Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Praise be to God who strengthens us through Islam and honors us with the affiliation to the banner of
righteousness and courage, choosing from among us great soldiers and leaders. The religion has
triumphed through both the word and the sword, praise to be God who says {And prepare against them
what force you can and horses tied at the frontier, to frighten thereby the enemy of God and your
enemy} [Al-Anfal: 60], and prayer and peace be upon the delegations, mercy for mankind, leader of
the unique ones, Imam of the Mujahideen, our leader Muhammad saying (they threw at the son of
Ishmael, your father was a thrower) until now:
Jerusalem, the first kiblah of Muslims, is occupied; the land of Mesopotamia is under the burden of
occupation; Chechnya is suffering and Afghanistan is bleeding; and we forget neither the Philippines
nor Somalia. Islamic lands all over the Earth are being ravished under the eyes and ears of the world
which respects only strength and recognizes only the law of the jungle. The Muslim must absolutely
prepare however he can, with military sciences or physical training, in various weapons and
ammunition, in explosives and what goes into their manufacture. All of these are the duties of
Muslims in every country.
As Muslims, it is upon our shoulders to support the Jihad and the Mujahideen, and our contribution in
preparing for Jihad is to place “Military use of Electronics” in your hands. It is a course different from
the preceding one “An Introduction to Electricity” in that it is distinguished by the practical application
of electronic circuitry and it contains new ideas on adapting technology to serve the goals of the
Mujahideen. It comes as part of a series of successive booklets that we will issue, God willing.
This booklet which has been prepared for you by our beloved brother / Commander in Chief – God
protect him – consists of more than 60 pages. Throughout it, terms of electronics and closed electronic
circuits are mentioned in addition to an explanation of the multimeter, and how to put together the
electronic board and the soldering iron. It gives a complete explanation of the electronic parts and
their military use. The book then discusses operational applications and detonation devices using
timers and mobile telephones in addition to the miniature.
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We have no room at the end except to make reference to a portion taken from the book on the internet.
This is a quote from the Secretariat of Science.
And finally… Whatever is correct in this book, it is from God alone. Whatever may be erroneous, it is
of man and the devil, for God and His messenger are not guilty of it.
We ask God to accept this work and place it on the balance of our good deeds, good deeds which come
from publishing, disseminating, and working with it in the sake of God and spreading the message.
May He bestow Paradise unto our brother, the Commander-in-Chief, and reward him with every good
thing for this blessed work…
God is the Helper
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Electrical Voltage
Voltage is considered one of the principle electrical values and is represented by the symbol V.
The voltage is known by the work necessary for the transfer of power from one station to another and
is measured by the Volt which gives one Joule [of energy] for each Coulomb [of charge], meaning:
Voltage Sources
There are several different sources, we mention the following:
• Batteries
• Solar Cells
• Electrical Power Supply Units
• Electrical Generator
• Wind Power Stations
• Thermal Stations
• Nuclear Stations
Electrical Current
Electrical current is considered one of the basic electrical elements and it is symbolized by the
symbol I. It is the flow of the positive charge opposite the flow of negatively charged electrons.
It is known by the average passage of positive charge in any direction over time and under the
influence of any force (the potential difference). This is the electrical current.
Types of Currents
1. Pure D.C. Current
Direct current is a stable value and does not change its direction over time, as shown in the diagram.
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2. Pulsating Current
It is a direct current, yet its value changes cyclically and its direction does not change, as shown.
3. Alternating Current
It is a current that changes value and direction cyclically. Similarly, a sin wave is considered a
form of Alternating Current.
Resistance
Resistance is considered one of the major elements in an electrical circuit and one of the
principle values in the science of electricity. The crossing of the electrical current with a conducting or
semi-conducting object results in the electrons colliding with the atoms of this object causing it to lose
some of its power. Consequently, as the number of collisions increases the harder it becomes for the
electrons to pass through, thus the physical resistance of the object to the passage of electrons is
greater. This [physical] resistance is called the [electrical] resistance.
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The [electrical] resistance of these objects is known by the [physical] resistance of these objects
to the passage of current through them; thus, the resistance in these electrical components works by the
[physical] resistance and decreases the movement of the electrical current. It is indicated by the
symbol R, as in the following diagram:
Resistance of a wire
The resistance of conductor wires depends on following:
1. The length of the conductor is indicated by the symbol L.
2. The cross-section area is indicated by the symbol A.
3. The type of material (specific resistance) is indicated by the symbol ρ, pronounced “rho.”
Given when the temperature is constant.
4. Temperature is indicated by the symbol T.
R: Is the resistance measured in Ohms Ω.
ρ: Is the specific resistance measured in Ohm-meters Ωm.
L: Is the length measured in meters m.
A: Is the cross-sectional area measured in square meters m2.
It is possible to describe Energy as something that doesn’t do work; whereas Power can be
described as something that does do work or measures the amount of speed that Energy has. In other
words, power is a specific amount of energy (W) exerted over a defined period of time (t).
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In a previous lesson, we were introduced to the basic components that make up a simple electrical
circuit. Electrical circuits differ in difficulty and complexity according to their use, but here we will be
satisfied with just presenting the simple circuit. It consists of:
1. Source of Voltage
2. Transmission Wire
3. Load – whether it be “resistor or a light bulb”
Note: This circuit as currently represented is not helpful in the military application at all; rather, it
gives clarification for understanding the simple closed electrical circuit.
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** Electrical Switches:
You use electrical switches (switches) within electrical circuits. There are several types of them:
1. Pressure and touch switches (push button). These are widely available in stores and are
divided into two types:
• The first type in the neutral position is disconnected at both ends, but when pressure is applied,
the connection is made. It is often used in electrical detonators.
• The second type in the neutral position is connected and when pressure is applied, it causes a
break of electricity in the circuit. It is used in laying traps and booby-trapping doors and cars in
the situation where the targeted individual detonates them himself.
Note: To increase safety, one should not rely upon the color or type of switch. One must be sure to
examine the switch so that it does not complete a connection while being hooked up.
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It consists of a switch with an attachment on it. When it is placed on (Off), there is no connection for
the electric current, and when it is placed (On), the electric current is connected.
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Multimeter:
It is a term for the device which measures quantities of electricity. It is used for measuring the
electrical voltage in which case it is known as a “Volt Meter”. It is also possible to use it for
measuring the electrical flow in which case it is called an “Ammeter.” It is also used for measuring the
electrical resistance of a conductor in which case it is known as an “Ohm Meter.” On how to use this
device and how to connect it to the circuit, the procedure is as follows:
In order to know the quantity of electrical flow passing through the circuit, connect the multimeter
device side by side with the circuit; as in the following diagram:
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In order to know the quantity of the electrical voltage, we connect the multimeter device side by side to
the battery “Voltage Source.”
In order to know the amount of resistance, connect the multimeter device side by side to the resistor.
Remarks:
It is very important that we know that this device, when used during circuit activity, doesn’t cause a
definite effect on the circuit production if the battery is correctly attached, whether or not it was being
used for measuring voltage, current, or resistance.
