Q52. Consider three inertial frames of reference A, B and C . the frame B moves with a
c c
velocity with respect to A , and C moves with a velocity with respect to B in the
2 10
same direction. The velocity of C as measured in A is
3c 4c c 3c
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
Ans. (b)
c c A S B S C u x
Solution: v  , u x 
2 10
C/2 C /10
u  v 4c
ux  x 
u vx 7
1 2
c
1 2
Q53. If the Lagrangian of a dynamical system in two dimensions is L  mx  mxy
 , then its
2
Hamiltonian is
1 1 2 1 1 2
(a) H  px p y  py (b) H  px p y  px
m 2m m 2m
1 1 2 1 1 2
(c) H  px p y  py (d) H  px p y  px
m 2m m 2m
Ans. (c)
1 2 L
Solution: L  mx  mxy
   mx  my  px (i)
2 x
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L p
  mx  p y or x  y (ii)
y m
py px  p y
put x  in equation (i)  p y  my  px  y 
m m
1
H  px x  p y y  L  px x  p y y  mx 2  mxy

2
px p y p y2
put value of x and y  H  
m 2m
 
Q54. A particle of mass m moves in the one dimensional potential V  x   x3  x 4 where
3 4
 ,   0 . One of the equilibrium points is x  0 . The angular frequency of small
oscillations about the other equilibrium point is
2   
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3m m 12m 24m
Ans. (b)
  V 
Solution: V  x   x3  x4    x 2   x3  0  x0  
3 4 x 
 2V 2 k 
Spring constant k  2   ve     
x x  x0
 m m
Q55. A particle of unit mass moves in the xy -plane in such a way that x  t   y  t  and
y  t    x  t  . We can conclude that it is in a conservative force-field which can be
derived from the potential
(a)
2

1 2
x  y2  (b)
1 2
2

x  y2  (c) x  y (d) x  y
Ans. (a)
Solution:  x  y and y   x
 x  y   x
 y   x   y
and 
 xx 0
 y y 0
and 
that is possible for L 

1 2 1 2 1 2
2
1
mx  my  x  y 2  V  x 2  y 2
2 2 2
   
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1
Q56. A particle moves in one dimension in the potential V  k  t  x 2 , where k  t  is a time
2
d
dependent parameter. Then V , the rate of change of the expectation value V of the
dt
potential energy is
1 dk 2 k 1 dk 2 1
(a) x  xp  px (b) x  p2
2 dt 2m 2 dt 2m
k 1 dk 2
(c) xp  px (d) x
2m 2 dt
Ans. (a)
p2 1
Solution: H   k t  x2
2m 2
d V 1 2 p
2
1 2 x 2 k
V  V , H     k t  x ,  k t  x    V , H 
dt t 2 2m 2  2 t
d 1 xp  px x 2 k x 2 k 1
V  k t   2    k  t  xp  px
dt 2 2m 2 t 2 t 2m
Q57. Let q and p be the canonical coordinate and momentum of a dynamical system. Which
of the following transformations is canonical?
1 2 1 2
1. Q1  q and P1  p
2 2
1 1
2. Q2   p  q  and P2   p  q 
2 2
(a) neither 1 nor 2 (b) both 1 and 2
(c) only 1 (d) only 2
Ans. (d)
q2 P2
Solution: For A : Q1  , P1 
2 2
Q P Q P
Q1 , P1   1 . 1  1 . 1  1 (Not canonical)
q p p q
1 1
For B : Q2   p  q  , P2   p  q 
2 2
Q2 , p2   1 (canonical)
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Q58. Which of the following figures is a schematic representation of the phase space
trajectories (i.e., contours of constant energy) of a particle moving in a one-dimensional
1 2 1 4
potential V  x   x  x p
2 4
p
(a) (b)
x
x
p p
(c) (d)
x x
Ans. (a)
 x2 x4 V  x
Solution: V  x   
2 4
V x
 0  x  0, x  1
x
 2V
 ve for x  0 (unstable point)
x 2 E0
= + ve for x  1 (stable point)
E0 E0
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NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q59. Two masses m each, are placed at the points  x, y    a, a  and   a,  a  and two
masses, 2m each, are placed at the points  a,  a  and  a, a  . The principal moments of
inertia of the system are

