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PROJECT REPORT
vitamins
[VITAMINS]
Introduction
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[VITAMINS]
Aim
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[VITAMINS]
Water-soluble vitamins
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[VITAMINS]
Fat-soluble vitamins
The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are soluble in
fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The human body has
to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these vitamins are
absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need them, your body
takes them out of storage to be used. Eating fats or oils that are not digested
can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins.
Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are stored in the
body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of vitamin A may result
in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea, headache,
diarrhea in adults.
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[VITAMINS]
Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.
Vitamin B1/thiamine is important 1.2 mg for adult males
VITAMIN B1 in the production of energy. It and 1.1 mg for women -
(THIAMINE) helps the body cells convert 1.5 mg if lactating.
carbohydrates into energy. It is
also essential for the functioning Children need .6 to .9
of the heart, muscles, and mg of B1/thiamine per
nervous system. day.
Like the other B vitamins, vitamin 2.4 mcg for adults and
VITAMIN B12 B12 is important for metabolism. 2.6 - 2.8 mcg for women
It helps in the formation of red who are pregnant or
blood cells and in the maintenance lactating. Children need
of the central nervous system. .9 - 2.4 mcg per day.
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Natural sources
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Structure
Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor
pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally, the
liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.
Retinol (Vitamin A)
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[VITAMINS]
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity.
These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and
myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red
blood cells
Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino
acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from
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[VITAMINS]
Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks
Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds
act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in cellular membranes.
Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its
absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.
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[VITAMINS]
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)
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Deficiency disease
Vitamin A
Deficiency Symptoms: Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair, Retarded
Growth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations, Sinus
Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.
1. People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and beta-
carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency.
2. Extremely low birth weight babies
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B2
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[VITAMINS]
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue;
depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be a
result of this vitamin deficiency.
1. Alcoholics
2. People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
3. People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease: Anemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness,
Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and
Kidney Stones.
1. Alcoholics
2. Patients with kidney failure
3. Women using oral contraceptives
4. People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease:
Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anaemia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhea, abnormal
gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet, confusion, memory loss, and
depression. Harmful anemia may be a result of this deficiency.
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[VITAMINS]
1. Alcoholics
2. Vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs
3. People with malabsorption conditions
4. Older people with urinary incontinence and hearing loss
5. People with tinnitus and related disorders
6. People with psychiatric disorders
Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy
Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections, Prolonged
colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression,
bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired,
paleness
1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure
Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and
curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, and Cancer.
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[VITAMINS]
Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult
symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be
increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal
deficiencies.
Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation,
Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds.
Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This
deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver or food
absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies.
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[VITAMINS]
2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were receiving
antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.
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[VITAMINS]
Scurvy(vitamin C) Rickets(Vitamin D)
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[VITAMINS]
Food
The best method available to overcome these deficiency is by
proper diet which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and
some amount of meat.
Medicine
To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex.
Vitamin B complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The
eight water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2),
niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid
(B9), and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).
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[VITAMINS]
Additional information
Vitamin Facts
1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between the farm
and your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the
more nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the
amount of vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to meet the
requirements that the body needs in digesting enough nutrients to
sustain the body's health and fuel factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be produced
by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional
deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals
and sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks as well
as to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several thousand different
chemical reactions. Each reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and
"coenzymes". Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body
cannot make by itself and which must be obtained from outside the
body.
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[VITAMINS]
Conclusion
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