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1,000
0.001
0.000,001
***
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to
the resistance. Ohm’s law also states that the relationship between the current that passes during
resistance is the total voltage in it and the amount of resistance. This law enables us to calculate one
quantity from the other amounts, for example: If we knew two measurements, the voltage and the
current then we would be able to know the amount of resistance. George Ohm remarked during a test
that if the amount of separation increased between the voltage and the resistance then the current that is
crossing the resistor is increased as a result by the same margin. Therefore, if the voltage is decreased
then the current is decreased.
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Summary:
I. It is possible to apply Ohm’s Law to a portion of a circuit or to an entire circuit.
II. The current is inversely proportional to the resistance, and is directly proportional to the
voltage, and that the relationship between them is linear, whereas I = V/R.
III. The drop in voltage is equivalent to the total multiplication of the amount of current and the
resistance as follows: V=I*R
IV. When Ohm’s Law is applied on a circuit as a whole, it is necessary to calculate the entire
amount of current (IT) passing through the circuit and also the entire resistance for the circuit
(RT), and therefore we associate the source of the circuit with the amount of voltage.
V. When applying Ohm’s Law to a portion of a circuit it is only necessary to associate it with the
current and therefore the resistance that is connected.
Series Circuit:
When there are a number of adjoining resisters by which there is one route for the current to
pass, then the established amount of current is the total of all of the resistance. This situation occurs
when the resistors are adjoined one after the other. Therefore connect the end of the first resistor with
the beginning of the second resistor, and the end of the second resistor with the beginning of the
third…. And so on. The following diagram clarifies different situations involving connections on
after the other. Remember that if there is one amount for two currents between any two points, all of
the resisters between the two points are consecutive.
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When more than one voltage source is present in an electronic circuit, and if the total voltage
produced is equivalent to the total of the voltage source, in this situation these sources can be
connected one after the other. Connect the voltage sources one after another by way of the positive
side of the first source adjacent to the negative side of the second source and then the positive side of
the second source adjacent to the negative side of the third source and so on.
Recognize parallelism as being a state where there is more than one feed wire (resistor)
between two points and therefore if there is a voltage between these two points, it is the total of all of
the feed wires (resistors). In this situation the total of the feed wires (resistors) are connected parallel
to each other. Or using another idea which is connecting the beginning of the resistors with each other
at one point, and gathering the ends of these resistors and connecting them at another point. The
circuit discussed is clarified in diagram (1-6) parallel connecting.
Remarks:
• When connecting a number of additional resistors to a circuit comprised of resistors
connected parallel to each other the total resistance RT for the circuit will decrease
and subsequently raise the total current IT.
• The total resistance RT for the two parallel connected resistors is obtained via the
following relationship:
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Using these methods for obtaining a high capacity “Lengthened Period of Operation”
Continuous Circuit – Parallel; this circuit is made up of elements one after another. Some of these
elements represent a parallel circuit and as an example of this, we present in the figure a circuit that
represents continuous – parallel.
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Summary:
Therefore:
RX: Represents the resistor, the required piece that the voltage is produced by.
VX: Represents the voltage in a required piece.
VS: The source of the voltage.
RT: The total resistance for the circuit.
Detonators:
The detonator consists of a tube made of aluminum, copper, thin sheet metal or plastic that contains
inductor material as well as activating material with designated ratios, and in some cases a combustible
material is added to it. This material is fundamental in the detonation process and is in the initial chain
of the explosion. Furthermore, it has four types, all of which participate in the formation, in addition to
ratios, materials and their arrangement. They differ only in their method of ignition, which are as
follows:
Electrical Detonators:
These detonate by way of an electrical current which is passed through a tungsten wire which produces
heat thereby igniting the flammable materials. This combustion detonates the inductor material, which
in turn detonates the activating material. It has a resistor, its measurement is (2.5 Ohms), and the wire
exiting from it has a length of (2-7 meters). It is possible to use it under water for a period of ten days
only, and it needs (0.5 Ampere) to detonate it if the current is continuous and 1 Ampere if the current is
wavering.
Method One:
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1) Get the detonator lamp and fasten the wire (by soldering) to each of the corners of the lamp,
afterwards ensure its suitability.
2) Get the female receiver (know by the socket) and fasten the two sides of the lamp to the two
sides of the socket.
3) Obtain a pipe with a diameter of half of a centimeter and a length of 5-6 centimeters from the
previous materials.
4) Shatter the lamp and then insert the tungsten wire (located inside the bulb) into one of the sides
of the pipe, then secure it using an adhesive.
5) Fill the pipe 10% with combustible material, 30% with an inductor and then 60% with an
activator; all while taking necessary precautions during preparation. Afterwards close the
detonator and you have a detonator ready for use.
Method Two:
Puncture the detonator bulb, fill the bulb with a combustible material, then perform the same steps
discussed previously without shattering the glass.
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Chemical Detonators:
This is a detonator consisting of agitators (Peroxides) that gush out via condensed acid such as
(Sulfuric and Nitric) and therefore can be used as a delayed detonator. The way to produce these
detonators is as follows:
1. Prepare an antibiotic capsule, emptying it of its antibiotics and filling it with nitric or sulfuric
acid. Then close it and clean the outside of any acids. Put the capsule aside until the acid eats
through the capsule.
2. Count the time that it takes for the acid to eat through the capsule. This period of time is the
time available until it explodes.
3. It is possible to place the capsule inside of a larger capsule to increase the time available before
the explosion.
How it is used:
Place the capsule at the end of the fuse or on the detonator.
Note:
The time necessary to eat through the capsule will vary according to the thickness of the capsule, the
temperature of the weather, and the concentration of the acid.
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D – Mechanical Detonator:
When exploding by these means, it is done when you release the pin, then when the inductor hits
the surface, it will explode. This is similar to the detonator used in hand grenades.
2. Inductor materials like a silver compound, a lead compound, and mercury fulminate.
3. Flammable materials such as picric acid, (R.D.X.) tetryl, and liquid nitroglycerine.
5. It is also possible to make a detonator from peroxide acetone that only weighs 3 grams.
6. The weight of the military detonator is 1 gram, and the weight of the materials in it consists of
0.4 grams of an inductor and 0.6 grams of an activator.
7. The strength of the explosion of the military detonator is (weighing 1 gram) (5-6 kilograms). If
the charge is bigger than that, then to explode it, the amount of explosives in the detonator must
be increased to match the size of the charge materials, in order for the detonator charge to
work.
8. It is possible to make a detonator weighing 1 gram using one of a silver compound, or a lead
compound, or both.
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9. To guarantee the explosion, it must be certain that it comes from an electrical charge source
with a strong electrical current and a high potential difference.
10. Applying pressure to the detonator switch places the enabler in position with the indicator, and
then the detonator will explode by force.
11. It is possible to employ a clear cord (false) (cleaning wire, or cooking utensil) in place of
tungsten.