(a) 2m 2 , 4ma 2 (b) 4ma 2 ,8ma 2 (c) 4ma 2 , 4ma 2 (d) 8ma 2 ,8ma 2
Ans.: (b)
 
Solution: I xx   mi yi2  zi2   mi yi2  zi  0
i
 I xx  ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xx  6ma 2
Similarly, I yy  6ma 2 and I zz  12ma 2
I xz  I zx  0, I yz  I zy  0
I xy  I yx   mi  xi yi   ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xy  I yx  2ma 2

i
Moment of inertia tensor

 6ma 2 2ma 2 0 
 
I   2ma 2 6ma 2
0 
 0 0 12ma 2 

Eigen value of matrices is principal moment of inertia, which is given by
1  4ma 2  I x , 2  8ma 2  I y , 3  12ma 2  I z
So, I x  4ma 2 and I y  8ma 2
Q60. The Lagrangian of a system is given by

1 2 5 
L mq1  2mq22  k  q12  2q22  2q1q2 
2 4 
where m and k are positive constants. The frequencies of its normal modes are
(a)
k
,
2m m
3k
(b)
k
2m

13  73 
5k k k 6k
(c) , (d) ,
2m m 2m m
Ans.: (a)
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1 5 
Solution: L  mq12  2mq22  k  q12  2q22  2q1 q2 
2 4 
1 2 4 2 k 10 2 
L mq1  mq2   q1  4q22  2q1 q2  2q2 q1 
2 2 2 4 
 10 
m 0  k 2 k 
T  , V  4
 0 4m   
 2k 4k 
The secular equation V   2 m  0
 10 
 4 k  m 2 k   0 ,  10 k   2 m  4k  4 2 m  4k 2  0
2
  
 4


 
 2 k 4k   4m 
2
 10k 2  10 2 km  4 2 km  4 4 m 2  4k 2  0
 3k 2  7 2 km  2 4 m 2  0  3k 2  6 2 km   2 km  2 4 m 2  0
k 3k
  
 k  2 2 m 3k   2 m  0   
2m
, 
m
Q61. Consider a particle of mass m moving with a speed v . If TR denotes the relativistic
kinetic energy and TN its non-relativistic approximation, then the value of

TR  TN  for
TR
v  0.01 c , is
(a) 1.25  105 (b) 5.0  105 (c) 7.5  105 (d) 1.0  104
Ans.: None of the options is correct.
1 m0 c 2
Solution: TN  m0 v 2 , TR  mc 2  m0 c 2   m0 c 2 ( v  0.01c )
2 v 2
1 2
c
 0.01
2
1 v2
TR  TN  m0 v 2
T 2 2 2
Now,  1 N  1  1  1
TR TR m0 c 2 c2 1
1
 m0 c 2
c 2
1   0.01
2
v 2
v 2
1 2 1 2
c c
TR  TN
 0.75
TR
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Q62. A canonical transformation  p, q    P, Q  is performed on the Hamiltonian
p2 1 1
H  m 2 q 2 via the generating function, F  m q 2 cot Q . If Q  0   0 , which
2m 2 2
of the following graphs shows schematically the dependence of Q  t  on t ?
(a) (b)
Q t  Q t 
(c) (d)
Q t  Q t 
Ans.: (d)
p2 1 1
Solution: H   m 2 q 2 , F1  m q 2 cot Q
2m 2 2
F1 F1 F1
 p,   P, KH
q Q t  t 
F1
 p  m q cot Q …..(i)
q
t
F1 1
  P   m q 2 cosec 2Q   P
Q 2
1 P
 m q 2  …..(ii)
2 cosec 2Q
From (i) and (ii)
p  2m P cos Q
F1 F1
KH ;  0
t t
p2 1
KH   m 2 q 2 put the value of p and q
2m 2
 K  P using equation of motion Q and P
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K
  P  0  P  0  P  constant
Q
K  K
Q    Q  Q  constant  P  constant 
P P
Q    Q  t    from boundary condition   0 
 Q  t
Therefore, option (d) is correct.
Q63. The Lagrangian of a particle moving in a plane s given in Cartesian coordinates as
L  xy
  x 2  y 2
In polar coordinates the expression for the canonical momentum pr (conjugate to the
radial coordinate r ) is
(a) r sin   r cos  (b) r cos   r sin 
(c) 2r cos   r sin 2 (d) r sin 2  r cos 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: L  xy
  x 2  y 2  xy 
  x 2  y 2 
x  r cos  , y  r sin   x  r cos   r sin , y  r sin   r cos  
L  r 2 sin  cos   r 2 sin  cos   2  r r cos 2   rr

