Sabbath PDF

12/21/2017 Sabbath - Wikipedia
Sabbath
Sabbath (/ˈsæbəθ/) is a day set
aside for rest and worship.
According to Exodus 20:8 the
Sabbath is a day of rest on the
seventh day, commanded by God to
be kept as a holy day of rest, as God
rested from creation.[1] It is
observed differently among the
Abrahamic religions and informs a
Moses and the 10 Commandments,
similar occasion in several other Jim Padgett
practices. Although many
viewpoints and definitions have
arisen over the millennia, most originate in the same textual tradition of:
"Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy".
In scripture, Sabbath is given as a day of rest, on the seventh day.[2] The term
has been used to describe a similar weekly observance in any of several other
traditions; the first crescent or new moon; any of seven annual festivals in
Judaism and some Christian traditions; any of eight annual pagan festivals
(usually "sabbat"); an annual secular holiday; and a year of rest in religious or
secular usage, the sabbath year, originally every seventh year.
Contents
Biblical Sabbath
Seven-day week
High Sabbaths
Shmita ( Sabbath)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath 1/20
Judaism
Shabbat
Shabbaton
Christianity
First-day
Seventh-day
Seventh-day versus First-day
New moon
Day of the Vow
Millennial Sabbath
Spiritual Sabbath
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Islam
Other religious traditions
Babylonian rest days
Zoroastrianism
Buddhist rest day
Cherokee rest days
Sabbath as Saturday
Wicca
Unification Church
Secular traditions
Rest day in seven-day weeks
Rest day in other weeks
Subbotnik
Sabbatical
References
External links
Biblical Sabbath
Sabbath (as the verb ֙‫ שָׁבַת‬šāḇaṯ) is first mentioned in the Genesis creation
narrative, where the seventh day is set aside as a day of rest (in Hebrew,
shabbath), and made holy by God (Genesis 2:2–3). Observation and
remembrance of Sabbath (Hebrew: ‫ שַׁבָּת‬šabbaṯ) is one of the Ten
Commandments (the fourth in the original Jewish, the Eastern Orthodox, and
most Protestant traditions, the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran
traditions). Most people who observe the Sabbath regard it as having been
instituted as a perpetual covenant for the Israelites (Exodus 31:13–17), as a
sign respecting two events: the day during which God rested after having
completed Creation in six days (Exodus 20:8–11), and the Israelites'
deliverance from Egypt (Deuteronomy 5:12–15). The different Sabbaths were
to be revered as a shadow of the Christ who was to come (Colossians 2:16–17)
who would give mankind rest from their labors in trying to make themselves
acceptable before God. For if we rest in the work of Christ on the cross, then we
can cease from our own works or self efforts in trying to make ourselves
acceptable before God (Hebrews: 4:9–11), however the weekly Sabbath was
still to be kept even after Jesus' ascension (Matthew 24:20). Originally,
Sabbath-breakers were officially to be cut off from the assembly or potentially
killed (Exodus 31:15). Observance in the Hebrew Bible was universally from
sixth-day sundown to seventh-day sundown (Nehemiah 13:19, cf. Leviticus
23:32),[3] on a seven-day week. Consultations with prophets (II Kings iv. 23)
were sought on the Sabbath.[4] Sabbath corporate worship was not prescribed
for the community at large and the Sabbath activities at the shrines were
originally a convocation of priests for the purpose of offering divine sacrifices
with family worship and rest being centered in homes.[5][6] They were also
required to attend worship services on the Sabbath Leviticus 23:3.
Seven-day week