12. It is possible to do without the flammable material, and in this situation use 40% inductor
material.
13. You must keep the detonators from shaking and from high temperatures. Do not smash, store,
or carry them with fragile materials, and do not place them in your pocket. You must isolate
them from transmissions stations.
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Guidelines:
These are the methods of setting up a continuous detonation, by following the guidelines in the
diagram below. After limiting the route of the target, and you are not able to detect the presence of a
freedom fighter, begin pressure from any of the fortifications, remaining very alert so as to not martyr
any freedom fighter when conducting the trap.
After you have caused the circuit to go the opposite direction in the first diagram and you are certain
that the test lamp is not lighted, change the on/off switch from Off position in the first diagram, to the
ON position in the second diagram. Light the circuit breaker when waiting for the target.
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Materials are divided into three main sections according to their capability to conduct electricity:
1. Conductors
2. Insulators
3. Semi-conductors
Conductors: These are materials that are able to easily hold an electrical current like copper, silver,
gold, and aluminum. The atoms in these materials connect to one electron in their outermost orbit in a
(1-1) pattern. However, this electron is alone, and its connection to the atom is weak, therefore it can
easily be moved and released. It is known that electrical current is the movement of electrons in
conductors. Therefore, if electrons moved easily in a specific direction, then it is electrical current that
flows in this conductor.
Insulators: These are materials that do not hold an electrical current like glass. These materials have
electrons in the outermost orbit bound by the power of the atom and by the difficulty of their release.
This is expected because the electrons do not move; therefore, there is no electrical current.
Semi-conductors: These are materials that draw their power from the conductivity of the electricity
between conductors and insulators like silicon, and germanium. These materials usually connect to
four of the electrons in the outermost orbit in a pattern of (2-1). Silicon is considered among the most
important semi-conductors, and is used in the manufacturing of electronic parts. However, silicon in its
purest form is not used directly in applications; but must have additional materials added to it to
change its characteristics so as to enable its conducting or insulating capabilities. In science the
knowledge of electronics is established on the rule of the quantity and strength of the electrical current,
and when it flows, or does not flow.
In addition there is the operation of raising other regenerated materials (contaminated) doping.
The well-known materials that are added to silicon are phosphor, and boron.
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First: Use a breadboard [testing board] consisting of a breadboard, on which you can place electrical
elements without having to weld. It is very important that an element can be easily changed to a
different place, so that it can be known how this change affects the circuit’s operation…However, it is
not possible to rely on the breadboards to be used in the final form, because it is obvious from its
designation that it is only a breadboard. Therefore, it can be considered the initial stage in assembling
any circuit, to test its operation before placing the elements of the circuit together in their final welded
form.
Breadboards in their different forms and sizes as depicted in the diagrams below:
Second: You can use different simple ways without authorization to assemble the electrical circuits.
Assemble the circuit on a piece of cardboard, and punch holes for the electrical elements, and put them
in the holes of the cardboard. Then double part of the ends of the elements, and then join the wires
between the different elements according to the existing connector lines in the circuit.
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You can then connect the electrical elements with each other unless they do not have a mediator, or a
printed circuit board, or they deviate from the edge of the path, and weld the leads of all components
with the last element in the same fashion as the old detonator equipment (Old Method of Connection).
Third: Use the printed circuit board (PCB), which printed circuit board consists of a board from fiber
or Bakelite. These types of industrial products are released in a lower quality, and they become hard
after they are formed by heating. These types have a greater resistance to heat and to conduct
electricity. Because of this, there is a printed circuit board made from fiberglass, but their price is
higher because the fiber has better strength properties, and greater insulating properties. Therefore, use
them with electronic devices of greater value, devices that are complex and minute.
There are two types of printed circuit boards that duplicate the similar manufactured printed circuit
boards Bakelite, and fiberglass. Among them is two sided expandable copper foil, and not only on one
side. Use this type with complex devices so that the work is fastened to the connectors very well. There
is not only one side of the printed circuit board like computer devices and complex writing devices.
In the beginning, if you have to deal with a simple printed circuit board, only purchase a piece of one
side fiber copper foil.
Instead of working with a lot of complex wire connectors, there are easier methods such as the printed
circuit board. It is possible to work more from a transcript when using a printed circuit board.
Therefore, you can assemble the device in opposite ways, such as in the middle of the wire or at the
end of it.
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The following picture illustrates the proper type and operation of a printed circuit board:
Fourth: A strip board is a board made of electrical insulating materials. On one of its sides there are
copper strips, holes in the strips, and insulating materials evenly proportioned on which to attach the
electrical elements by means of solder. The strip boards are available in several forms that will fit
integrated circuits. There is a distance between the copper strips and the holes of 0.1 inches and the
diameter of the holes is 0.04 inches. Another fits separate elements with a distance between the copper
strips and the holes of 0.15 inches and the diameter of the holes is 0.052 inches. Both of these types are
available in stores in several sizes for both small and large-sized circuits alike.
Note: Soon there will be lessons here that show how to use all of the breadboards, printed circuit
boards and strip boards.
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Soldering
Soldering is one of the important primary skills for both workers and those with hobbies in the field of
electronics, because it is a means to bind electronic components directly together, and it binds all
components to both copper strip boards and printed circuit boards. A printed circuit board looks like a
copper strip board except that the copper tracks are not parallel like on the strip board, as you may
have seen in most electronic devices. Soldering and dismantling are considered among the fundamental
skills that must be completely mastered when working with electronic circuits and devices, because
without being able to dismantle a broken element in any device and solder a good one in its place, you
will not be able to repair a broken device.
The skill of soldering and dismantling is not difficult, and it is even easy to acquire by training and by
following the principles exactly, and knowing soldering defects, and practicing the process continually.
In soldering procedures it is good to have a background in elements and soldering tools, and how to
connect them together to produce a good point of solder.
What is meant by the word suitable is that an iron is suitable because of its power consumption and
because of the quality of the tip.
B – The surface of the printed circuit board or the strip board, and the leads of the components to be
soldered: The surface of the printed circuit board or the strip board must be free from any waxy, fatty,
or oily materials, and it must be free from oxides and dirt. The same goes for the leads of the
electronic components to be soldered.
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C – Solder wire: its diameter must be suitable for the soldering that will be done with it. It is better if
it is the type that contains some solder flux ((rosin or Solder Flax)) inside it.
A – Preparing the soldering iron: The tip of the iron must be freed from any impurities or oxide using
a file, emery paper ((Emery Cloth)), a wire brush, or the tip of a knife until the surface of the tip
becomes smooth. Connect the electric current to the iron according to its specific operating voltage.
Leave the iron until it is hot, place the end of the solder wire near the tip until it melts to it and there is
a smooth silver layer covering the tip of the iron and a bead of melted tin is on the very tip.
This bead helps with the flow of heat on the tip and with the quality of the solder joint when soldering.
Before starting the soldering project, run the tip of the iron over the top of a natural sponge in a
suitable container, wet it, and this will remove any oxide and make the melted tin bead smaller on the
tip of the iron.