 sin 2 
L
Pr 
r

 2r sin  cos   r cos 2   sin 2  
 Pr  r sin 2  r cos 2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2016)
Q64. Let  x, t  and  x, t   be the coordinate systems used by the observers O and O ,
respectively. Observer O moves with a velocity v   c along their common positive x -

axis. If x  x  ct and x  x  ct are the linear combinations of the coordinates, the
Lorentz transformation relating O and O takes the form
x   x x   x 1  1 
(a) x  and x  (b) x  x and x  x
1  2
1  2 1  1 
x   x x   x 1  1 
(c) x  and x  (d) x  x and x  x
1  2 1  2 1  1 
Ans: (d)
Solution: x  x  ct 
 vx   v  v v v v
ct  2  x 1   ct 1   1 1 1
x  vt c  c c
        x c  ct c  c  x  ct 
v2 v2 v 2
v 2 v v v
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
c c c c c c c
1 
x  x
1 
 vx   v  v
ct  2  x  1   ct  1  
x  vt c   c  c
x  x  ct     
v2 v2 v2 v2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
c c c c
v v
1 1
x  x c  ct c  x  1    x  ct   x  1   x
  
1
v
1
v 1  1 
c c
Q65. A ball of mass m , initially at rest, is dropped from a height of 5 meters. If the coefficient
of restitution is 0.9 , the speed of the ball just before it hits the floor the second time is
approximately (take g  9.8 m / s 2 )
(a) 9.80 m / s (b) 9.10 m / s (c) 8.91 m / s (d) 7.02 m / s
Ans: (c)
Solution: velocity just before hitting first time is
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v1  2 gh  2  9.8  5  9.89 m / s
After hitting velocity will be  ev1  0.9  9.89
v2  8.9 m / s
velocity hitting before second time will be same as v2
Q66. The Hamiltonian of a system with generalized coordinate and momentum  q, p  is
H  p 2 q 2 . A solution of the Hamiltonian equation of motion is (in the following A and

B are constants)
A 2 At A 2 At
(a) p  Be 2 At , q e (b) p  Ae 2 At , q e
B B
A  At A A2t
(c) p  Ae At , q (d) p  2 Ae  A t , q
2
e e
B B
Ans: (a)
Solution: H  p 2 q 2
From Hamilton’s equation
H dp
  p   2 p 2 q (i)
q dt
H dq
 q   2 pq 2 (ii)
p dt
from equations (i) and (ii)
dp dq

p q
Integrating both sides, ln p   ln q  ln A
pq  A (iii)
from equation (i)
dp
 2 p 2 q  2 pA
dt
dp p
 p   2 Adt  ln B  ln B  2 At  p  Be
2 At

A 2 At
Putting this value of p in equation (iii) gives q  e
B
Hence, the correct option is (a)
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Q67. A canonical transformation  q, p    Q, P  is made through the generating function
F  q, P   q 2 P on the Hamiltonian
p2 
H  q, p    q4
2 q 2
4
where  and  are constants. The equations of motion for  Q, P  are
P 4P  Q
(a) Q  and P    Q (b) Q  and P 
  2
P 2P 2 2P
(c) Q  and P    Q (d) Q  and P    Q
 Q 
Ans.: (b)
Solution: F  q, P   q 2 P
This is F2 type generating function so
F2 F
 p & 2 Q
q P
1 1
p  2qP & Q  q 2  q   Q  2 & p  2  Q  2 P
4QP 2  2 2 P 2  Q 2
H  Q, P    Q  
2 Q 4  4
H  4P H Q
  Q  Q  and   P  P  
P  Q 2
Q68. The Lagrangian of a system moving in three dimensions is
mx1  m  x22  x32   kx12  k  x2  x3 