By synecdoche (naming the whole for a part), in Jewish sources by the time of
the Septuagint, the term "Sabbath" (Greek Sabbaton, Strong's 4521) also came
to mean an entire "se'nnight" or seven-day week, the interval between two
weekly Sabbaths. Jesus's parable of the Pharisee and the Publican (Luke 18:9–
14) describes the Pharisee as fasting "twice a week" (Greek dis tou sabbatou,
literally, "Twice of the Sabbath").
High Sabbaths
"High Sabbaths" are observed by Jews and some Christians. Seven annual
Biblical festivals, called miqra ("called assembly") in Hebrew and "High
Sabbath" in English and serving as supplemental testimonies to Sabbath, are
specified in the books of Exodus and Deuteronomy; they do not necessarily fall
on weekly Sabbath. Three occur in spring: the first and seventh days of Pesach
(Passover), and Shavuot (Pentecost). Four occur in fall, in the seventh month,
and are also called Shabbaton: Rosh Hashanah (Trumpets); Yom Kippur,
"Sabbath of Sabbaths" (Atonement); and the first and eighth days of Sukkoth
(Tabernacles). "High Sabbaths" is also often a synonym of "High Holy Days",
viz., Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.
Shmita ( Sabbath)
Shmita (Hebrew: ‫שמטה‬, Strong's 8059 as shemittah, literally "release"), also
called sabbatical year, is the seventh (‫שביעי‬, Strong's 7637 as shebiy'iy) year of
the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by Torah for the Land of Israel,
relatively little observed in Biblical tradition, but still observed in
contemporary Judaism. During Shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all
agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is
forbidden by Torah and Jewish law. By tradition, other cultivation techniques
(such as watering, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, trimming and mowing) may
be performed as preventative measures only, not to improve the growth of
trees or plants; additionally, whatever fruits grow of their own accord during
that year are deemed hefker (ownerless), not for the landowner but for the
poor, the stranger, and the beasts of the field; these fruits may be picked by
anyone. A variety of laws also apply to the sale, consumption and disposal of
Shmita produce. When the year ended, all debts, except those of foreigners,
were to be remitted (Deuteronomy 15:1–11); in similar fashion, Torah requires
a slave who had worked for six years to go free in the seventh year. Leviticus 25
promises bountiful harvests to those who observe Shmita, and describes its
observance as a test of religious faith. The term Shmita is translated "release"
five times in the Book of Deuteronomy (from the root ‫שמט‬, shamat, "desist,
remit", 8058).
Judaism
Shabbat
Jewish Shabbat (Shabbath, Shabbes, Shobos, etc.) is a weekly day of rest,
observed from sundown on Friday until the appearance of three stars in the
sky on Saturday night. It is also observed by a minority of Christians, such as
adherents of Messianic Judaism and Seventh-day Adventists. Thirty-nine
activities prohibited on Shabbat are listed in Tractate Shabbat (Talmud).
Customarily, Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles shortly before sunset, at
halakhically calculated times that change weekly and geographically.
Judah ha-Levi (12th century) proposed a nascent Jewish date line for dating of
Shabbat, later calculated to fall between China and Japan (other lines exist,
and travelers are expected to note both personal and local Shabbat); and
Pinchas Elijah Horovitz (18th century) stated that polar regions should observe
Shabbat based on calculating 24-hour days, although without establishing a
date line.
Shabbat is a widely noted hallmark of Jewish peoples. Subbotniks (literally,

