ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study

Airport-Collaborative Decision Making
PhD Research Project

Matthias Groppe
CRANFIELD University
m.groppe@cranfield.ac.uk

Sponsored by
ENRI Tokyo, JAPAN
ENRI International Workshop5on
March 2009
ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
EUROCONTROL & FRAPORT
Outline

Introduction to Airport Collaborative

Decision Making (A-CDM)

The A-CDM Environment

Objectives of the Research Project

Method of Applied Cognitive Work Analysis

Data Collection & Initial Results

Conclusion

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

The Challenge

One Process

Arrival – Turn-round – Departure

Link airports to the Air Traffic Management Network

Requirements

Create transparent overview by Sharing Information

All Airport partners needed for CDM success
Mutual Understanding of operations
Culture change and process improvement

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

The Airport CDM Concept Elements

Collaborative Management of Flight Updates

CDM in Adverse Conditions

Collaborative Predeparture Sequence

Variable Taxi Time Calculation

The Milestones Approach

Airport CDM Information Sharing

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Information Sharing & Milestone Approach

Principle
Foundation for CDM
Right info
Right Time
Right People

Requirement
One Common Information Platform is required
Develop procedures and actions for each milestone

Benefits
Brings partners together
Promotes trust

Common situational awareness
efficient use of

resources
Improved predictability
maximises operational
efficiency

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT

Data INBOUND
coherency
check FIR Entry/ Taxi In
Local Radar Data (EXIT)

ALDT TURN-ROUND
ATOT

1 2 3 4 5 6 ARDT
11
Final Boarding ASRT
Approach

OUTBOUND
Take Off from
7/8 9 10 12 13 14 ASAT
Outstation ATC issues
AIBT
AGHT Taxi Out
-2hrs CFMU Slot Final update TSAT (EXOT)
allocation
TOBT
-3hrs Flight Plan 15 16
Submission (FPL) AOBT ATOT
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT

Data INBOUND
coherency
check FIR Entry/
Local Radar Data

ATOT TURN-ROUND

1 2 3 4 5 6 ARDT
11
Taxi In
Final Boarding ASRT
(EXIT)
Approach
ALDT
OUTBOUND
Take Off from
7/8 9 10 12 13 14 ASAT
Outstation
AIBT ATC issues
AGHT Taxi Out
-2hrs CFMU Slot Final update TSAT (EXOT)
allocation
TOBT
-3hrs Flight Plan 15 16
Submission (FPL) AOBT ATOT
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Airport CDM Key Milestones – TOBT & TSAT

TOBT (Target Of Block Time)

The time that an aircraft operator / handling agent
estimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed,
boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available,
ready to start up / push back immediately upon reception
of clearance from the TWR.

TSAT (Target Start Approval Time)

The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT,
CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can
expect to receive start-up / pushback approval (when
start-up and pushback are issued together)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Barcelona Airport CDM Platform

Red EOBT/TOBT
notifies AOs
of late flight

Alarms indicate
Airport slot
and type errors
CTOT discrepancies
are also highlighted

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Sequence Display Examples: Munich

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Benefits for Airport Partners

Improved infrastructure usage

Reduced ATCO workload with

enhanced planning

Reduced Apron and Taxiway

congestion

Improved airport image

(passengers perception of smooth
operations)

Better situational awareness

during times of disruption and delay

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Implementation

 


  
 

  
 
 

Over 21 ECAC
Airports
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Implementing
Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
Demin. Water

Air Starter

De-icing

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check

Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check

Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check

Portable Fresh Water

Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)

Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

E Fueling T
I O
Position Open
B PAX PAX door
stairs
Unload
DAA
Dis-
embark
Dis-
embark
Cabin &
Cockpit
Final
Cleaning
Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX Close PAX Remove
Door PAX Stairs B
PAX Crew Catering

T T
Duty Free Stocks
In-flight Entertainment

Position Position Open Unload Unload Load Load Close Remove Remove
wheel Cargo Cargo Bags Cargo Cargo Bags cargo cargo weel
chocks ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe door 5 March loader
2009 chocks
The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path
Demin. Water

Air Starter

De-icing

Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check

Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check

Colling & Heating

Wheel and Tire Check

Portable Fresh Water

Waste Water Handling (Sanitary)