1 2 1 1 2
L
2 2 2
The independent constants of motion is/are
(a) energy alone
(b) only energy, one component of the linear momentum and one component of the
angular momentum
(c) only energy, one component of the linear momentum
(d) only energy, one component of the angular momentum
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: The motion is in 3D . So don’t get confine with x1 , x2 x3 they are actually x, y, z
Langrangian is then
L L L
mx  m  y 2  z 2   kx 2  k  y  z  , when
1 2 1 1 2
L  0,  0, 0
2 2 2 x y z
So, not any component at Linear momentum is conserve.
Now transform the Lagrangian to Hamiltonian
Px2 Py
2
P2 1 1
 z  kx 2  k  y  z 
2
H 
2m 4m 4m 2 2
H
 0 so energy is conserved
t
Now let us assume Lx  yPz  zPy
dLx L
  Lx , H   x
dt t
 Lx , H    yPz  zPy , H    y, H  Pz  y  Pz , H    z, H  Py  z  Py , H 
 Py2   1 2  Pz2   1 2
  Lx , H    y,  Pz  y  Pz , k  y  z     z ,  Py  z  Py , k  y  z  
 4m   2   4m   2 
Pz  1   P   1 
 2 Py  y 0  k .2  y  z     2 Py z   z 0  k .2  y  z  
4m  2   4m   2 
 k  y 2  yz   k  z 2  yz    k  y 2  z 2   k  z 2  y 2 
dLx dLy dL
  0 . Similarly  0 and  z  0
dt dt dt
Q69. For a particle of energy E and momentum p (in a frame F ), the rapidity y is defined
1  E  p3c 
as y  ln   . In a frame F  moving with velocity v   0, 0,  c  with respect to
2  E  p3c 
F , the rapidity y will be
1  1  
(a) y  y  ln 1   2 
1
(b) y  y  ln  
2 2  1  
 1    1  
(c) y  y  ln   (d) y  y  2 ln  
 1    1  
Ans: (b)
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1  E  p3c 
Solution: y  ln  
2  E  p3c 
1  E   p3c 
Then y  ln  
2  E   p3c 
  E 
Where p3    p3  v  2   E     E  vp3 
  c 
 v 
1   E  p3c    E  p3c  
Put the value of p3 and E  one will get y  ln  c

2  E p c v E p c 
 3   3 
 c 
1   E  p3 c  1     1   E  p3 c   1  1   
ln    ln    ln  
2   E  p3 c  1     2   E  p3 c   2  1   
1  1   1  1  
y  ln    y  ln  
2  1   2  1  
NET/JRF (DEC-2016)
Q70. A ball of mass m is dropped from a tall building with zero initial velocity. In addition to
gravity, the ball experiences a damping force of the form  , where  is its
instantaneous velocity and  is a constant. Given the values m  10 kg ,   10 kg / s and
g  10 m / s 2 the distance travelled (in metres) in time t in seconds, is
(a) 10  t  1  e  t  (b) 10  t  1  e t 
(c) 5t 2  1  et  (d) 5t 2
Ans. : (b)
d2x dx
Solution: m  mg  
dt 2
dt
Putting the values of m,  and g and simplifying we obtain
d 2 x dx
  10
dt 2 dt
The general solution of this equation is x  t   c1  c2t  10e  t
Using the initial conditions x  0   0, x  0   0
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We obtain, c1  10 and c2  10
Hence the required solution is x  t   10  t  1  e  t 
Q71. A relativistic particle moves with a constant velocity v with respect to the laboratory
frame. In time  , measured in the rest frame of the particle, the distance that it travels in
the laboratory frame is
c v2 v
(a) v (b) (c) v 1  (d)
v 2 c2 v2
1 2 1 2
c c
Ans. : (d)
Solution: From Particle x1  0 x2  0 tinitial  t1 t final  t2
x1  vt1 x2  vt2