Sabbatarians) are a Russian sect, categorized as either Jews or Judaizing
Christians, that became particularly branded by strict Shabbat observance;
(Hungarian-born radical Reform leader Ignaz Einhorn even shifted his
congregation's Shabbat worship to Sundays.) Several weekly Shabbats per year
are designated as Special Sabbaths, such as Shabbat haGadol, prior to Pesach
(literally, "the High Sabbath", but not to be confused with other High
Sabbaths); and Shabbat Teshuvah, prior to Yom Kippur ("Repentance
Sabbath").
Shabbaton
Colloquially, in contemporary Israel, the term Shabbaton or Shaboson means
an event or program of education and usually celebration held on Shabbat, or
over an entire weekend with main focus on Shabbat. Such events are held by
youth groups, singles groups, synagogues, schools, social groups, charitable

groups or family reunions, can be either multi-generational and wide-open or
limited-group, and can be held where a group usually meets or offsite.
"Shabbaton", rather than just "retreat", signifies recognition of the importance
of Shabbat in the event or program.
Christianity
In Eastern Christianity, the Sabbath is considered still to be on Saturday, the
seventh day, in remembrance of the Hebrew Sabbath. In Catholicism and most
sects of Protestantism, the "Lord's Day" (Greek Κυριακή) is considered to be
on Sunday, the first day (and "eighth day"). Communal worship, including the
Holy Mysteries, may take place on any day, but a weekly observance of the
resurrection is made consistently on Sunday. Western Christianity sometimes
refers to the Lord's Day as a "Christian Sabbath", distinct from the Hebrew
Sabbath, but related in varying manner.
First-day
Since Puritan times, most English-speaking Protestants identify the "Lord's
Day" (viz., Sunday) with a "Christian Sabbath", a term Roman Catholics in
those areas may also celebrate with the Eucharist. It is considered both the
first day and the "eighth day" of the seven-day week. Members of The Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints generally follow the stronger of first-day
Christian Sabbatarian traditions, avoiding shopping, leisure activities, and
work unless absolutely necessary. In Tonga, all commerce and entertainment
activities cease on Sunday, starting at midnight and ending the next day, at
midnight. Tonga's constitution declares this Sabbath sacred forever. In
Oriental Orthodoxy, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has observed
both Sunday Resurrection Day and Saturday Sabbath in different ways for
several centuries, as have other Eastern Orthodox traditions.
Puritan Sabbatarianism or Reformed Sabbatarianism is strict observance of

Sabbath in Christianity that is typically characterized by its avoidance of
recreational activities. "Puritan Sabbath", expressed in the Westminster
Confession of Faith, is often contrasted with "Continental Sabbath": the latter
follows the Continental Reformed confessions such as the Heidelberg
Catechism, which emphasize rest and worship on Lord's Day, but do not forbid
recreational activities.
Seventh-day
Several Christian denominations observe Sabbath in a similar manner to
Judaism, though with observance ending at Saturday sunset instead of
Saturday nightfall. Early church historians Sozomen and Socrates cite the
seventh day as the Christian day of worship except for the Christians in Rome
and Alexandria. Many Sabbatarian Judeo-Christian groups were attested
during the Middle Ages; the Szekler Sabbatarians were founded in 1588 from
among the Unitarian Church of Transylvania and maintained a presence until
the group converted to Judaism in the 1870s. Seventh Day Baptists have
observed Sabbath on Saturday since the mid-17th century (either from
sundown or from midnight), and influenced the (now more numerous)
Seventh-day Adventists in America to begin the practice in the mid-19th
century. They believe that keeping seventh-day Sabbath is a moral
responsibility equal to that of any of the other Ten Commandments, based on
the example of Jesus. They also use "Lord's Day" to mean the seventh day,
based on Scriptures in which God calls the day "my Sabbath" (Exodus 31:13)
and "to the LORD" (Exodus 16:23) and in which Jesus calls himself "Lord of
Sabbath" (Matthew 12:8). The question of defining Sabbath worldwide on a
round earth was resolved by some seventh-day Sabbatarians by making use of
the International Date Line (i.e., permitting local rest-day adjustment, Esther
9:16–19), while others (such as some Alaskan Sabbatarians) keep Sabbath
according to Jerusalem time (i.e., rejecting manmade temporal customs,
Daniel 7:25). Many of the Lemba in southern Africa, like some other African
tribes, are Christians and claim common descent from the Biblical Israelites,
keep one day a week holy like Sabbath, and maintain many beliefs and
practices associated with Judaism.
Seventh-day versus First-day

In 321 AD, Roman emperor Constantine the Great enacted the first civil law
regarding Sunday observance. The law did not mention the Sabbath by name,
but referred to a day of rest on "the venerable day of the sun."
On the venerable day of the sun let the magistrate and people
residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the
country however, persons engaged in agricultural work may
freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often
happens that another day is not so suitable for grain growing or
for vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such
operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.[7]
An Abridgment of the Christian Doctrine:
Q. How prove you that the church hath power to command

feasts and holy days?
A. By the very act of changing the Sabbath into Sunday,
which Protestants allow of; and therefore they fondly
contradict themselves, by keeping Sunday strictly, and
breaking most other feasts commanded by the same
church.
Q. How prove you that?
A. Because by keeping Sunday, they acknowledge the
church’s power to ordain feasts, and to command them
under sin; and by not keeping the rest [of the feasts] by her
commanded, they again deny, in fact, the same power.[8]
The Augsburg Confession:
They [the Catholics] allege the Sabbath changed into

