Distribution of Forces

in Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Part 2. Horizontal Distribution

and Torsion

IITGN Short Course

Gregory MacRae
1
Many slides from 2009 Myanmar Slides of Profs Jain and Rai
 Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Situ Slabs
• The slab is subject to horizontal load.

t
b

• Moment of inertial for bending in its own plane

tb3
I ( Very large quantity!!)
12

• Practically, floor is infinitely stiff for bending

deformation in its own plane. 2
Sudhir K Jain
 Floor Diaphragm Action
L L
k k/2 k Plan of a one-storey building
b with shear walls

Springs represent lateral

stiffness walls / frames

t = floor thickness; width of the beam representing floor diaphragm

b = floor width; depth of the beam representing floor diaphragm
L = span of the beam representing floor diaphragm 3
Sudhir K Jain
 Floor Diaphragm Action

Lateral earthquake force, EL

Beam representing
floor diaphragm
Ibeam = tb3/12

K K/2 K

Vertical load analogy for floor diaphragm action

4
Sudhir K Jain
In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation of floor

In Plane Force Out of Plane Force

In Plane Deformation of Out of Plane Deformation

Floor of Floor
5
Sudhir K Jain
 Floor Deformations

In-Plane Floor Deformation Out of Plane Floor Deformation

6
Sudhir K Jain
Rigid-body movements of a rigid floor diaphragm

Longitudinal
Translation
Transverse
Translation

Translation in x-direction Translation in y-direction

Angle of
rotation

Resultant Translation

Rotation about z-axis Combination of translations and rotation

7
Sudhir K Jain
Example 1: Effect of floor diaphragm action

20 m 20 m Slab thickness = 150 mm

E = 25,500 N/mm2
k 0.2k k 8m k = 2300 103 N/mm

150 80003
I diaphragm 6.4 1012 mm 4
12

1000
I kN

Force in Springs
1000 kN • Actual Analysis 440 120 440
EI • Rigid Diaphragm 455 90 455
• Tributary Area 250 500 250
k 0.2k k
Rigid Diaphragm
Assumption is generally
used for RC floors 8
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 2: Centre of Mass
• Given floor plan and lumped masses per unit area
• Locate centre of mass of the floor
8m

5m 1000 kg/m2
700 kg/m2
10 m
Force in Springs

30 m
y

A C F
CM (A) CM
B
Force in Springs CM (C) y
CM (B)
z
X 9
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 2: Centre of Mass

• Locate centre of mass of segments A, B, C as:

– CM(A) = (4.0, 7.5); CM (B) = (4.0, 2.5);
– CM(C) = (19.0, 5.0)

• Calculate centre of mass of floor x, y as

mi xi
x 14.4 m
mi
mi yi
y 5.1 m
mi

10
Sudhir K Jain
Centre of Stiffness (of a Single-storey Building)

• Point on the floor through which a lateral load should pass in

order to have only rigid body translation (i.e., no rigid body
rotation).
• Use the above definition to locate the centre of stiffness.
• Example: 1 2 3

1.5k
A

k
10m 0.5k 1.5k

1.2k
B
30 m
14 m
11
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 3. Centre of Stiffness

0.5k ∆ 1.5k ∆
k∆

X
F

Force equilibrium: F k 0.5k 1.5k 3k

Moment equilibrium: F .x k 0 0.5k 14 1.5k 30 52k
52k
x 17.3m
3k

12
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 3. Centre of Stiffness

F 1.5k ∆

y 1.2k ∆

Force equilibrium: F 1.5k 1.2k 2.7k

Moment equilibrium: F . y 1.2k 0 1.5k 10
15k
y 5.6m
2.7k

13
Sudhir K Jain
Lateral load distribution due to rigid floor diaphragm
(Symmetrical case – no torsion)

Wall stiffness k 2=0.3k k 3=k

k 1=k

F
EL

Building Plan

F1 F2 F3 Wall stiffness k
F

Definition of lateral stiffness

EL

F1 k1 , F2 k2 , F3 k3
F1 F2 F3 EL
k1 k2 k3
F1 EL; F2 EL; F3 EL
k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3 k1 k2 k3 14
Sudhir K Jain
Example 4: 200 kN applied along y-direction
y
4
1 2 k The centre of stiffness
3
10m k 0.5k 1.2k (CS) is at the centre
5
x of the building. If the
9m k
30 m centre of mass is also
• Locate centre of stiffness : (15m, 5m) here then the building
• Locate centre of mass : (15m, 5m) undergoes translation
• Hence, no torsion but no torsion

