Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Fuentes ES 321 – Economic Evaluation of Industrial Projects
Problem Set 1
No. 1
NasTech Corporation purchased a vibratory finishing machine for $20,000 in year 0. The useful life of
the machine is 10 years. At the end of which, the machine is estimated to have a zero salvage value.
The machine generates net annual revenues of $6,000. The annual operating and maintenance
expenses are estimated to be $1,000. If NasTech’s MARR is 15 %, how many years does it take before
this machine becomes profitable?
Solution
Let First Cost or Investment, C0 = $20,000
Annual Revenues, AR = $6,000
Annual Costs, AC = $1,000
MARR, I = 0.15
AR AR AR AR AR
0 1 2 3 4 . . . . n
AC AC AC AC AC
C0
( AR − AC ) ⎡1 −
(1 + i )
⎤ −n
C0 =
i ⎣ ⎦
20000 =
( 6000 − 1000 )
⎡1 − (1.15 ) ⎤
−n
0.15 ⎣ ⎦
Solving for n,
n = 6.56 say 7 years
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 2
Two 150 hp motors are being considered for installation at a municipal sewage‐treatment plant. The
first motor costs $4,500 and has an efficiency of 83% at full load. The second motor costs $3,600 and
has an efficiency of 80% at full load. Both motors are projected to have zero salvage value after a life of
10 years. The annual operating and maintenance costs (excepting power cost) amounts to 15% of the
original cost of each motor. The power costs are a flat 5 cents per kilowatt‐hour. The minimum number
of hours of full load operation per year necessary to justify the purchase of the more expensive motor at
i = 6% falls in which one of the following ranges?
(a) 800 to 1000 hours (b) 1001 to 1200 hours (c) 1201 to 1400 hours
(d) 1401 to 1600 hours (e) 1601 to 1800 hours
Solution.
Let x = number of hours operation per year
Annual Cost to operate first motor , AC1 :
AC1 = depreciation + power cost + annual operation cost + interest on money
( 4500 − 0 ) 0.06 + (150 hp )( 0.746 kw / hp )( 0.05$ / kW − hr ) x hr + 0.15 4500 + 0.06 4500
AC1 = ( ) ( ) ( )
(1.06 ) − 1
10
0.83
= 6.741x + 1286.41
Annual Cost to operate second motor , AC2 :
AC1 = depreciation + power cost + annual operation cost + interest on money
( 3600 − 0 ) 0.06 + (150 hp )( 0.746 kw / hp )( 0.05$ / kW − hr ) x hr + 0.15 3600 + 0.06 3600
AC2 = ( ) ( ) ( )
(1.06 ) − 1
10
0.80
= 6.994 x + 1029.12
For break‐even point,
AC1 = AC2
6.741x + 1286.41 = 6.994 x + 1029.12
x = 1017.8 say 1018 hours
The more expensive motor will be preferred if x ≥ 1018 hours.
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 3
A large food processing corporation is considering using laser technology to speed up and eliminate
waste in the potato‐peeling process. To implement the system, the company anticipates needing
$3,000,000 to purchase the industrial‐strength lasers. The system will save $1,200,000 in labor and
materials. However, it will require an additional annual operating and maintenance cost of $250,000.
Annual income taxes will also increase by $150,000. The system is expected to have a 10‐year service
life and will have a salvage value of $200,000. If the company’s MARR is 18%, justify the economics of
the project based on the Present Worth Method.
Let First Cost or Investment, C0 = $3,000,000
Salvage Value, SV = $200,000
Annual Revenues (Savings), AR = $1,200,000
Annual Costs, AC = $250,000 + $150,000 = $400,000
MARR, i = 0.15
SV
AR AR AR AR AR
0 1 2 3 4 . . . . 10
AC AC AC AC AC
C0
Solving for the Net Present Worth, PW:
AR − AC ⎡
1 − (1 + i ) ⎤ + SV (1 + i )
−10 −10
PW = −C0 +
i ⎣ ⎦
1, 200, 000 − 400, 000 ⎡
1 − (1.15 ) ⎤ + 200, 000 (1.15 )
−10 −10
= −300000 +
0.15 ⎣ ⎦
= $633, 481.93
Conclusion:
Because the Net Present worth of the project is positive (PW > 0), the purchase of the laser
system is justified.