Sunday, the Lord’s day, contrary to the decalogue, as it
appears; neither is there any example more boasted of than
the changing of the Sabbath day. Great, they say, is the
power and authority of the church, since it dispensed with
one of the ten commandments.[9]
A Doctrinal Catechism,
Q. Have you any other way of proving that the Church has
power to institute festivals of precept?
A. Had she not such power, she could not have done that in
which all modern religionists agree with her. She could not
have substituted the observance of Sunday the first day of
the week, for the observance of Saturday the seventh day,
a change for which there is no Scriptural authority.[10]
Catholic Christian:
Q. Has the [Catholic] church power to make any alterations

in the commandments of God?
A. ...Instead of the seventh day, and other festivals
appointed by the old law, the church has prescribed the
Sundays and holy days to be set apart for God’s worship;
and these we are now obliged to keep in consequence of
God’s commandment, instead of the ancient Sabbath.[11]
The Catechism of the Council of Trent:
The Church of God has thought it well to transfer the

celebration and observance of the Sabbath to Sunday![12]
New moon
The new moon, occurring every 29 or 30 days, is an important separately
sanctioned occasion in Judaism and some other faiths. It is not widely
regarded as Sabbath, but some messianic and Pentecostal churches, such as
the native New Israelites of Peru and the Creation Seventh Day Adventist
Church, do keep the day of the new moon as Sabbath or rest day, from evening
to evening. New-moon services can last all day.
Day of the Vow

Day of the Vow or Dingane's Day (Afrikaans Geloftedag or Dingaansdag,
December 16) was the name of a religious public holiday in South Africa
commemorating a famous Boer victory over the Zulu. Celebrated as annual
Sabbath (a holy day of thanksgiving) since 1838, it was renamed Day of
Reconciliation in 1994. The anniversary and its commemoration are intimately
connected with various streams of Afrikaner and South African nationalism.
Millennial Sabbath
Since Hippolytus of Rome in the early third century, Christians have often
considered that some thousand-year Sabbath, expected to begin six thousand
years after Creation, might be identical with the millennium described in the
Book of Revelation. This view was also popular among 19th- and 20th-century
dispensational premillennialists. The term "Sabbatism" or "Sabbatizing"
(Greek Sabbatismos), which generically means any literal or spiritual Sabbath-
keeping, has also been taken in Hebrews 4:9 to have special reference to this
definition.
Spiritual Sabbath
As another minority view, some modern Christians uphold Sabbath principles
but do not limit observance to either Saturday or Sunday, instead advocating
rest on any one chosen day of the week as following the spirit of Sabbath, or
advocating Sabbath as instead a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ. These
look upon Sabbath as a principle to be observed in spirit rather than in letter,
regarding the rest offered in Jesus as the only New Testament admonishment
containing the root word of "Sabbath" (Matthew 11:28) and sometimes as a
more permanent rest than a day could fulfill (Hebrews 4:9).
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe the Lord
has commanded them to continue to observe the Sabbath, however they do so
on the first day. He has promised them that if they obey this commandment,
they will receive "the fullness of the earth."[13] Members are taught that they
should keep it a holy day and it should be reserved for holy activities. In a
revelation given to founder Joseph Smith in 1831, the Lord commanded:
"That thou mayest more fully keep thyself unspotted from the
world, thou shalt go to the house of prayer and offer up thy
sacraments upon my holy day; for verily this is a day appointed
unto you to rest from your labors, and to pay thy devotions unto
the Most High.”
— D&C 59:9–10[14]
In harmony with this revelation, members of the LDS church attend sacrament
meeting each week. Other Sabbath-day activities may include: praying,
meditating, studying the scriptures and the teachings of latter-day prophets,
writing letters to family members and friends, reading wholesome material,
visiting the sick and distressed, and attending other Church meetings.[15]
Islam
The Quran acknowledges a six-part Creation period (32:4, 50:38) and the
Biblical Sabbath as the seventh-day (yaum asSabt: 2:65, 4:47, 154, 7:163,
16:124), but Allah's mounting the throne after Creation is taken in
contradistinction to Elohim's concluding and resting from his labors, and so
Muslims replace Sabbath rest with jumu'ah (Arabic ). Also known as
"Friday prayer", jumu'ah is a congregational prayer (salat) held every Friday
(the Day of Assembly), just after midday, in place of the otherwise daily dhuhr
prayer; it commemorates the creation of Adam on the sixth day, as a loving
gathering of Adam's sons. The Quran states: "When the call is proclaimed to
prayer on Friday, hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah, and leave off
business: That is best for you if ye but knew" (62:9). The next verse ("When the
prayer is ended, then disperse in the land ...") leads many Muslims not to
consider Friday a rest day, as in Indonesia, which regards the seventh-day
Sabbath as unchanged; but many Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates and Bangladesh, do consider Friday a nonwork day, a
holiday or a weekend; and other Muslim countries, like Pakistan, count it as
half a rest day (after the Friday prayer is over). Jumu'ah attendance is strictly
incumbent upon all free adult males who are legal residents of the locality.
Other religious traditions
Babylonian rest days