B – Preparing the leads of components and wires: Component leads must be free from any oxide, dirt,
or greasy and oily materials, and if the lead of the materials for soldering is wire, whether it be solid
wire or from strands of wire, strip the insulator materials from the end of the lead, at a length suitable
for use with a stripping tool suitable for the wire’s diameter, and be very careful when stripping the
wire with the wire stripper, because any incision in the solid wire, or a cut in the strands of wire will
lead a weakening of the wire’s mechanics, leading to severing it after the soldering as a result of wire
movement, and this is one of the defects that is difficult to discover when the solder is examined. The
following diagram illustrates the proper preparation of the wires, and the improper preparation of it.
_______________
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Be aware that you must tin the wire composed of strands before soldering so that it can be easily
inserted into the hole of the printed circuit board or the copper strip board. After twisting the strands,
place the stripped end of the wire on the tip of the heated soldering iron between the wire of solder and
the tip of the iron, so as to melt the wire of solder, and to make a connection between the stranded wire
to be tinned. Then remove all the wire and the solder of wire from the tip of the iron, and leave it until
the melted solder hardens to the shape of the wire. Be careful not to heat the wire to be tinned for an
extended period of time because it will lead to dry insulated materials around the wire and decrease the
electrical insulation of it near the end of the wire.
C – Preparing the surface of the printed circuit boards and strip boards: Assure that the surface to be
soldered is free of oxide, dirt, or any waxy, greasy, and oily materials. This is done by wiping the
surface with a piece of cloth dampened by alcohol.
Types of Soldering:
In this type of soldering, the leads of components are prepared in the shape of nooses to be
soldered to other leads or with the loops.
In this type of soldering, the leads of components pass through holes in the Strip Board or
Printed Circuit Board.
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The components are on the side of the board that is free of strips, and the leads of the
components are soldered on the side of the board with the copper strips.
In this type of soldering, the component lead is soldered onto the copper surface without
passing through the holes of the board. The following figure shows the three types of soldering
mentioned.
─ Connect the soldering iron to the electric source placing it in the stand in such a way that it does
not touch any surfaces so that it does not cause damage resulting from its high temperature.
─ As explained earlier, ready the components and boards that are to be soldered and place them in the
order of soldering precedence.
─ Take the solder wire and place it within hand’s reach on the table.
─ In a suitable container, soak a piece of natural sponge in water in order to clean the tip of the
soldering iron before and after soldering each joint.
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─ Secure the components meant to be soldered, fastening them firmly in such a way that none of the
soldering components move during or after the soldering.
─ Perform the soldering operation as displayed in the following figures and by the steps as shown.
A. Clean the tip of the soldering iron with a piece of dampened sponge.
B. Place the tip of the soldering iron so that the component lead meant to be soldered and the
surface of the board touch and make a 45 degree angle with the surface of the board it is meant
to be soldered to.
C. Put the wire of solder near the soldering joint so that the component lead is between it and the
tip of the soldering iron.
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D. Wait until the wire of solder melts and surrounds the component lead being soldered, and the
flux dissipates from the solder.
7. Once the soldering joint has been accomplished, finally remove the wire of solder and then
carefully remove the soldering iron from the soldering joint so that it does not drag the melting
tin along the board as that may lead to incidents of arcing between that joint and other joints of
the circuit.
8. Let the soldering joint settle automatically without blowing air on it in any way because
cooling it by any other means will lead to cracking on the surface of the soldering joint thus
weakening it. A good soldering joint is smooth and shiny.
Soldering Flaws:
A. Cold Soldering Joint: the soldering joint does not look shiny or smooth. This results from not
waiting for the temperature of the circuit or loop to reach the melting temperature of the solder
wire, or from not placing the wire of solder in the place appropriate to the rest of the soldering
elements. A defect of this kind is shown in the following figure.
The cold soldering joint may likewise result from moving any of the components of the
soldering joint before the melted solder hardens, or from cooling the soldering joint by blowing
air on it in any way or not letting it cool by itself. It may also result from the tip of the
soldering iron not being clean which causes
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impurities that may be stuck to it to flow into the soldering joint. To correct this flaw,
eliminate the soldering joint completely using the soldering iron and an appropriate vacuum;
then repeat the soldering operation again the correct way.
B. Presence of a layer of rosin (solder flux) between the component lead and the solder: this flaw
results from too much resistance between the component lead and the soldering joint to where
it sometimes will not work at all. This is because the flux is considered an insulating
substance. The following figure shows this flaw.
The flaw results from an error in the placement of the tip of the soldering iron or from not
waiting with it on the soldering joint until the flux dissipates. To correct this flaw, put the tip
of the soldering iron on the soldering joint once again until the flux completely dissipates from
the soldering joint.
C. Solder not adhering to the component lead being soldered, or the soldering joint not adhering to
the surface of the board it is being soldered to: this flaw results from using too little melted
solder for the soldering joint due to removing the wire of solder from the soldering joint before
it is complete, from not melting the solder well, or from wrongly placing the soldering iron. It
may also lead to a layer of flux forming as an insulator between the soldering joint and the
surface of the board or loop to be soldered. The following figure shows this flaw.
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To correct this flaw, heat the soldering joint once again and add more melted solder. Wait until
the flux dissipates completely.
D. Solder arcing: this flaw occurs as a result of carelessness when removing the soldering iron
from the soldering joint. This leads to the connection of the soldering joint or the track that the
soldering is being performed on to another soldering joint. The following figure shows this
type of soldering flaw.
In most cases, this flaw leads to serious damages to the circuits that often are not discovered
prior to using them.
E. Cutting off the component leads prior to soldering causes them to be too short: It is difficult to
discover this flaw, so it becomes very important to always cut off the leads of the components
after performing the soldering operation and not before. The following figure shows this flaw.
Performing a good soldering joint lasts no more than 2 to 5 minutes approximately. This can
be accomplished through much practice soldering and a truly good soldering joint might
possibly be achieved in even less time.
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The following figure shows a picture of a good soldering joint. Pay close attention to the size
of the amount of tin and how it is dispersed around the lead that has been soldered.
In order to train on using soldering instruments well, follow the steps below:
1. Prepare eight pieces of insulated wire that has internal solid wiring and is 8 cm long and 1 mm
in diameter.
2. Use the peeling instrument and the quantity available to remove the insulating material from
the wires so that the copper wiring does not get scraped.
3. Clean the wires of oxides or dirt which may be attached to them so that the surfaces of all the
pieces are clean and shiny.
4. Arrange the pieces of wire so that they are placed as in the following figure, and so that the
distance between each soldering joint is 2 cm.
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4. Prepare the iron and the wire for the solder and a piece of wet sponge as previously mentioned.
5. Follow the soldering steps previously mentioned to solder the pieces of wire according to the
arrangement shown in the figure.
6. Examine each soldered joint after you have performed it and check its quality. If you find any
defects at any joint, find the cause and try to eliminate it in the next joint.