Exterior Aircraft Cleaning

Estimated
Additional/
Reduced GH
E Fueling
Time T
I O
B
Position Open
PAX PAX door
Unload
DAA
Dis-
embark
Dis- Cabin &
embark Cockpit
Final
Cleaning
Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX Close PAX Remove
Door PAX Stairs B
stairs PAX Crew Catering
T T
Duty Free Stocks
In-flight Entertainment

Position Position Open Unload Unload Load Load Close Remove Remove
wheel Cargo Cargo Bags Cargo Cargo Bags cargo cargo weel
chocks door5
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe March loader
2009 chocks
Airport CDM Environment I

Operational decision making

is based on insufficient quality &
flow of information (observation
& own experience)

Not all airport partners have

required Situational Awareness
for operational decision making

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Environment II

Strategic Planning
Strategic Meta
ATC, Aircraft Operator,
Cooperation
Airport, Ground Handler,
ATFCM, Supervisor

LANDSIDE
OPERATION

rm tion

n
io
Ac

at Cooperation
to

Pre-tactical in Planning
fo
e

APOCs
COMMON
nc

In

ATC - Aircraft Operators

De sta
of

Ground Handler - Airport SITUATIONAL

Di

il

Interactions across
ta

Tactical AWARENESS?
AWARENESS
different layers

Cooperation
Ramp in Action
ATC Agent Pilots Dispatch ….
Ad hoc
actors
DISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL
AIRSIDE AWARENESS
OPERATION
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)
Airport CDM Environment III

Cockpit: Action Level

INFORMATION SHARING
APOC:
APOC: Planning - Intermediaries
Level - Distributed Location
INFORMATION
SYNCHRONISATION
Distance to Planning/ Action

Safety related Decision

Making with Operational
Consequences
Operational Decision
Making

ATC Tower: Action Level

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context I: Constraints through

Multi-Party Decision Making
Airport
Identify individual (single Pilot/
Operation
Crew
operator) goal setting to increase Center

cooperation towards a common

(global) goal
ATC
Understand HHIs and HCIs
among operators to increase
cooperation building factors

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context II: Heterogeneous &

Asynchronous Information Sharing
Airport
Pilot/
Operation
Crew
Identification of data/information/ Center

knowledge components which

should be employed to provide
situational awareness ATC

Synchronization of information
sharing for time critical decisions

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability

Context III: Irregularities through

Unanticipated Events

Airport
Pilot/
Operation
Identify decisions necessary Center
Crew
during unanticipated situations

Understand which information is

required for decision making and ATC
cooperation among partners during
these situations

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis I

Analysis, design, and

evaluation of complex
sociotechnical systems

Contrast to other task

analysis: Formative approach

Designed to provide decision

support in an environment with
different policies, skill sets and
capabilities

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II

(5) Actor Competencies Analysis (1)-(5): Phases of CWA according

SRK Behaviour to Vicente (1999)

SBB
(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis
KBB Role definition
Cooperation: during critical situations
Predefined (3) Strategies Analysis
Information Requirements
IFM
(2) Control Task Analysis
Cognition
(1) Work Domain Analysis
Decision Model
Critical Available
WHAT
Constraints Situations information
HOW
through... for TOBT
WHO Technology
Adherence
Human
Traffic
limitations
Work Domain

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II
Physical Workspace

Virtual Workspace

ANALYSIS DESIGN

CWA Information
Information//
Relationship
Relationship
Representation
Representation
Design
Design
Storyboard
Storyboard//
Prototype
Prototype
Requirements
Requirements Requirements
Requirements

Functional Cognitive Presentation

Presentation
Functional Cognitive Design
Abstraction
Abstraction Work
Work Design
Network Requirements Concepts
Concepts
Network Requirements
Functional
Functional Processing
Processing//
Requirements
Requirements Transformation
Transformation
Requirements
Requirements

Knowledge Elicitation Decision Centered Testing

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
 Building the Abstraction-Decomposition Space
Total System Subsystem Components
Airport Collaborative CDM Turn-Round Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Decision Making Process Element Partners
Purposes Purposes Purposes
* Improve work together at an operational level Provide the A-CDM partners with a common situational Milestones: To provide decision makers with
Functional * Efficient and safe daily flight operation with reliable information awareness information about flight progress and trigger
decision making
Purpose provision & Common Situational Awareness Anticipation of disruptions & expeditious recovery through
ACISP: To provide information sharing between
External Constraints information sharing among all partners including passengers
* Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, External constraints the Airport CDM Partners
Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO Distributed location between CDM partners and actors A-CDM Partner Goals
* Local Standard Operationg Procedures (e.g. due to Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, External Constraints
environmental, airline, airport..) Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO No & design of Milestones, Alert Messages,
participating partners