Counting from the new moon, the Babylonians celebrated the 7th, 14th, 21st,
and 28th as "holy-days", also called "evil days" (meaning "unsuitable" for
prohibited activities). On these days officials were prohibited from various
activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the
28th was known as a "rest-day". On each of them, offerings were made to a
different god and goddess. Tablets from the 6th-century BCE reigns of Cyrus
the Great and Cambyses indicate these dates were sometimes approximate.
The lunation of 29 or 30 days basically contained three seven-day weeks, and a
final week of nine or ten days inclusive, breaking the continuous seven-day
cycle. The Babylonians additionally celebrated the 19th as a special "evil day",
the "day of anger", because it was roughly the 49th day of the (preceding)
month, completing a "week of weeks", also with sacrifices and prohibitions.
Difficulties with Friedrich Delitzsch's origin theory connecting Hebrew
Shabbat with the Babylonian lunar cycle include reconciling the differences
between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of
texts naming the lunar week as Shabbat in any language. Reconstruction of a
broken tablet seems to define the rarely attested Babylonian Akkadian word
Sapattum or Sabattum as the full moon: this word is cognate or merged with
Hebrew Shabbat, but is monthly rather than weekly. It is regarded as a form of
Sumerian sabat ("mid-rest"), attested in Akkadian as um nuh libbi ("day of
mid-repose"). This conclusion is a contextual restoration of the damaged

Enûma Eliš creation mythos, which is read as: "[Sa]pattu shalt thou then
encounter, mid[month]ly."
The pentecontad calendar, thought to be of Amorite origin, includes a period

known to Babylonians as Shappatum. The year is broken down into seven
periods of fifty days (made up of seven weeks of seven days, containing seven
weekly Sabbaths, and an extra fiftieth day, known as the atzeret), plus an
annual supplement of fifteen or sixteen days, called Shappatum, the period of
harvest time at the end of each year. Identified and reconstructed by
Hildegaard and Julius Lewy in the 1940s, the calendar's use dates back to at
least the 3rd millennium BCE in Western Mesopotamia and surrounding
areas; it was used by the Canaanite tribes, thought by some to have been used
by the Israelites prior to King Solomon, and related to the liturgical calendar of
the Essenes at Qumran. Used well into the modern age, forms of it have been
found in Nestorianism and among the Palestinian fellaheen. Julius
Morgenstern believed that the calendar of the Jubilees had ancient origins as a
somewhat modified survival of the pentecontad calendar.
Zoroastrianism
In relating to the seventh and other days of the month, the Zoroastrian
calendar contributed to the Jewish calendar.[16] A number of writings by early
Christians in the New Testament apocrypha (Zostrianos, Marsenes and
Allogenes) describe God's revelation received by a man named Zostrianos.
Further evidence of Zoroastrian influence on Judaic tradition is demonstrated
through Nehemiah, the Priest in the Book of Nehemiah, a book of the Neviim
contained in the Tanakh. With the support and protection of Artaxerxes I of
Persia (445/444 BCE), Nehemiah purified the Temple and the priests and
Levites and enforced the observance of the law of Moses.[17]
For exemplar, the observance of Passover coincides with Nowruz, the