x1  , x2  L
1  v2 / c2 1  v2 / c2
v
x2  x1 v  t2  t1 
x2  x1  
1  v2 / c2 1  v2 / c2
v  t2  t1  v
x  
1  v2 / c2 1  v2 / c2
Q72. A particle in two dimensions is in a potential V  x, y   x  2 y . Which of the following
(apart from the total energy of the particle) is also a constant of motion?
(a) p y  2 px (b) px  2 p y
(c) px  2 p y (d) p y  2 px
Ans. : (a)
Solution: V  x, y   x  2 y
px2 p y
2
H   x  2y
2m 2m
d  p y  2 px  
dt
  p y  2 px , H  
t
 p y  2 px 
  p y  2 px , H    p y  2 px , x  2 y    p y , 2 y    2 px , x   2  2  0
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Q73. The dynamics of a particle governed by the Lagrangian
1 2 1 2
L mx  kx  kxxt
 describes
2 2
(a) an undamped simple harmonic oscillator
(b) a damped harmonic oscillator with a time varying damping factor
(c) an undamped harmonic oscillator with a time dependent frequency
(d) a free particle
Ans. : (d)
1 2 1 2
Solution: L  mx  kx  kx x t
2 2
L L
 mx  kxt ,  kx  kxt

x x
d  L  L
   0  mx  kxt   0  mx  0
  kx  kx  kxt
dt  x  x
So motion is equivalent to free particle
Q74. The parabolic coordinates  ,  are related to the Cartesian coordinates  x, y  by
x   and y  
1 2
2
   2  . The Lagrangian of a two-dimensional simple harmonic
oscillator of mass m and angular frequency  is
m    2   2  2   2  
1  2
(a)
2 
 
(b)
1
2



m  2   2    2   2   2  2   2  
1
4 
 
m  2   2   2   2   2 
1 1
(c)
2  2 
 1 
m  2   2   2   2   2 
1
(d)
2  4 
Ans. : (b)
Solution: For two dimensional Harmonic oscillation
m  x 2  y 2   m 2  x 2  y 2 
1 1
L
2 2
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y   2   2 
1
x   ,
2
   ,
x   y    
 2 2 1 2 2 2
1  
        12 m   
2 2
L m    2
     
2  4
L
1
2
 
m  2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2  m 2  4   4  2 2 2 
1
8
1
 
m  2   2   2   2  m 2  2   2 
1 2

2 8
 
m  2   2   2   2   2  2   2  
1 1

2  4 
Q75. After a perfectly elastic collision of two identical balls, one of which was initially at rest,
the velocities of both the balls are non zero. The angle  between the final, velocities (in
the lab frame) is
  
(a)   (b)    (c) 0    (d)  
2 2 2
Ans. : (a)
v1
Solution: Angle between two particle 1   2  0
Conservation of momentum u 1
2
mu  mv1 cos 1  mv2 cos  2 (i)
v2
0  mv1 sin 1  mv2 sin  2 (ii)
conservation of kinetic energy
1 1 1
mu 2  mv12  mv22 (iii)
2 2 2
From (i) and (ii)
u 2  v12  v22  2v1v2  cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2 
u 2  v12  v22  2v1v2 cos 1   2  (iv)
u 2  v12  v22 (v)
v12  v22  v12  v22  2v1v2 cos 1   2 
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 cos 1   2   0
 