• Wall 1, 2, 3 share load proportional to stiffness

k 200 0.5k 200

F1 74.1kN ; F2 37.0kN
k 0.5k 1.2k k 0.5k 1.2k

1.2k 200
F3 88.9kN
k 0.5k 1.2k 15
Sudhir K Jain
 Eccentric Systems
Load at centre of mass = Load at centre of stiffness + Twisting
moment about the centre of stiffness

CM
• CM e.EL
e EL EL
• CS
EL
CS

M = e.EL CM

EL
CS

16
Sudhir K Jain
 Analysis of force induced by twisting moment
(rigid floor diaphragm)

r1 r3 r5
r3

5
4
r5
1 r4 3
CS

r2
2
r2
r1

ki = Lateral stiffness of the ith element

ri = Perpendicular distance of the ith element from centre of stiffness
= Rotation of the floor diaphragm in its own plane

17
Sudhir K Jain
Analysis of force induced by twisting moment
(rigid floor diaphragm)

• Displacement of ith element, in its own plane, ri

i
due to rotation about centre stiffness

• Resisting force in ith element Fi ki ri

• Restoring moment by force in ith element Mi Fi ri ki ri 2

• By moment equilibrium Mt ki ri2

• Force in the ith element ki ri

Fi 2
Mt
ki ri

18
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric system
y 17.33m
1.5k 15m
4
1 2 3
1.5k •CS
10m k 0.5k
• ey=0.56m
1.2k 5 5.56m 5m CM
x
14m
30 m
ex=2.33m
(a) Walls (b) CS and CM

466kNm = 200kNx 2.33m

• CM = •CM •CS
200kN 200kN

(c) Forces F4

4 3 1 4 3
1 2 2 466kNm
F2 • •CS F1 F2 • •CS F3
F1 F3
CM 200kN CM
5 5 F5
(d)
Translational Forces Torsional Forces
Sudhir K Jain
Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric system
Analysis for 200 kN force acting at centre of stiffness

This force is resisted by walls 1, 2, and 3 in proportion to their

lateral stiffness. This gives:
k 200
F1 66.7 kN
k 0.5k 1.5k
0.5k 200
F2 33.3 kN
k 0.5k 1.5k
1.5k 200
F3 100 kN
k 0.5k 1.5k
Analysis for 466 kN-m moment acting on the diaphragm at CS:

The twisting moment of 466 kN-m is resisted by all the walls

(including walls 4 and 5).

20
Sudhir K Jain
Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric
system
ki ri
Wall k
i ri ki ri ki ri 2 F1
ki ri 2
Mt

1 k 17.33 17.33k 300.3k 13.2

2 0.5k 3.33 1.67k 5.5k 1.3
3 1.5k 12.67 19.00k 240.8k 14.4
4 1.5k 4.44 6.66k 29.6k 5.1
5 1.2k 5.56 6.67k 37.1k 5.1
613.3k

Sudhir K Jain
 Example 5: Load distribution in eccentric
system

F4

4 3 1 4 3
1 2 2 466kNm
• •CS
F1 F2 • •CS
CM 200kN
F3 + F1 F2
5
CM
F3

5 F5

Translational Forces Torsional Forces

The total force resisted by the walls (= translational force + torsional force):
F1 = 66.7+13.2 = 79.9 kN F4
F2 = 33.3+1.3 = 34.6 kN
F3 = 100 – 14.4 = 85.6 kN 1 2
4 3
F4 = 5.1 kN = 5.1 kN F2 • •CS F3
F1
F5 = 5.1 kN = 5.1 KN CM
5 F5