Zoroastrian New Year which marks the first day of spring or vernal
Equinox.[18]
Buddhist rest day

The Uposatha has been observed since Gautama Buddha's time (500 BCE),
and is still being kept today in Theravada Buddhist countries. It occurs every
seven or eight days, in accordance with the four phases of the moon. Buddha
taught that Uposatha is for "the cleansing of the defiled mind", resulting in
inner calm and joy. On this day, disciples and monks intensify their practice,
deepen their knowledge, and express communal commitment through
millennia-old acts of lay-monastic reciprocity.
Thai Chinese likewise observe their Sabbaths and traditional Chinese holidays
according to lunar phases, but not on exactly the same days as Uposatha.
These Sabbaths cycle through the month with respect to the Thai solar
calendar, so common Thai calendars incorporate Thai and Chinese calendar
lunar dates, as well as Uposatha dates, for religious purposes.
Cherokee rest days

The first day of the new moon, beginning at sunrise, is a holiday of quiet
reflection and prayer among the Cherokee. Monthly fasting is encouraged, for
up to four days. Work, cooking, sex and childbirth were also prohibited during
the empty moon days, called "un-time" or "non-days"; childbirth during these
days was considered unlucky. The Cherokee new year, the "great new moon" or
"Hunting Moon", is the first new moon in autumn, after the setting of the
Pleiades star cluster and around the time of the Leonids meteoric shower.
Sabbath as Saturday
One folk tradition in English is the widespread use of "Sabbath" as a synonym
of midnight-to-midnight "Saturday" (literally, Saturn's day in at least a dozen
languages): this is a simplification of the use of "Sabbath" in other religious
contexts, where the two do not coincide. (Using midnight instead of sundown
as delimiter dates back to the Roman Empire.) In over thirty other languages,
the common name for this day in the seven-day week is a cognate of "Sabbath".
"Sabbatini", originally "Sabbadini", often "Sabatini", etc., is a very frequent
Italian name form ("Sabbatos" is the Greek form), indicating a family whose
ancestor was born on Saturday, Italian sabato; "Domenico" indicated birth on
Sunday. In vampire hunter lore, people born on Saturday were specially
designated as sabbatianoí in Greek and sâbotnichavi in Bulgarian (rendered
in English as "Sabbatarians"). It was also believed in the Balkans that someone
born on a Saturday could see a vampire when it was otherwise invisible.
Wicca
The annual cycle of the Earth's seasons is called the Wheel of the Year in Wicca
and neopaganism. Eight sabbats (occasionally "sabbaths", or "Sun sabbats")
are spaced at approximately even intervals throughout the year. Samhain,
which coincides with Halloween, is considered the first sabbat of the year.
An esbat is a ritual observance of the full moon in Wicca and neopaganism.

Some groups extend the esbat to include the dark moon and the first and last
quarters. "Esbat" and "sabbat" are distinct and are probably not cognate terms,
although an esbat is also called "moon sabbat".
European records from the Middle Ages to the 17th century or later also place
Witches' Sabbaths on similar dates to sabbats in modern Wicca, but with some
disagreement; medieval reports of sabbat activity are generally not firsthand
and may be imaginative, but many persons were accused of, or tried for, taking
part in sabbats.
Unification Church
The Unification Church has a regular day of worship on Sunday, but every
eight days Unificationists celebrate the day of Ahn Shi Il, considered as
Sabbath but cycling among the weekdays of the Gregorian calendar. The
Family Pledge, formerly recited at 5:00 a.m. on Sundays, was moved to Ahn
Shi Il in 1994 and includes eight verses containing the phrase "by centering on
true love".
Secular traditions
Rest day in seven-day weeks