1   2   
2 2
k
Q76. Consider circular orbits in a central force potential V  r    , where k  0 and
rn
0  n  2 . If the time period of a circular orbit of radius R is T1 and that of radius 2 R is
T2
T2 , then
T1
n 2 n
n 1
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 3 (c) 2 2 (d) 2n
Ans. : (c)
J2 k Veff J2 nk
Solution: Veff   ,    n 1  0
2mr 2
r n
r mr 3
r
m 2 2 r 4 nk 1  n  2  / 2
n
1
 J  mr 2   n 1
  2
 n2
   r  T  r 2
r 3
r r
n2
n
T2  2 R  2 1
  2 2
T1  R 
c
Q77. Consider a radioactive nucleus that is travelling at a speed with respect to the lab
2
frame. It emits  -rays of frequency v0 in its rest frame. There is a stationary detector,
(which is not on the path of the nucleus) in the lab. If a  -ray photon is emitted when the
nucleus is closest to the detector, its observed frequency at the detector is
3 1 1 2
(a) v0 (b) v0 (c) v0 (d) v0
2 3 2 3
Ans. : (a)
v2
Solution: v  v0 1  (If detector is not in the path at nucleus)
c2
1 3
v  v0 1   v0
4 2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2017)
Q78. The Hamiltonian for a system described by the generalised coordinate x and generalised
momentum p is
p2 1
H   x2 p    2 x2
2 1  2 x  2
where  ,  and  are constants. The corresponding Lagrangian is

1
 x   x 2  1  2 x    2 x 2
1 1 1
2
(a) (b) x 2   2 x 2   x 2 x
2 2 2 1  2  x  2

1 2
x   2 x  1  2 x    2 x 2
1 1 1
2
(c) (d) x 2   2 x 2   x 2 x
2 2 2 1  2  x  2
Ans. : (a)
p2 1
Solution: H  ax 2 p    2 x2 .
2 1  2 x  2
H p
 x  ax 2   p   x  ax 2  1  2  x  
p 1  2 x 
L  xP
 H
p2 1
 xP
  ax 2 P    2 x2 
1  2 x  2
 x  x   x
 x   x  1  2 x 
2 2 2
2
 1  2 x    x  x   x  1  2 x 
2 2

2 1  2  x 

 1  2  x   x   x 2   x   x 2 
 x   x2    1  2 x 2
 2  2
 1  2 x   x   x
 x   x  2 2
 x   x 
2 2
2
 2
1
  2 x 2  1  2 x 
2 2
1
  2 x2
2
Q79. An inertial observer sees two events E1 and E2 happening at the same location but 6  s
apart in time. Another observer moving with a constant velocity v (with respect to the
first one) sees the same events to be 9  s apart. The spatial distance between the events,
as measured by the second observer, is approximately
(a) 300 m (b) 1000 m (c) 2000 m (d) 2700 m
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Ans. : (c)
Solution: x12  x11  0 , t21  t11  6 106 , t2  t1  9 106 , x2  x1  ?
t2  t2  9 106
 1 v 1   t '  v x' 
 t2  c 2 x2   1 c 2 1 
   9 106
 1  v / c  1 v / c
2 2 2 2
 
t2  t1 6 106
 9 106   9 106
1 v / c
2 2
1 v / c
2 2
5 v2
v c  1 2  2 / 3
9 c
 x2  vt2   x1  vt1 
 x2  x1     
 1 v / c   1 v / c 
2 2 2 2
v
 t2  t1 
1  v2 / c2
c    6 106  
5 9 5 9
 x2  x1    3 108   6 106
3 6 3 6
 9  5 102  20.12 102  2000m
Q80. A ball weighing 100 gm , released from a height of 5 m , bounces perfectly elastically off
a plate. The collision time between the ball and the plate is 0.5 s . The average force on
the plate is approximately
(a) 3 N (b) 2 N (c) 5 N (d) 4 N
Ans. : (d)
100
Solution: m   0.1 kg
1000
1 2
mgh  mv v  2 gh .
2
v  10 m / sec
change in momentum during collision,  mv     mv   2k .gm / sec
P 2
f    4N
t 0.5
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Q81. A solid vertical rod, of length L and cross-sectional area A , is made of a material of
Young’s modulus Y . The rod is loaded with a mass M , and, as a result, extends by a
small amount  L in the equilibrium condition. The mass is then suddenly reduced to
M / 2 . As a result the rod will undergo longitudinal oscillation with an angular frequency
(a) 2YA / ML (b) YA / ML
(c) 2YA / M  L (d) YA / M  L