By the end of this exercise, you will notice your performance in soldering has improved because point
16 is better than point 1.
Repeat this exercise a number of times until your performance on all 16 points are of the same quality,
by then your performance at soldering will be quite good.
DESOLDERING:
Desoldering is just as important as soldering, because it is absolutely necessary to remove all the
elements that are attached to an electrical circuit. Use a desoldering tool, whether it’s the kind that is
an iron with a hollow point and an air attachment, or a regular soldering iron and a separate air tool.
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For a desoldering exercise, find an old circuit board and try to remove all the components off of it. Try
to keep it so that the printed circuitry is still viable after the desoldering. Remove the components
from the circuit to test them outside of the circuit, then put them back again – or if you find that they
are bad before being removed. You need to be precise when desoldering for testing, because the
component you want to desolder might be good, but could be ruined by the heat when desoldering. So
we advise using heat sinks when desoldering and soldering.
First: Transistors
The transistor is one of the most important components in communications that has been
invented in the modern era. Transistors are used generally in electronic signal amplifiers and
as various electronic switches. Many factors aided in its widespread use, such as their small
size, ease of manufacture, low cost, and low consumption of power.
There are two main types of transistor, and they are the Bipolar Junction transistor and
the Field Effect Transistor
Function of a Transistor
A bipolar transistor works basically as an amplifier.
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In part (B), the transistor is operating in the charged position, because the base-inducer and the base-
collector contacts both are in the forward alignment, and the base current is high enough to deliver the
total current to the charged [contact] and this simulates a switch in the closed position, as shown in the
figure.
Transistors as Amplifiers
Transistors are used as amplifiers. The process of amplification by transistor is done by directing the
collector’s current. To do this, one must supply a bipolar junction transistor with what needs to be
electrical current in the base in addition to voltage between the base and the emitter, and direct this
quickly stored voltage from the emitter to the collector (except very little).
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Connect the transistor to a variable D.C. voltage source (that is, two voltage sources, observe the
diagram “Transistor as Amplifier”) and connect two resistors: one at 1 k Ω, the second to be gauged to
the resistance of the base, and two Ammeters: one on the base, and the other on the collector, as shown
in the diagram. Change the division of voltage by measuring until the current drops to zero. Then
measure the variable resistance until the base current reaches 0.5 milliAmperes (i.e. half of a mA).
When you measure the current of the collector in both of its states, you'll find that in the first state, no
current flows at all, as no current flows in the collector without current in the base, and in the second
state, the amount of collector current rises as the amount of base current rises. And it conveyed 0.5
Amperes in the base to the raise the amount of collector current to 50 milliAmperes, that is, 100 times.
Darlington - Transistor
This is a transistor which is dual or multi- or Darlington (a.k.a. a Darlington amplifier). There are two
transistors that are semiconductor type bipolar junction transistors. The way they are connected is
collective
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if it is a collector circuit. Instead of a Darlington, you can connect the two semiconductor type bipolar
junction transistors and the base of the second will be attached to the emitter of the first.
Second: Thyristor
The Thyristor, a unipolar silicon controller, works as a switch and closes with the arrival of a voltaic
pulse across the base of the Thyristor.
Don’t turn the lamp off until you've cut one of the sides of the Thyristor- the anode or the cathode, so
that the current is stopped.
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Third: Relays
As shown on the left, the relay is basically comprised of four ends, two on the coil of the relay, two on
the contact of the relay.
When the right current is applied to the coils of the relay, the contact side of the relay closes, (prior to
that they are apart).
When you measure the impedance across the relay’s coil terminals, it should register specific
impedance, whereas if you measure it across the relay’s contact terminals, you should get no current at
all (of course, when you supply the proper current to the coil, it should read around zero).
There may be additional contacts on the relay that haven't been mentioned according to the type, but at
the very least there must be these four.
Inside some relays they include a diode between the ends of the coil for when the direction of the
current in the coil must be considered (normally, you shouldn't pass current through this diode) and it
is best not to use this type.
Every relay normally has a voltage it must operate at; in order for it to work properly, the voltage must
not be too much or too little between the ends of the coil. The required voltage is normally written on
it (e.g. 5V, 6V, 12V, etc.).
Every relay also has a maximum current that it can handle continuously between the contact sides, and
this is normally written on the relay, (e.g. 1A, 5A, 10A).
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If the current flowing in the relay is momentary as in most of our applications, the momentary current
can reach twice what is written on the relay.
One of the advantages of using relays in electrical circuits is their ability to close a circuit separate and
completely independent from them, as seen in the right of the figure. (And one that will light a lamp or
operate a load needs a comparatively larger current) and do it with a relatively small current in the coil
of the relay coming from another control circuit which is attached to the relay’s coil terminals. In the
part on the right, we see a test circuit which will be placed to test the circuit where the load will be
(instead of the load) and its comprised of a pair of LEDs, (usually small red ones) with a resistor. One
of them lights up if the load circuit is closed, that way it is possible to, without having to test the load
itself, test that the circuit is good by way of powering the coil of the relay, ensuring that one of the
LEDs turns on (likewise, before you connect the load, it is possible to ensure that the load circuit is not
closed by way of lack of light from either of the LEDs, and that it is possible to safely connect the
load).
By using two LEDs to test it instead of one, the direction you connect the load battery doesn't matter.
You can also use a test lamp instead of a test circuit if it is suitable for the load battery. The load here
could be a single detonator (or a group of detonators connected in parallel).
The load battery here could be a single battery, or several connected in series or parallel, or in series
and parallel together.
The connecting wires here could have a length, -if needed- of a hundred meters or more, but you must
use a suitable quality.
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Miniature:
The amount of voltage, current outside of an explosive, and traveling to the IED to connect the wires
are considered some of the major dilemmas facing Mujahideen, who have to deal with attenuation of
current due to the length of the wires, and the Minotaur represents the best solution to this dilemma,
that is by way of utilizing the amount of voltage it produces, which can be 1500 volts ((at once)).
When we used a one-time-use camera for this demonstration we got a good result from the power
stored in the capacitor.
Using a Miniature effectively:
Get a one-time-use camera from a
photo shop.
Remove the battery supply from the
camera's circuit.
Strip the wire of its special
wrapping.
Find the main power wire, cut it, and
solder two wires to both ends.
Solder the two wires to the end of the
capacitor within the circuit.
Get a box that will fit the parts and
install the switches and socket into it
as shown and according to this
arrangement.
Close the loading switch and ensure
that it is in its place in the thickest
part of the tin [junction box] so that
it will fit together.
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Method of Use:
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An electrical detonator is used in blowing up IEDs targeting personnel, and the Mujahideen must press
the button to fire it. If we had to blow up an IED, at a designated time, perhaps we are in the targeted
area before a target will be there; this would be exactly the situation to use a timer to cause an
explosion, and an example of that would be using a wristwatch and the elements of a circuit such as
this:
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Practical Application:
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15. If the warning light is not lighting up, it is safe, so fasten the circuit well.