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 4
Cable television companies and their suppliers are on the verge of installing new technology that will
pack many more channels into cable networks, thereby creating a potential programming revolution
with implications for broadcasters, telephone companies, and the consumer electronic industry.
Digital compression uses computer techniques to squeeze 3 to 10 programs into a single
channel. A cable system fully using digital compression technology would be able to offer well over 100
channels compared with about 35 for the average cable television system now in use. If the new
technology is combined with the increased use of optical fibers it might be possible to offer 300
channels.
A cable company is considering installing this new technology to increase subscription sales and
save on satellite time. The company expects that the installation will take place over two years. The
system is expected to have an 8‐year service life and have the following savings and expenditures.
Digital Compression
Investment
Now $ 500,000 = C0
First year $3,200,000 = C1
Second year $4,000,000 = C2
Annual savings in satellite time $2,000,000
Incremental annual revenues due to new subscriptions $4,000,000
Incremental annual expenses $1,500,000
Incremental annual income taxes $1,300,000
Economic Service life 8 years
Net Salvage Value $1,200,000
Note that the project has a 2‐year investment period which is followed by an 8‐year service life ( a total
of 10‐year life project). This implies that the net annual savings will occur at the end of year and the last
savings will occur at the end of year 10. If the MARR is 15 %, justify the economic worth of the projects
based on the Present Worth (PW) Method.
Solution.
SV
AR AR AR AR AR AR AR AR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
AC AC AC
AC AC AC AC AC
C0
C1
C2
neonpoint@yahoo.com
Where, C0 = $ 500,000
C1 = $3,200,000
C2 = $4,000,000
Equivalent Annual Revenue, AR = 2,000,000 + 4,000,000 = $6,000,000
Equivalent Annual Cost, AC = 1,500,000 + 1,300,000 = $2,800,000
Net Salvage Value, SV = $1,200,000
MARR, i =0.15
Solving for the Net Present Worth, PW:
AR − AC
PW = −C0 − C1 (1 + i ) − C2 (1 + i ) + ⎡1 − (1 + i )−8 ⎤ (1 + i )−2 + SV (1 + i ) −10
−1 −2
i ⎣ ⎦
3, 200, 000 4, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 − 2,800, 000
= −500, 000 − − + ⎡1 − (1.15 )−8 ⎤ (1.15 )−2 + 1, 200, 000 (1.15 ) −10
1.15 1.15 2
0.15 ⎣ ⎦
= $4,847, 229.45
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 5
A. Compare the probable part cost from Machine A and Machine B, assuming that each will make
the parts to the same specification. Which machine yields the lowest part cost? Assume that
the interest rate is negligible.
B. If the cost of labor can be cut in half by using part‐time employees, which machine should be
recommended?
Machine A Machine B
Initial capital investment $35,000 $150,000
Life 10 years 8 years
Market (salvage) value $3,500 $15,000
Parts required per year 10,000 10,000
Labor Cost per hour $16 $20
Time to make one part 20 minutes 10 minutes
Maintenance cost per year $1,000 $3,000
Solution Question A:
Costing Computation for machine A:
35000 − 3500
1. Annual Cost of Capital = = 3,150
10
10, 000 ( 20 min )
2. Labor Cost = × 16$ / hr = 53,333.33
60 min/ hr
3. Maintenance Cost = 1, 000.00
================
Total Annual Cost = $ 57,483.33
Unit Cost = 57,483.33/10,000 = $5.75 per part
Costing Computation for machine B:
150000 − 15000
1. Annual Cost of Capital = = 16,875
8
10, 000 (10 min )
2. Labor Cost = × 20$ / hr = 33,333.33
60 min/ hr
3. Maintenance Cost = 3, 000.00
================
Total Annual Cost = $ 53,208.33
Unit Cost = 53,208.33 /10,000 = $5.32 per part
“Machine B yields the lowest part Cost”
Continue on next page….
