“In our study of thermodynamics, we learned to assess whether a particular reaction was spontaneous

or not and how much energy was released or absorbed. The question of how rapidly a reaction
proceeds is addressed by kinetics.”

1. Jelaskan definisi:
a. Laju reaksi
b. Kinetika kimia

“Rates of reactions are usually expressed in units of moles per liter per unit time. If we know the
chemical equation for a reaction, its rate can be determined by following the change in concentration
of any product or reactant that can be detected quantitatively. To describe the rate of a reaction, we
must determine the concentration of a reactant or product at various times as the reaction proceeds”

2. Pada reaksi pembentukan NO dan H2O dari ammonia berikut:

4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O
Diketahui laju perubahan reaktan NH3 pada waktu tertentu adalah sebesar 1.20 M/min.
Pada waktu yang sama tentukan laju perubahan dari O2; NO; dan H2O! Tentukan pula laju
reaksi pada waktu tersebut !

“Often we want a reaction to take place rapidly enough to be practical but not so rapidly as to be
dangerous. The controlled burning of fuel in an internal combustion engine is an example of such a
process. On the other hand, we want some undesirable reactions, such as the spoiling of food, to take
place more slowly”

3. Jelaskan 4 faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi laju reaksi kimia?

“As the concentrations of reactants change at constant temperature, the rate of reaction changes. We
write the rate-law expression (often called simply the rate law) for a reaction to describe how its rate
depends on concentrations; this rate law is experimentally deduced for each reaction from a study of
how its rate varies with concentration.”

4. Berikut merupakan data reaksi yang didapatkan pada 250 C dari reaksi :

2A + B + 2C  D + 2E

Tentukan ekspresi Hukum Laju Reaksi untuk reaksi diatas!

“The equation that relates concentration and time is the integrated rate equation. We can also use
it to calculate the half-life, t1/2, of a reactant—the time it takes for half of that reactant to be
converted into product. The integrated rate equation and the half-life are different for reactions of
different order”
 5. Jelaskan hubungan antara konsentrasi dan waktu pada reaksi orde pertama, orde kedua,
dan orde nol!

“The fundamental notion of the collision theory of reaction rates is that for a reaction to occur,
molecules, atoms, or ions must first collide. Increased concentrations of reacting species result in
greater numbers of collisions per unit time”

6. Jelaskan syarat tumbukan agar efektif menghasilkan suatu reaksi!

“Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds. The energy associated with
a chemical bond is a form of potential energy. Reactions are accompanied by changes in potential
energy”

7. Berikanlah penjelasan dari diagram berikut:

“Some reactions take place in a single step, but most reactions occur in a series of elementary or
fundamental steps. The step-by-step pathway by which a reaction occurs is called the reaction
mechanism.”

8. Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan “reaction Intermediate”!