16. Plug in the load and turn the switch to the ON position.
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Mujahideen have to deal with the problem of hiding their IEDs in the ground because of the detonation
wires that lead to them. Because of that, the insurgency misses targets, in addition to the Mujahideen
exposing themselves to danger in the event of their being discovered in close proximity and therefore
linked to the IEDs. To which they have to be within only 500M of to detonate the IED on the target.
The Mobile allows a way to detonate on a target remotely without the Mujahideen being exposed to
danger, and it decreases the chance of being discovered placing the IED by surveillance if the intended
target is fixed and stationary. And there are other ways to detonate using Mobiles on moving targets
we will talk about later:
Equipment Required:
1. A Mobile with its two ringer wires removed "the two internal springs"
2. A Thyristor
3. A light
4. A 9V battery
5. An ON/OFF switch
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Practical Application
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• When you are certain the target is in the area, call the Mobile on another Mobile.
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Important Notes:
• It might be a long time before your target is in the area, so you should connect five mobile
batteries in parallel to lengthen the life of the circuit.
• The antenna you have installed is to improve reception for the mobile in the event that you bury
it.
• Use two mobile cards that are brand new and never been used in order to restrict the amount of
calls to the mobile, and thus keep the IED from going off before the appointed time or having a
person who owns the card think that the card isn't registered and use it to make and receive
calls in the name of the Mujahideen.
• Put the mobile in silent mode except for giving a special ring tone to the card you'll be calling
from. This is the safest way.
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The drawing below also explains a simple timer that works from seconds to a number of hours.
Additional time depends upon the capacitance of the capacitor holding 1000 micro Farads and the
amount or resistance having 1 mega Ohm (brown, black, green) [TC: referring to the colored bands on
the resistor.]. So, the smaller their values, the smaller the amount of time until the transistor activates.
Another capacitor, having a capacitance of 220 micro Farads works to preserve the circuit equilibrium
by lowering the flux in voltage by replacing it for its stored charge. The diode 1N 4001 protects the
transistor’s contacts from the capacitor’s excessive loads. The other diode 1N 4007, reverse connected
with the controller works as a sink for the induced voltage spikes from the controller coil with the
protective draw because this voltage is high and quickly ruins the transistor. There are two
interconnected transistors called a Darlington pair, distinguished for increasing transistor gains,
indicating that the two transistors have the same polarization and they have the same small number,
because they don’t consume a large current like the light bulbs. The red LED is necessary here to
indicate if the current is reaching the external poles, which you connect to desired load to operate it, to
light a light bulb, for example. If you have done the circuit work, and connected the capacitor and
resistors of 1 mega Ohm and 1000 micro Farads, and completed this circuit, and the controller operated
after an hour or so, then the red LED indicates that the controller is armed!!!
Circuit Operation: When the battery’s current is connected to the circuit, the transistors are closed
and the current doesn’t reach the controller because its base needs 0.7 volts to work this transistor.
If the operation of the desired load consumes a large amount of current, then it cannot be fed from the
same battery that feeds the timer circuit because that reduces the flux in voltage and as a result it keeps
the transistors from getting enough voltage, so it stalls and with it the controller and results in a fault in
the timer.
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Do additional testing and reduce the resistance value from 1 mega Ohm to 3.3 mega Ohms or such, but
don’t overdo the additional resistance value and don’t go below 10 kilo Ohms because the base is
directly connected to the positive pole leading to its destruction.
This circuit’s operation is not systematic; any doubling of resistance does not necessarily mean double
the timing, but rather three times or more.
Pay attention to that after operating the circuit and cutting off the voltage to it and operating again right away
upsets the timing because there is a charge remaining in the capacitor that helps to speed up completing its charge
thus engaging the circuit in less time than it should. For that you must ensure that the capacitors are empty by
touching a piece of metal to their poles for a period of seconds after disconnecting the voltage from the circuit. Or
wait for several seconds before activating the circuit. Likewise, if the connections are touched by hand, especially the
1 mega Ohm resistor it may lead to parallel resistor action, reducing its total resistance; therefore, increasing the
speed that the capacitor charges, thus offsetting the timing. You can rely on this circuit to obtain timings from a few
seconds to hours. This circuit was tested at 12 volts because the available relay for it worked on 12 volts and the
capacitance of the capacitor was 470 micro Farads, 12 volts and the resistor was 10 mega Ohms and the timing for
this setup was 5 hours.
The Simple Timer: It may work [TC: as a flasher or a music maker]. It is used to run other electronic
circuits.
The capacitor connected to the second pin of the 555 Integrated Circuit is an electrolytic capacitor with
a capacitance of 1 micro Farad. When the circuit is engaged, the green LED will light up whenever the
yellow LED is out. Any of the existing pulses in the circuit’s output are hot or positive. When the
momentary switch is pressed, the situation swaps and the green LED goes out and the yellow LED
lights up, BUT only for a brief moment, back and forth, and the yellow LED goes out and lights up
alternatively. By increasing the capacitance of the capacitor and therefore the charge time, the
discharge increases and consequentially so does the light changeover time between the two diodes.
Through this we are able to activate or deactivate circuits in short periods of time.
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The following circuit illustrates the final form of the simple timer after extra steps from modifications
to it:
Circuit Operation: when the current is connected to the circuit (and this circuit works at voltages from
5 to 12 volts) the relay or controller are out and the yellow LED is also out. When the momentary
switch D is pressed once, then the pulse on the IC output swaps from a negative pulse to a positive
pulse and connects to the base of the transistor over the 3.3 kilo Ohm resistor and becomes enough to
operate the transistor. As a result, it operates the controller and the voltage which the chip draws into
itself (or chips if there is more than one) changes that state of the connections such that what was
connected disconnects and what was disconnected connects where by the yellow LED lights up
indicating the activity of the controller. Here you need to pay attention and be aware that circuits
like these have their working routes. If the load to is connected to the controller, you must not,
under any circumstances, engage the circuit while you are not ready for it.
You are urged to connect the project a short time after pressing the momentary switch, and when you
engage the controller here, connect the load to the disconnected connector ends of the controller since
you have already made a connecting bridge with screws by which you can insert the poles of the load
as illustrated in the drawing. But first, the circuit has to be made, and stable in form, operate
flawlessly, and not shaking loose, then put it in a plastic container because it changes its operation
when some of the poles and disconnected ends touch after you activate it.
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Connection status of the [UNK-1: Hakmah] after pressing the momentary switch
You can attach any load to the connectors of the [UNK-1: Hakmah] because it is not connected.
Don’t overdo it in changing the 1 mega Ohm resistor and the 220 micro Farad capacitor for the
designated limited-use circuit. After that, it may not work successfully, but for the given value and
with a 1000 micro Farad capacitor, the circuit worked for a period of 20 minutes, and with a 10 mega
Ohm resistor and a hundred micro Farad capacitor, it worked for 35 minutes; whereas, when using a 10
mega Ohm with a 1000 micro Farad capacitor, then the timer worked for a period of 3 hours and forty
minutes. Please constantly pay attention to the polarity of the batteries and the capacitors and the other
components.