Ans. : (b)
Fl YAl
Solution: Y  F
Al l
YAl
For mass m , mg 
l
m YA   l 
For mass g  
2 l  2 
Equation (i) and (ii) is for equilibrium condition
Change in force will generate acceleration
 mg  YA  l  YA l
F    mg     l  
 2  l  2  2 l
m 2 l YA l

2 l 2
YA

ml
Q82. The Lagrangian of a free relativistic particle (in one dimension) of mass m is given by
L   m 1  x 2 where x  dx / dt . If such a particle is acted upon by a constant force in

the direction of its motion, the phase space trajectories obtained from the corresponding
Hamiltonian are
(a) ellipses (b) cycloids (c) hyperbolas (d) parabolas
Ans. : (c)
Solution: E 2  p 2 c 2  m02 c 4 .
dP P
For constant force  F , P  Ft  t 
dt F
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mu
 Ft  u 
 F / m t .
1  u 2 / c2  Ft 
2
1  
 mc 
F
  t. mc 2 
2 
dx m F t tdt  Ft 
 x    1    1
dt  Ft 
2 m 0
 Ft 
2 F   mc  
1  1   
 
 mc   mc 
  P2 
2
 Fx

 2  1  1  2 4 
 mc   mc 
P 2  F 2 x 2  2mc 2 Fx   Fx  mc 2   m 2 c 4
2
 Fx  mc  2 2
 P 2  m 2 c 4 , which is equation of hyperbola.
Q83. A Hamiltonian system is described by the canonical coordinate q and canonical
momentum p . A new coordinate Q is defined as Q  t   q  t     p  t    , where t is
the time and  is a constant, that is, the new coordinate is a combination of the old
coordinate and momentum at a shifted time. The new canonical momentum P  t  can be
expressed as
(a) p  t     q  t    (b) p  t     q  t   
1 1
(c)  p  t     q  t     (d)  p  t     q  t    
2 2
Ans. : (d)
Solution: Given  q1 p   1
Q t   q t     p t   
If P is new momentum, then Q, P   1
For option (a), Q, P    q  p, p  q    q, p   q  q, q    p,  q    p, p 
 1   1  2
For option (b) Q, P    q  p, p  q   2
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1 2
For option (c) Q, P    q  p, p  q    1 i.e. canonical transform
2 2
1 2
For option (d) Q, P    q  p, p  q    1
2 2
Option (c) and (d) are correct. But from translation symmetry option (d) is more suitable.
Q84. The energy of a one-dimensional system, governed by the Lagrangian
1 2 1 2n
L mx  kx
2 2
where k and n are two positive constants, is E0 . The time period of oscillation 
satisfies
1 1 1 n 1 n2 1 1 n
   
(a)   k n
(b)   k 2n
E02 n (c)   k 2n
E02 n (d)   k n E02 n
Ans. : (b)
H J J
Solution:   T  , Time Period T  , where J is Action variable
J H E
V  x

J   Pdx  4 2m  E  V  x  dx
0
1/ 2 n
x
 2E 
  
 k 
1
 2E   2E 
1/ 2 n
x
   
 k 
 
 k 
k 2n  2E   2E  2
1    
J 4 
0
2m  E  kx 2 n  dn  4 2mE
 2 

0
1
2E
x dx  k   k 
Don’t try to solve integration rather try to make E independent.

1 1
1/ 2 n 1
 2E   k  2n  2E  2n
J  4 2mE   1  t dt ,  x  t  dx  
2n
 Put   dt
 k  0  2E   k 
 1 n  1
1  
J  c 4 2m E  2n 
, where c   1  t 2 n dt
k 
1/ 2 n
0
 1 n
1 n 
J 1  1. 1
T  k  E
2 n  2n 
  k  E 2n
2 n
E
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with an explicit dependence on the time t . Which of the following is correct?

  ,   and   are M  , M  and zero respectively.