Secular use of "Sabbath" for "rest day", while it usually refers to the same
period of time (Sunday) as the majority Christian use of "Sabbath", is often
stated in North America to refer to different purposes for the rest day than
those of Christendom. In McGowan v. Maryland (1961), the Supreme Court of
the United States held that contemporary Maryland blue laws (typically,
Sunday rest laws) were intended to promote the secular values of "health,
safety, recreation, and general well-being" through a common day of rest, and
that this day coinciding with majority Christian Sabbath neither reduces its
effectiveness for secular purposes nor prevents adherents of other religions
from observing their own holy days. Massachusetts, uncharacteristically, does
not specify the weekday in its "Day of Rest" statute, providing only that one
day off from work is required every week; an unspecified weekly day off is a
very widespread business production cycle. The Supreme Court of Canada, in
R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. (1985) and R. v. Edwards Books and Art Ltd.
(1986), found some blue laws invalid for having no legitimate secular purpose,
but others valid because they had no religious purpose.
The weekend is that period of the week set aside by custom or law for rest from
labor. In many countries it is Saturday and Sunday and often includes Friday
night. This five-day workweek arose in America when labor unions attempted
to accommodate Jewish Sabbath, beginning at a New England cotton mill and
also instituted by Henry Ford in 1926; it became standard in America by about
1940 and spread among English-speaking and European countries to become
the international workweek. China adopted it in 1995 and Hong Kong by 2006.
India and some other countries follow both the international workweek and a
more traditional Saturday half-workday and Sunday weekend. While
Indonesia and Lebanon have the international workweek, most Muslim
countries count Friday as the weekend, alone or with Thursday (all or half) or
Saturday. Some universities permit a three-day weekend from Friday to
Sunday. The weekend in Israel, Nepal, and parts of Malaysia, is Friday (all or
half) and Saturday. Only the one-day customary or legal weekends are usually
called "Sabbath".
Rest day in other weeks

State-mandated rest days are widespread. Laws of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE
– 220 CE) required imperial officials to rest on every mu (every fifth day),
within a ten-day Chinese week. The rest day was changed to huan or xún
(every tenth day) in the Tang Dynasty (618–907).
The reform calendar of the French Revolution was used from 1793 to 1805. It
contained twelve months of three ten-day weeks; the five or six extra days
needed to approximate the tropical year were placed after the months at the
end of each year. The tenth day of each week, décadi, replaced Sunday as the
day of rest and festivity in France.
From 1929 to 1931, the Soviet Union mandated a five-day week, with each day
designated by color as a state rest day for a different 20% of the workforce;
families usually did not share rest days. Three weeks a year were six or seven
days, because interrupted by holidays. From 1931 to 1940, the Soviets
mandated a six-day week, with state rest days for all upon the 6th, 12th, 18th,
24th, and 30th of each Gregorian month, as well as upon March 1. This also
necessitated varying weeks of five to seven days over the year.
Among many calendar reform proposals that eliminate the constant seven-day
week in exchange for simplified calculation of calendrical data like weekday
names for given dates, some retain Sabbatical influences. The Hermetic Lunar
Week Calendar uses moon phases, resulting in weeks of six to nine days. The
International Fixed Calendar and World Calendar both consist of 364-day
years containing exactly 52 weeks (each starting on a day designated as
Sunday), with an additional one or two intercalary "blank" days not designated
as part of any week (Year Day and Leap Day in the International Fixed
Calendar; Worldsday and Leapyear Day in the World Calendar). Reform
supporters sought to accommodate Sabbatical observance by retaining the
modified week and designating the intercalary days as additional Sabbaths or