Likewise, you must hide the momentary switch in the circuit’s box because after pressing it and
activating the circuit, then other pressings corrupt the orders and reset the timing and so change the
time. All the resistors must be of the four Watt size and all the polarized capacitors must be of the
electrolytic type regularly available, having a voltage of 16V if you can remember.
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Remote Wirelessly Operating Circuit Using a Mobile Phone for Moving Targets
Foreword:
When the contact is made by pressing on the buttons of a touchtone telephone, it generates a special
audio pulse for each of the phone’s numbers 0 through 9 and likewise for the symbols # and * (which
is called Star).
All of these audio pulses are comprised of two different complementary frequencies (one of them is
one out of a group of four low frequencies, and one from a group of four high frequencies thus there
are sixteen different pulses for the ten numbers and the two symbols written above and therefore there
are four other characters not usually used by normal phones.)
These eight component frequencies for these pulses are generated with high precision by means of a
crystal connected to a special integrated circuit inside the phone. These pulses are known by the name
of DTMF and the phone is known as a DTMF phone.
Circuit Analysis:
This integrated circuit MT8870D with the 3.579545 MHz crystal receives and differentiates the DTMF
pulses by way of voltage gains (or lack of gain) on the four output pins 11, 12, 13, 14
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(and in a different way for each of the sixteen DTMF pulses) with the pulse input from the input pin 2
which raises the voltage at output pin 15 for each of the pulses.
In the illustrated circuit above the load activation is conducted once an assigned pulse is received (it is
possible to choose it and program it) from the 12 pulses illustrated (the ten numbers and the two
characters) as follows:
Once the circuit battery is connected, the safety plug should be in its socket and for that there is a short
on the 100µF capacitor.
The voltage Vref is almost equal to one half the voltage of the circuit battery (which is around 3V), for
the voltage for pin 1 (358) is equal to zero and pin 5 (358) cannot increase. Therefore pin 7 (358)
cannot increase or start the load.
Once the safety plug is removed for the abovementioned capacitor, it initiates the storage until the
current for 3 (358) surpasses the current for 2. After roughly five minutes, pin 1 (358) increases
expectedly for reception of the activation pulse.
Once the activation pulse is received (through pin 2 for the 8870 circuit), pin 15 increases with the
pulse, therefore at least one of the four pins 11, 12, 13, 14.
The pin which will increase (of these four) with the activation pulse must connect itself to one of the
coded pins for it by the code &; the pin that will be lowered must connect itself to one of the coded
pins for it by the code @ and therefore the voltage rises for 5 (358) with the reception of the activation
pulse only.
For instance once the number 7 is programmed as the activation pulse, we need three diodes between
the pin 5 (358) and the pins 11, 12, 13 and we don’t need the C1815 transistor or any of the connection
components with it (we will apply this example with the circuit assembly).
If the pin 5 (358) increases then it leads to pin 7 (358) increasing and the initiation of the load and the
diode illumination.
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The circuit is remotely controlled by infra-red waves via the mobile phone
Foreword:
This circuit is designed to scan for a target once its passes in front of the infra-red sensor. It first arms
the circuit by which the mobile phone attached with the circuit makes a phone call to it, then after it
answers the callback, it sends an arming code, which is * then 7, from the receiving phone; after that
the sensor is ready for load activation on the targets path in front of the sensor.
The arming period continues for approximately six minutes after which it automatically disconnects. It
is possible to prolong the arming period before its finish, for at least four minutes, by transmitting *
then 7.
It is possible at any time during the arming period to disarm by transmitting any number other than 7
then return to arming by transmitting the number 7 without affecting the rest of the arming process.
Circuit Analysis:
First lay out review statements (Data Sheet) of the entire 8870 circuit and the entire 358 circuit. The
trilateral BS107 or a summarized S107, of the MOSFET type, works in one of two positions: in the
OFF position the voltage difference between G,S is less than VT (a specific voltage for the MOSFET
trilateral and is 1.2V for the S107 trilateral) and the continuous current across D or S is approximately
zero in this position.
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In the ON position, the voltage difference between G,S is larger than VT and the continuous current
across D or S that is properly proportioned with the voltage between D,S somewhat flowing
uninterrupted (reverse this resistance between D,S and there is a very small number approximately
1Ω).
This way, no current passes across side G.
The full range 8870 with the crystal 3.579545MHz receives and distinguishes the pulses DTMF by
way of the rising current (or lack of rise) when the 4 output pins 11, 12, 13, 14 (and in a different form
for each of the 16 DTMF pulses) the pulse enters from the input pin 2 and in such a way raises the
current in output pin 15 with every pulse from it then lowers it to zero after it has finished.
Once the battery is connected, the voltage for 1(358) is zeroed as is the voltage is 3(358).
Also, for there to be a battery connection circuit, the safety plug should be plugged in. By that means, a
short is on the right 100µF capacitor and the voltage in G for the transistor S107 equals 6V. The
trilateral is in the ON position and the voltage for the S107 trilateral D is approximately zero. By that
means the voltage for 1.3(358) is always zeroed (Notice the Vref voltage and its complete source 8870
resembles approximately half of the battery connection voltage, or roughly 3V).
Once the safety plug is removed, the right 100µF capacitor begins to gradually load and after
approximately 5 minutes (a period is for security. You cannot prompt work before its lapse until the
correct cipher is received) the voltage decreases in G on VT for the transistor S107 and the transistor
switches to the OFF position so that the voltage in D can increase as follows:
Upon reception of the * Pulse, the voltage on the pins 11, 12, 14, and 15 increases to 6V; whereas, it is
zeroed on pin 13 meaning that T2 transistor is in the OFF position. Then, in this pulse the 100µF in-
series capacitors complete storage between the 2 pins 1 and 3(358) with the output current from pin 15
across the resistor 4.7K, and the diode attached to it for relatively quickly and through that the voltage
increases on 3(358) quickly. And the moment that the Vref exceeds it, the voltage in 1(358) increases
from zero to approximately 5V; whereas in 3(358) – and that’s the last pin of the two capacitors –
increases from 3V to 8V (because it cannot change voltage instantly between two sides of any
capacitor). At this point, the two capacitors stop storage across the diode (because the current in the
diode’s negative contact has become higher than the current on the positive contact)
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And when the two capacitors begin to slowly discharge across the 8.2M resistor, and after roughly six
minutes, the voltage drops on 3(358) below its Vref and the circuit quickly reverts back to its first
position (here we presume that we insert a single * pulse and that the voltage on 15 lowered to zero by
the completion of the pulse).
Let’s presume that the voltage for 3(358) drops to 5.5V two minutes after the completion of the * pulse
and for that it needs roughly four more minutes to drop to 3V. For if we insert another current * before
the voltage drops to 3V, the voltage for 3(358) will quickly rise to approximately 5.5V (6V discarded
from the voltage on the diode) and in this way, we have prolonged the period the voltage remains on
1(358) increasing it by approximately four more minutes.