neonpoint@yahoo.com
Solution Question B: IF LABOR COSTS ARE CUT IN HALF
Costing Computation for machine A:
35000 − 3500
1. Annual Cost of Capital = = 3,150
10
10, 000 ( 20 min )
2. Labor Cost = × 8$ / hr = 26, 666.67
60 min/ hr
3. Maintenance Cost = 1, 000.00
================
Total Annual Cost = $30,816.67
Unit Cost = 30,816.67 /10,000 = $3.08 per part
Costing Computation for machine B:
150000 − 15000
1. Annual Cost of Capital = = 16,875
8
10, 000 (10 min )
2. Labor Cost = × 10$ / hr = 16, 666.67
60 min/ hr
3. Maintenance Cost = 3, 000.00
================
Total Annual Cost = $ 36,541.67
Unit Cost = 36,541.67 /10,000 = $3.65 per part
“Machine A yields the lowest part Cost”
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 6
Two alternative designs are under consideration for a tapered fastening pin. The fastening pins are sold
for $0.70 each. Either design will serve equally well and will involve the same material and
manufacturing cost except for the lathe and drill operations.
Design A will require 16 hours of lathe time and 4.5 drill time per 1,000 units. Design B will
require 7 hours lathe time and 12 hours drill time per 1,000 units. The variable operating cost of the
lathe, including labor, is $18.60 per hour. The variable operating cost of the drill, including labor, is
$16.90 per hour. Finally, there is a sunk cost of $5,000 for Design A and $9,000 for Design B due to
obsolete tooling.
a. Which design should be adopted if 125,000 units are sold each year?
b. What is the annual saving over the other design?
Solution Question A:
Total Cost of Producing 125,000 units in a year for Design A:
125000
CA = ⎡ 4.5 (16.90 ) + 16 (18.60 ) ⎤⎦
1000 ⎣
= $46, 706.25
Total Cost of Producing 125,000 units in a year for Design B:
125000
CB = ⎡12 (16.90 ) + 7 (18.60 ) ⎤⎦
1000 ⎣
= $41, 625.00
“Design B should be adopted.”
Solution Question B:
Annual savings = C A − CB
= 46706.25 − 41625.00
= $5081.25
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 7
In some countries, motorists are required to drive with their headlights on at all times. General Motors
is beginning to equip their cars with daytime running lights. Most people would agree that driving with
the deadlights on at night is cost‐effective with respect to extra fuel consumption and safety
considerations. Given the following data and any additional assumptions that you feel are necessary,
analyze the cost‐effectiveness of driving with your headlights on during the day by answering the
following questions [cost‐effectiveness means that benefits outweigh (exceed) the costs].
75% of driving takes place during the daytime
2% of fuel consumption is due to accessories (radio, headlights, etc)
Cost of fuel = $1.15 per gallon
Average distance traveled per year = 15,000 miles
Average cost of an accident = $2,500
Purchase price of headlights = $25.00 per set (2 headlights)
Average time car is in operation per year = 350 hours
Average life of a headlight = 200 operating hours
Average fuel consumption = 1 gallon per 30 miles
a. What are the extra costs associated with driving with your headlights on during the day?
b. What are the benefits associated with driving with your headlights on during the day?
c. What additional assumptions (if any) do you need to complete your analysis?
d. Is it cost‐effective to drive with headlights on during the day? Be sure to support your
recommendations with the necessary calculations.
Answers:
a. Additional Fuel Costs and purchase of headlights.
Additional fuel costs, C f = ( $1.15 / gal )(1 gal / 30 mi.)(15000 mi.)( 0.75 )( 0.02 ) = $8.625
$25 ( 350 hrs )
Cost of headlights, Ch = = $43.75
200 hrs
Total Cost, CT = C f + Ch = $52.375
b. Savings due to avoidance of accident
Monetary Benefit, B = 2500 × P
c. Assumptions made, Probability of an accident caused by the absence of a headlight
Say P = 2% = 0.02
B 50
d. In calculating the benefit‐cost ratio, B‐C = = = 0.9547
Ct 52.375
“Driving with headlights on during the day is not cost effective is on the assumption that the
probability of an accident occurring due to absence of headlight is only 2%. This answer will
change for a different vale of P.”
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 8
A bicycle component manufacturer produces hubs for bike wheels. Two processes are possible for
manufacturing, and the parameters of each process are as follows:
Process 1 Process 2
Production Rate 35 parts/hr 15 parts/hr
Daily Production time 4 hr/day 7 hr/day
Percent of parts rejected 20% 9%
Based on visual inspection
Assume that the daily demand for hubs allows all defect‐free hubs to be sold. Additionally,
tested or rejected hubs cannot be sold.