Criteria
Abstract Criteria
ATTT Milestones
*ATTT
Function Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT) CDM Procedure Group Meetings
*Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT)
TOBT/TSAT Predictability Performance Assessments
*TOBT/TSAT Predictability
EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time ACISP & A-CDM Partners
*EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time
*Ready Reaction Time: AOBT - ARDT Ready Reaction Time: AOBT – ARDT User feedback & Performance Assessment

Safe & efficient turn-round & flight Milestones

Generalised Safe & efficient usage of available resources
Adherence to CDM procedures Data/ Information availability & Practicability of
Effective law, regualation, procedure, and policy enforcement
Function Redesign of airport operational procedures Efficient implementation of collaborative decisions at Information
Implementation of CDM functions action level ACISP & A-CDM Partners
Enforcement of laws, regulations, procedures, policies Physical dynamics of user behaviour

Milestones
Efficient information provision & cooperation between
Provision of reliable information for all CDM partners Functionalability/capability/limitations & status
Physical Collaborative operational decision making
operators & actors
Inform all partners
Distributed Situational Awareness at action level
Function Increasing Situational Awareness Efficient comand & control structure between pretactical &
ACISP & A-CDM Partners
A-CDM Information Sharing Platform (ACISP) Functionalability/capability/limitation
action level of operation
Establish Situational Awareness

Electronic Data/ Information

Printed Information/ Data about TOBT/TSAT
IT platforms with operational information sources, eg TOBT/TSAT Information Screens for passengers Software Applications
Physical HMIs, e.g. ACARS, Telefon, Computer
AMAN/DMAN Airport Infrastructure & Airspace Structure
Form Airport Operation Centre (APOC) Alert Messages to all CDM partners via the ACISP
Computer Network
Representative Decision Makers of all partners Operation Room
Flight Update Messages (FUMs)
Meteorlogical features, e.g. adverse weather condition System Operators
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
Passengers
Actors
The A-CDM Abstraction-Decomposition Space

Total System Subsystem Components

Airport Collaborative CDM Turn-Round Milestones, ACISP, CDM
Decision Making Process Element Partners

Functional Safe & efficient WHY

Purpose Flight Operation

Abstract Increased Shorter Increased

Function
Punctuality Travel Passenger WHAT
(Reliability) Time Satisfaction

Compliant Effective
Generalised Safe & efficient
Operator Turn-Round HOW
Usage of available
Function Information
Behavior Procedures

Operators Milestones
Physical Capabilites & Functionability
Function Limitations & Limitations

ACISP &
Physical Airport
Form Infrastructure

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

(1) Work Domain Analysis: Mapping Information Requirements I

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Cockpits’ Survey: Information Requirements I

Information Requirement Information Provided to Pilots Ground Handling Start Delay x

YES NO PARTIALLY
Runway in Use x

Information from ACISP x

EOBT/TOBT/CTOT Compliance alarms x
TOBT/ TSAT x
EXOT x
ETTT x
Pilots`Goals x
Turn-Round Compliance of other actors x
Safety Level x
CTOT x

TTOT x Airport Performance x

Apron Rules & Regulations x Aircraft Technical Status x

Infrastructure related warnings x A-CDM Partner Goals x

Behavioral Recommendations x
Economic Cost of planned/ alternative Turn-Round x

Operational Information x
Performance & Status of all participating actors x
CDM Operating Procedures x
Aircraft Requirements & Status x
Information Sharing among participating actors x
Physical turn-round control task support x
Passenger Boarding Time x
Cognitive turn-round control task support x
Environmental Condition Information x

Turn-Round Compliance control task support x

Turn-Round Disruptions x

Time related Data x Capability/ Knowledge Level of all participating

actors x
Not time related Data x
Available Resources x
Aircraft Operational Status x
Current task status in relation to goals x
Variable Taxi Time Calculation x

Current component performance & status x

CDM Compliance Alerts x

Target In Block Time x Current airport & aircraft condition x

Stand Information x Other A-CDM users location & future movements x

Source: On-line Cockpits’ Survey (2008)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round

