Calculation of chemical wastes

The daily change in chemical waste in Lake is deference between the

amount of chemical released each day by the factory and the amount of
chemical that flows out the lake down the exit river. We will make one
key assumption so that we can develop a simple mathematical
concentration in the lake is uniform.

We start by introducing notation .Let (t) be time measured in (days)

after factory opens and (Wt) be the chemical waste in(Kg) in lake on
day (t) . For convenience, we will also introduce notation for
concentration (Ct) of chemical waste in (Kg/m³) .Let (V) be the volume
of the lake in (m³) ,(F) be the daily flow of water through the lake in
(m³),and (R) be the daily release of chemical in (Kg).

Three of these quantities are constants, and we can view then as

parameters of the model. Each of these parameters can be fixed from
the data given in the statement of the problem one parameter in the lake
volume.

V= area x depth

=2 km²x 10 m =2x10^7

A second parameter is the flow out of the lake on one day,

F=10^4 m³

The third parameter is the amount of chemical released in a day,

R=100 kg
Given that the volume is fixed , the chemical concentration (Ct) is just a
known multiple of the chemical waste (Wt) , we look at the change in
amount added from the factory each day . If there we no river flowing
through the lake , then the simple answer would be that change ,

Wt+1 – Wt is exactly R, and the amount of chemical would steady

increase by 100 Kg each day.

However, the fact that the river runs through the lake means that some
chemicals get removed from the lake and flows down streams .We need
to calculate the amount of chemicals (in Kg) that removed from the
river each day .We know that the flow of water out of exit river each
day is (F) but that quantity ,of course, is water, not chemicals. The
amount of chemicals waste that leaves the lake each day is equal to the
amount of water leaves the lake that day times the concentration of
chemical waste in the water.

To find a formula for flow of chemicals out of the lake , we use that fact
we already have expression for the concentration (Ct)of the chemical in
(Kg/m³). If we multiply this concentration by daily flow F (inm³), we get
an amount { F x Ct }in Kg of the chemical that removed from lake each
day.

To write our model, we want to express the chemicals solely in terms of

{Wt=V Ct} replacing Ct with Wt/V ,we calculate that the amount of
chemicals (in Kg) removed from the lake per day is,
𝑭 𝑾𝒕
𝑽
Our dynamical system model giving model daily change in chemicals in
the form

Change per day = amount added per day – amount removed per day

Summarizing our above findings, the model is

 𝑭
Wt+1 – Wt =R - Wt …………….(1)
𝑽

As a sanity check, we can verify that the units of each term

match up. Both Wt and R are in Kg. And science both F &V
𝑭
are in (m³),the unit fraction cancel, and the last term in
𝑽
equation (1) is also in units of Kg
For given values of R=100
𝑭 𝟏𝟎^𝟒 =
And = 5x10-4 =0.0005
𝑽 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎^𝟕

The model is Wt+1 – Wt =100-0.0005 Wt

Day 0 is the day of the factory \went into operation, so initial

condition is W0=0 we can solve equation (1) for Wt+1 writing
the dynamical system as

𝑭
Wt+1 =R+(1- )Wt …………….(2)
𝑽

Or, for the given parameter values, the system is

W0 =o
Wt+1 =100+0.9995 Wt
Example

Calculate the daily change in chemical waste in Lake (in Kg)

each day if, the daily release of chemical of a chemical factory
is 85 kg. ,
the chemical waste on this lake 100 kg. , the flow of water out
of exit river each day is 10 5 m3 , and the lake surface area
3Km2 and its depth 12 m.
Answer
V= 3x106 x12=24x106 m3
𝑭 𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Wt+1 - Wt = R - Wt =85 - 100 =85- (0.0417x100)=80.8
𝑽 𝟐𝟒𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟔
kg