By causing a voltage increase on the A pins and lowering the voltage for the B pins; the voltage
increases on 1(358) which means it is [now] possible for the voltage to increase on 5(358) and employ
the load when the target passes in front of the infrared sensor.
Therefore, by connecting some of the A and B pins to the pins: 11,12,13,14, one can program the
circuit in such a way that it employs the load when it receives a * symbol, then a designated number
which one can program.
For instance, to program the circuit on the number 7 after the * symbol connect the A pins to the pins:
11,12,13 whereas it is able to do away with the transistor T1 and the resistors connected to it (pin 14 is
not able to increase with this transistor- Why?).
In this configuration, after a lapse of the initial five safety minutes, you can arm the circuit upon
reception of * then 7 for a minimum of six minutes, upon which it employs the load when the target
passes in front of the sensor; during this (if we wanted to disarm, then receipt of any number other than
7, will prevent a rise in voltage on 5(358) until the target passes in front of the sensor and therefore
preventing the employment of the load).
This allows us, during the armed period, to extend the time by at least four minutes, upon receipt of *
and 7 (make sure when extending the armed period to depress the * for at least 2 seconds to ensure the
two 100µF capacitors store the appropriate level).
Notice that the safety plug is in its position it is able to prevent arming of the circuit, although it can’t
cancel arming if it has already begun.
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The integrated circuit PC817 consists of a connecting illumination circuit; ensure complete electrical
separation between this and the IR sensor circuit so that current flows from the VB to charge only the
0.47µF capacitor; when the light emitting diode in the integrated circuit goes on, this shows that there
is a signal between the two posts of the IR sensor receiver connector.
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Solder a female connector plug into both load posts so that the outlet near it is the positive side. You
will insert into this plug a male connector plug connected to the load.
Solder a female receiver plug into both of the safety posts so that the outlet near it is the positive side.
You will insert into this plug a safety plug which is just a male receiver plug working as a short
between the two sides.
At the end, you should secure the paired wires into the components box a the top the board (so its not
easy to break them by stretching) and do it by wrapping the first three [inches/cm's?] of them with a
single insulated wire two or three coils then solder the two ends in one of strips of the copper board,
and the same with the last three [inches/cm's?] of them, taking care not to create a short between any of
the two separate copper strips.
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You should mark positive and negative on the ends of the sensor, and the place for the batteries inside
of it and its operation; then pass an object in front of it with a voltage meter between the two sides so
that it gives the positive voltage, which means that the two positive sides for the meter and the sensor
are connected, and gives a negative voltage. Meaning the two positive sides for the meter are
connected to the sensors negative side.
These last two ends are connected to the two sides of the female plug (colored black) so that the output
end near it is positive.
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2. Prior to connection of the circuit battery, the circuit must initially be tested by connecting the
current meter (so that there is, on the peak reading, first 10A, then reducing gradually after that
reading) in succession between the positive [terminal of the] circuit battery and the positive contact
for the circuit battery (with connection of the two negative sides) with a position of the safety plug
in it’s place, it will appear to read from 4mA to 8mA and if it doesn’t, you must disconnect the
battery immediately and recheck the circuit for any defects.
3. Ensure that the safety plug is in its socket, connect the circuit battery and observe that the diode is
out.
4. Insert the adjoining side connection to the circuit in its similar opening in the phone then turn the
phone on.
5. Connect the two sides of the sensor receiver (consisting of a black male connection plug as we
suggested earlier) to the two conveyance sides (consisting of a yellow female connection plug as
we suggested earlier) to analyze the conveyance battery’s voltage origin which originates from the
sensor to the target sensor (this is like a test and the sensor would sense the target and make the
link).
6. After a designated minute, remove the safety plug and press the button * then 7 on the phone and
observe the lack of diode illumination.
7. After every follow-on half minute, press the button * then 7 until the diode illuminates and for that
we have a limited safety period; then calculate the time from the diode illumination to its automatic
extinguish and for that we have an arming/equipping period.
8. Disconnect the two batteries and observe for a few minutes, then return to steps 3 to 6. Observe a
minute after the safety period then press the button * then 7 for the diode illumination. Before the
end of the arming period of a minute, press * (roughly twice) and observe the diode extinguish.
Then press 7 and observe its ignition another time for a predetermined prolonged period such as the
arming period.
9. Disconnect the black sensor receiver plug from the yellow conveyance battery and connect all of
them in the similar plug whose color resembles that of the others. Connect a testing tube (in the
conveyance socket) between the female plug of the two sides which looks like the two conveyance
sides.
10. Put the sensor switch in the working position then push the * button, then 7 on the keypad. Move
your body in front of the sensors lens and observe the diode and the testing tube with it when it
senses body movement.
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11. After the circuit test is done, completely and thoroughly connect everything (or you will not have
diode illumination). First with ordinary white paper then secondly with electrical insulator tape and
repeat the circuit test to ensure its readiness.
12. Additionally, you should ensure that the circuit works as necessary with the mobile phone call from
the other phone; with consideration that the distance between the sensor and the point of the circuit
and the mobile phone receiving by circuit from the other point is approximately three meters.
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Coming out of the small circuit, in addition to the aforementioned plug, are three couplings of wires;
one of them finishes at a female receiver plug inserted into the male receiver plug (between its two
short sides) and resembles the other security plug. The second coupling ends with a male connector
plug and will enter into an adjacent female connector plug in the circuit battery (and it resembles the
negative battery also) by means of the outer surrounded side in the two plugs is the working side.
The third coupling ends with a female connector plug and will enter into it the adjacent male connector
plug or an adjacent male connector plug by a tube 6V works as a test tube.
The circuit battery and the negative battery can be a 9V alkaline battery only and is sufficient for one
load or two (you should confirm this with the test) or six alkaline batteries from the written
measurement 1.5V side by side inside a box of appropriate batteries and this arrangement suffices for
two loads or more (you should confirm this with the test).
Method of Use:
1. Insert the microphone receiver plug into its corresponding socket in the side of the receiving device
precisely until it reaches its end.
2. Start the receiving device and turn the knob to the lowest level (for sound); then chose the
appropriate channel (the number in the middle screen) and the appropriate cipher (the number to
the right of the screen) and do not chose the cipher number zero.
Refer to general notes in the other file for knowledge of how to choose the channel and code.
3. Before connecting the circuit battery, you should ensure that the safety plug is in its place (inside
the female receiver plug).
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And to chose the callback tone in the transmitter (there are ten different tones), press the MENU button
three times and this will show the number of the callback tone in the pendulous motion that. Press the
+ or – button to arrive at the desired callback tone number.
The best choice for transmission channels is numbers 1 to 7 or from 15 to 22 and that is because it
gives a high dispatch strength (by measure of the weakness) from the channels of the other numbers.
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