E2  p 2 c 2  M 2 c 4 and E2  p 2 c 2 since momentum of   and   is same.

(a) both straight lines

Solution: Let co-ordinate  x1 , y1  and  x 2 , y 2  . K .E. 

x 2  l sin  1  l sin  2 , y 2  l cos 1  l cos  2

(a) 2 (b) 1 / 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 / 2

m 1  a 2 r 2  r 2  r 22  gar 2  .

Conservation of momentum L  mv1a  mv2b b

GMm  b  GMm  b  b  a  GMm

on the x-axis (and friction is neglected), then

K  x22  x12  2 x2 x1   K  x32  x22  2 x3 x2   V  K  x12  2 x22  x32  2 x2  x1  x3  

Q25. The Hamiltonian of a simple pendulum consisting of a mass m attached to a massless

distance traversed by a muon of energy 315 MeV before decaying is approximately,

(a) 3  105 km (b) 2.2 cm (c) 6.6  m (d) 1.98 km

Now the distance traversed by muon is vt  0.94c  6.6  10 6  1.86 km .

(a) mk 2 / 2 L3 (b) mk 2 / L3 (c) 2mk 2 / L3 (d) 3mk 2 / L3

For what values of a and b will the quantities  p x  3 y  and  p y  2 x  be conserved?

(a) a  3, b  2 (b) a  3, b  2

by H  p 2  m 2  V x  , in units in which the speed of light c  1 . The corresponding

(c) L  1  mx 2  V  x  mx  V  x 

Now L   xp  H  xp  H  xp

If ring is displaced by angle  then potential energy is  Mg (l  R ) cos 

For small oscillation sin     ( MR 2  M (l  R) 2 )  Mg (l  R)  0

(c) 60 o to the vertical and T / 2 (d) 0 o to the vertical and T / 3

T cos  mg , T sin   3 mg  tan   3    60o

bracket relations xi , p j    ij . If C1  x2 p3  x3 p2 and C2  x1 p2  x2 p1 are constants of

motion, and if C3  C1 , C 2   x1 p3  x3 p1 , then

(a) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2

(b) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2

(c) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1   C2

(d) C2 , C3   C1 and C3 , C1  C2

C3 , C1   p3  0  x3  0    0  x3  0  p3    p1 x2  x1 p2     x1 p2  x2 p1   C2

Now EH B  EPH  EZ B  EPH  EZ B  M H B c 2

E P2H  P12 c 2  0 and EZ2B  P22 c 2  M Z2B c 4

the relations Q  q 2 and P  p / 2q . The corresponding time independent generating

A particle of mass m is moving in the potential V  x    ax 2  bx 4 where a, b are

(c) E0 (d) is independent of E 0

Then the y -component of its velocity is

y  t    x  t  . We can conclude that it is in a conservative force-field which can be

derived from the potential

that is possible for L 

inertia of the system are

 I xx  ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xx  6ma 2

Similarly, I yy  6ma 2 and I zz  12ma 2

I xy  I yx   mi  xi yi   ma 2  ma 2  2ma 2  2ma 2  I xy  I yx  2ma 2

Moment of inertia tensor

So, I x  4ma 2 and I y  8ma 2

Q60. The Lagrangian of a system is given by

The secular equation V   2 m  0

kinetic energy and TN its non-relativistic approximation, then the value of

L  r 2 sin  cos   r 2 sin  cos   2  r r cos 2   rr

respectively. Observer O moves with a velocity v   c along their common positive x -

Lorentz transformation relating O and O takes the form

After hitting velocity will be  ev1  0.9  9.89

velocity hitting before second time will be same as v2

Q66. The Hamiltonian of a system with generalized coordinate and momentum  q, p  is

H  p 2 q 2 . A solution of the Hamiltonian equation of motion is (in the following A and

where  and  are constants. The equations of motion for  Q, P  are

This is F2 type generating function so

mx1  m  x22  x32   kx12  k  x2  x3 

g  10 m / s 2 the distance travelled (in metres) in time t in seconds, is