holidays; however, religious leaders held that such days disrupt the traditional
seven-day weekly cycle. This unresolved issue contributed to the cessation of
reform activities in the 1930s (International Fixed Calendar) and again in 1955
(World Calendar), though supporters of both proposals remain.
Subbotnik
The subbotnik is a weekly day of volunteer work on Saturday in Russia, other
(former) Soviet republics, the Eastern Bloc, and the German Democratic
Republic, sporadically observed since 1919. The voskresnik is a related
volunteer workday on Sunday. They focus on community service work;
"Lenin's Subbotnik" was also observed annually around his birthday.
Sabbatical
From the biblical sabbatical year came the modern concept of a 'sabbatical', a
prolonged, often one-year, hiatus in the career of an individual (not usually
tied to a seven-year period). Such a period is often taken in order to fulfill some
goal such as writing a book or traveling extensively for research. Some
universities and other institutional employers of scientists, physicians, or
academics offer paid sabbatical as an employee benefit, called "sabbatical
leave"; some companies offer unpaid sabbatical for people wanting to take
career breaks.
References
1. http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/sabbath/
2. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sabbath
3. "cev bible, search keyword 'like sabbath' " (https://www.biblegateway.com/
quicksearch/?quicksearch=like+sabbath&qs_version=CEV).
4. Emil G. Hirsch, Joseph Jacobs, Executive Committee of the Editorial

Board., Julius H. Greenstone. (1905). "Sabbath". Jewish Encyclopaedia :
a descr. record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the
Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day. New York : Funk
& Wagnall, p. 587. Retrieved 13 May 2016. JewishEncyclopedia.com (htt
p://d2b4hhdj1xs9hu.cloudfront.net/I1LL587Q.jpg)
5. Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G. (2001). Israelology: the missing link in
systematic theology. Tustin, Calif.: Ariel Ministries. pp. 595–601.
ISBN 0914863053
6. Goldberg, Louis A. (1980). Leviticus: A Study Guide Commentary. Grand
Rapids:Zondervan Publishing House. p. 116. ISBN 9780310418139
7. Schaff’s History of the Christian Church, vol. III, chap. 75.
8. Rev. Henry Tuberville, D.D. (R.C.), (1833), An Abridgment of the Christian
Doctrine. p. 58.
9. Art. 28. Augsburg Confession.
10. Rev. Stephen Keenan, (1851), A Doctrinal Catechism. p. 174.
11. The Catholic Christian Instructed in the Sacraments, Sacrifices,
Ceremonies, and Observances of the Church By Way of Question and
Answer, RT Rev. Dr. Challoner, p. 204.
12. Catechism of the Council of Trent. p. 402, second revised edition
(English), 1937. (First published in 1566)
13. https://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/59.16-20
14. http://www.lds.org/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/59.9-10
15. True to the Faith, p. 146
http://www.lds.org/bc/content/shared/content/english/pdf/language-
materials/36863_eng.pdf
16. Haas, W.S. (1946). Iran. New York: Columbia University Press.
17. Allbright, William (1963). The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra: An
Historical Survey. Harpercollins College Div.
18. Haas, W.S. (1946). Iran. New York: Columbia University Press.
External links
The dictionary definition of Sabbath at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Sabbath at Wikiquote
"Sabbath". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Sabbath&oldid=815049688"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
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12/21/2017 Sabbath - Wikipedia

Shabbat is a widely noted hallmark of Jewish peoples. Subbotniks (literally,

youth groups, singles groups, synagogues, schools, social groups, charitable

Puritan Sabbatarianism or Reformed Sabbatarianism is strict observance of

Seventh-day versus First-day

An Abridgment of the Christian Doctrine:

Q. How prove you that the church hath power to command

The Augsburg Confession:

They [the Catholics] allege the Sabbath changed into

Q. Has the [Catholic] church power to make any alterations

The Catechism of the Council of Trent:

The Church of God has thought it well to transfer the

Day of the Vow

In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Babylonian rest days

mid-repose"). This conclusion is a contextual restoration of the damaged

The pentecontad calendar, thought to be of Amorite origin, includes a period

For exemplar, the observance of Passover coincides with Nowruz, the

Buddhist rest day

Cherokee rest days

An esbat is a ritual observance of the full moon in Wicca and neopaganism.

Rest day in seven-day weeks

Rest day in other weeks

modified week and designating the intercalary days as additional Sabbaths or

4. Emil G. Hirsch, Joseph Jacobs, Executive Committee of the Editorial

"Sabbath". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

This page was last edited on 12 December 2017, at 13:13.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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