Find the process that maximizes profit per day if each part is made from $4 worth of material
and can be sold for $30. Both processes are fully automated, and variable overhead cost is charged at
the rate of $40 per hour.
Solution;
Costing for Process 1:
No. of sellable parts produced per day = 0.80 ( 35 )( 4 ) = 112 parts
No. of rejected parts produced per day = 0.2 ( 35 )( 4 ) = 28 parts
Total Cost = Material Cost + Overhead Costs = (112 + 28 )( 4 ) + 40 ( 4 ) = $720
Total Sales (Revenue) = 112 ( 30 ) = 3360
Net Profit per day = Total Sales – Total Cost = 3360 – 720 =$2640
Costing for Process 2:
No. of sellable parts produced per day = 0.91(15 )( 7 ) = 96 parts (rounded off)
No. of rejected parts produced per day = 0.09 (15 )( 7 ) = 9 parts (rounded off)
Total Cost = Material Cost + Overhead Costs = (105 )( 4 ) + 40 ( 7 ) = $700
Total Sales (Revenue) = 96 ( 30 ) = 2880
Net Profit per day = Total Sales – Total Cost = 2880 – 700 =$2180
Conclusion:
“Process 1 maximizes profit per day.”
neonpoint@yahoo.com
No. 9
The student chapter of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers is planning a six‐day trip to the
national conference in Albany, NY. For transportation, the group will rent a car from either the State
Tech Motor Pool or a local car dealer. The Motor Pool charges $ 0.26 per mile, has no daily fee,, and the
motor pool pays for the gas. The car dealer charges $25 per day and $0.14 per mile, but the group must
pay for the gas. The car’s fuel rating is 20 miles per gallon, and the price of gas is estimated to be $1.20
per gallon.
a. At what point, in miles, is the cost of both options equal?
b. The car dealer has offered a special student discount and will give the students 100 free miles
per day. What is the new break‐even point?
c. Suppose now that the Motor Pool reduces its all‐inclusive rate to $0.23 per mile and that the car
dealer increases its rate to $25/day and $0.21 per mile. In this case the car dealer wants to
encourage student business, so he offers 1,000 free miles for the entire six‐day trip. He claims
that if more than 882 miles are driven, students will come out ahead with one of his rental cars.
If the students anticipate driving 1,600 miles (total), from whom should they rent a car? Is the
car dealer’s claim entirely correct?
Solution: Let x = distance traveled (in miles)
Question “a”:
Cost of motor pool rental, C1 = 0.26 x
Cost of Car dealer rental, C2 = 6 ( 25 ) + 0.15 x + x (1 gal / 20 mi.)( $1.2 / gal )
C2 = 150 + 0.2 x
For break‐even, let C1 = C2
0.26 x = 150 + 0.2 x
x = 2500 miles
Question “b”:
Let savings on gas = S = 100 ( 6 )( 0.14 ) = $84
Then C2 = 150 + 0.2 x − S = 150 + 0.2 x − 84
C2 = 66 + 0.2 x
For break‐even, let C1 = C2
0.26 x = 66 + 0.2 x
x = 1100 miles
neonpoint@yahoo.com
Question “c”:
Cost of motor pool rental, C1 = 0.23 x
Case 1: If x > 1000
Cost of Car dealer rental, C2 = 6 ( 25 ) + 0.21x + x (1 gal / 20 mi.)( $1.2 / gal ) − 1000 ( 0.21)
C2 = 0.27 x − 60
For break‐even, let C1 = C2
0.23x = 0.27 x − 60
x = 1500 miles
Case 2: If x ≤ 1000 ,
Cost of Car dealer rental, C2 = 6 ( 25 ) + x (1 gal / 20 mi.)( $1.2 / gal )
C2 = 150 + 0.06 x
For break‐even, let C1 = C2
0.23x = 150 + 0.06 x
x = 882.35 miles
Discussion:
The Car Dealer is only partially correct, car dealer’s proposal is good only if 882 < x < 1500 .
neonpoint@yahoo.com