Total Forces 22
Sudhir K Jain
 Multistorey Frames

(a) Without Torsion

F4 (CS)i
F3
All frames must follow through
the same displacements at each
level. (CS)i
F2

(b) With Torsion (CS)i

F1

All frame displacements at each

level must be compatible with
level translational and torsional
displacements.
None of the floors undergo
any rotation as forces pass
through the CS (i.e. CS =
CM)
Sudhir K Jain
 Multistorey Frames

Important:
• First calculate lateral load at different floors for
the entire building
• Then distribute to different frames/walls as per
floor diaphragm behavior

Do Not
• Calculate seismic design force directly for
individual frames of the building
24
Sudhir K Jain
 Multistorey Frames

A B C D
1

y
3
x Plan

Plan of a building with space frame: this may be thought of as

four 2-bay frames in the y-direction, and three 3-bay frames in the
25
x-direction Sudhir K Jain
 Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
• Missing column
• Symmetric system
1000
1 2 3
A 400
B 100
C
Plan
Design force in y-direction
• Frames 1&3 same on the entire building
• Frame spacing same

The requirement is:

(a) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 1.
(b) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 2.
(c) Displacement in frames 1, 2 & 3 are equal at floor 3.
26
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
1000
9 12 15 18 21 29
3 6
400
2 8 11 14 23
5 17 20
100 7
9 10 13 28
1 16 19

Frame A Frame B Frame C

Impose the conditions
9 12 15 18

8 11 14 17

7 10 13 16

This will ensure proper load distribution.

27
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 6: 3-storey symmetric building
Think of the translational problem as:
1000

400

100

Imaginary rigid
links
to ensure floor diaphragm action

Simple calculate the member forces

28
Sudhir K Jain
 2-D Frame with Rigid Lines
A B C D E

2
Direction of
3
Earthquake force
4

5
(a)
Link bars
Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4

29
Sudhir K Jain
 Approximate Lateral Load Distribution

• Exact distribution requires computer analysis

• How do we carry out approximate hand calculations for

buildings up to 4 stories without torsion?
– Assume that all 2-D frames have same displacement profile
(shape only) for lateral loads
– Now match roof displacement only
– If assumption is exactly valid, analysis will still be exact

30
Sudhir K Jain
Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
1000
400

100

A B C

Plan Design force in y-direction

on the entire building

30 1000 15 1000 30
1000

400 400 400

100 100 100

A B C

31
Sudhir K Jain
Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
1500 1000 250
kA 50 units
30 100
400
1500
kB 100 units
15 100 25
1500
kC 50 units
30
Building Frames A and C
ki 50 100 50 200 units
kA 50 500
fA f f 0.25 f
k 200
200
kB 100
fB f f 0.50 f
k 200 50
kC 50
fC f f 0.25 f
k 200
Frame B

32
Sudhir K Jain
Example 7. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
(No Torsion Case)
1000
400
Plan Entire Building
100
A B C
EQ

. 1000 . 1000 . 1000

. 400 . 400 . 400

. 100 . 100 . 100

A B C
Evaluate , , such that roof displacement is same
+ + = 1.0 33
Sudhir K Jain
Example 8. Approximate Distribution, No Torsion
• Illustration
– Parts of building in double height
– Symmetric
1 2 3 4 1000

700

400
50

Portion in double
height Plan Elevation
1000
700

400

50

34
Sudhir K Jain
 Further Simplification

• For load distribution, relative lateral stiffness is

needed

1 1 1 2 1 3

1 1 1
k1 k2 k3
1 2 3

Relative terms only are required

35
Sudhir K Jain
Approximate Lateral Load Stiffness of Frames

• Number of approximate methods, e.g.,

– McLeod’s Method
– Computer methods for analysing frames
• Caution
12EI
– Do not believe in storey stiffness as L3
!!

– This assumes beams are infinitely rigid!