Crew Ramp
Security
Transport Transport

Load
Sheet

Boarding Catering
Parking
Position
APOC
WCH Fuel

CFMU
ATC
Repair
De-
Flight Ramp Boarding
Documents Agent Transportation
Aircraft Crew

Airline Cleaning

De-icing Push-
Back
Ground
Airport
Handler
Infrastructure
Passenger
Fresh Check- Transport
Loading
Water In

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round

Crew Ramp
Security
Transport Transport

Load
Sheet

Boarding Catering
Parking
Position
APOC
WCH Fuel

CFMU
ATC
Repair
De-
Flight Ramp Boarding
Documents Agent Transportation
Aircraft Crew

Airline Cleaning

De-icing Push-
Back
Ground
Airport
Handler
Infrastructure
Passenger
Fresh Check- Transport
Loading
Water In

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Airport CDM Turn-Round

Crew Ramp
Security
Transport Transport

Load
Sheet

Boarding Catering
Parking
Position
APOC
WCH Fuel

CFMU
ATC
Repair
De-
De-
Flight Ramp Boarding
Documents Agent Transportation
Aircraft Crew

Airline Cleaning

De-
De-icing Push-
Push-
Back
Ground
Airport
Handler
Infrastructure
Passenger
Fresh Check-
Check- Transport
Loading
Water In

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

(2) Control Task Analysis – The Decision Ladder
Goal cannot
be reached
New goal identified PG - Model
Legend:
(Task is
Task finished Evaluation
Evaluation Meet
temporarily Delay/ 
Cancellation
SitEval SCHEDULE Analysis
deactivated) Strategy
Ambiguity MEET
SystemState
Interpretation Schedule Planning
Interpretation
Consequence for Action
current flight 
GoalSelec Condition
Interpretation
Not implemented
changed Goal stack
System State: Alert Active
TOBTtarget
system state SystemState

Identification Task definition

Conditions for Task definition
Present State of, System: AOG TaskCoord
, TaskCoord
Equipment
TaskTrig Change 
Re - activation
Re- Deliver
Action
SET of Active
ActIn Conditionsfor
Condition for of goal Activetask
task clearance
Observations
task finalization
task finalization
Need of visual Planning
Observation Need of more
information Formulate
ActTrigProcedure

ObsArea  information
Information & Data of A/C

Procedure
ActOut
ALERT
Pilots Stations Legend:
States of Knowledge
AP-State
State AP-- Model
report or
request
AP- AP
resulting from data Execution
Execution
ProcessInfo
ProcessInfo
PItoPG processing
Activation PGtoPI 
Coordinate
Manipulations
Technical Problem with
A/C Data-processing Activities
- OutAP1 AP-Process
AP- Process InAP1
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009
(3) Strategy Analysis – Goal Complexity I

Domain 1 Domain 2
(e.g. Airline Cockpit) (e.g. Ground Handler)

Flight
Individual Punctual
Goals
Safety
Goal Ultimate Goals
Dispatch
Goal
C2
C1Routine Subgoals (TOBT) Service
Tasks
Checks Tasks
Delivery
B1 B2 B3
Aircraft Cooperative Planning
A1 A2
Resources
A3Systems
A4 A5 A6 A7 GHD
Resources
Structure/ Process

Group Roles
Tasks

APOC Decision Making Domain

[2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

(4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis

Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995)

Aims/ Interests Ressources Abilities Type of Situation Category

compatible sufficient sufficient Independence Indifference

compatible sufficient insufficient Simple working together Indifference

compatible insufficient sufficient Blockade Cooperation

compatible insufficient insufficient Coordinated collaboration Cooperation

incompatible sufficient sufficient Pure individual competition Cooperation

incompatible sufficient insufficient Pure individual competition Antagonism

incompatible insufficient sufficient Individual resource conflict Antagonism

incompatible insufficient insufficient Collective resource conflict Antagonism

J. Ferber (1995) Multi-

Multi-Agent Systems,
Systems, Addison-
Addison-Wesley, Munich

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

Conclusion

Using Turn-Round Scenarios allows to

demonstrate the Applicability of CWA in the A-
CDM System Domain

CWA identifies Information Sharing

‘Bottlenecks’ and reveals areas for possible
Improvements

CWA allows to draw focus on decision

making or conflicting interests

Can be used to develop a future A-CDM

Decision Support System

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

 THANK YOU
THANK YOU!

Q & A?

ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009