– Never happens

36
Sudhir K Jain
 Torsion in Multistory Buildings

• Centre of stiffness at different floors

• Number of definitions
• Depends on usage
• Implementation

37
Sudhir K Jain
Centre of Stiffness for multistory buildings

F3
(CS)i
F3
F2
(CS)i
F2
F1
(CS)i
F1

None of the floors undergo Design lateral load profile

any rotation

38
Sudhir K Jain
 Torsion in Multistory Buildings . . .

ex
.CS .CM ey
CM = centre of mass
CS = centre of stiffness

.CM ELx
.CS . CM
.CS 1.5ey

ELy
1.5ex

The requirement on design eccentricity can be fulfilled by applying

earthquake force away from centre of mass by a distance 0.5 times the
calculated eccentricity, such that eccentricity between centre of stiffness and
the load becomes 1.5 times the calculated. 39
Sudhir K Jain
 Torsion in Multistory Buildings

• Typical building code specifies design

eccentricity in terms of
• Static eccentricity esj bj
• Accidental eccentricity bj Q1

Q2
edj esj bj
Q3
esj bj
is typically 1.5 Q4
is typically 0.05 to 1.0
(5% to 10% of plan dimension bj)

40
Sudhir K Jain
 Torsion in Multistory Buildings . . .

Goel and Chopra

CM CS (ASCE, Vol.119; No:10)

Can Conduct Analyses Directly Using Computer

Program with Rigid Diaphragm (e.g. ETABS)
41
Sudhir K Jain
 Approximation in Torsion Calculations

• For buildings generally uniform with height

• Centre of stiffness for different floors on the same
vertical line
• Treatment similar to that for single storey building
• Example: Earthquake force in X-direction
333
All columns 400x400
6m 287 Exterior Beams 250x600
141 Interior Beams 300x450
3m
48
4m
4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m

42
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion

Earthquake force in X-direction

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
A 333
All columns 400x400
6m 287 Exterior Beams 250x600
B 141 Interior Beams 300x450
3m
C 48
4m
D
4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m

43
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
P P
k

kA kD 16,220 kN / m
kB kC 10,390 kN / m
10,390 4 10,390 7 16,220 13
y
53,220
6.1m
Eccentricity e = 6.5 – 6.1 = 0.4m
Design eccentricity = 1.5e = 0.6m (Dynamic eccentricity)
Design force profile V acting at CM
= Force profile V at CS
+ Twisting moment profile (Mt = 0.6m x V)
44
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion

• Force profile V at CS
16,220
– Frames A, D = V 0.305V
53,220
10,390
– Frames B, C = V 0.195V
53,220

• Twisting moment profile Mt

ki ri
2
M t
k j rj

45
Sudhir K Jain
 Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion
2
Frame ki ri ki ri k i ri k i ri Fd Fd FTO
(x 103) (x 103) (x 103) 2 (torsion) (Direct) (Total)
(kN/m) (m) (kN) k i ri
A 16.22 6.9 111.92 772.23 0.0293 0.0170V 0.304V 0.321V

B 10.39 0.9 9.35 8.42 0.0024 0.0014V 0.195V 0.196V

C 10.39 -2.1 -21.82 45.82 -0.0057 -0.0034V 0.195V 0.195V

D 16.22 -6.1 -98.94 603.55 -0.0259 -0.0156V 0.304V 0.288V

1 12.70 -9.0 -114.30 1028.70 -0.0299 -0.0180V .... ....

2 8.18 -4.5 -36.80 165.65 -0.0096 -0.0057V .... ....

4 8.18 4.5 36.80 165.65 0.0096 0.0057V .... ....

5 12.70 9.0 114.30 1028.70 0.0299 0.0018V .... ....
From frame Dist from
analysis with CS
point load at 46
roof Sudhir K Jain
 Example 9. Approx. Analysis Torsion

Design Force For Frame

Total Level
Level Design Force A B C D
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
4 333 106.90 65.27 64.94 101.20
3 287 92.13 56.25 55.97 87.25
2 141 45.26 27.64 27.50 42.86
1 48 15.40 9.41 9.36 14.60
From beginning
of example

47
Sudhir K Jain
Thank you!!

48