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CHEMISTRY

PROJECT REPORT

vitamins
[VITAMINS]

Introduction

Have you ever wondered how we stay healthy?..the proper


answer lies in our balanced diet.our balanced diet contains all the vital nutrients
including vitamins ,proteins ,carbohydrates…

The body needs vitamins to stay healthy and a varied diet


usually gives you all the vitamins you need. Vitamins do not provide energy
(calories) directly, but they do help regulate energy-producing processes. With
the exception of vitamin D and K, vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human
body and must be obtained from the diet. Vitamins have to come from food
because they are not manufactured or formed by the body. So lets find out the
uses and the importance of vitamins in our daily life

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[VITAMINS]

Aim

 To find out the importance of vitamins in daily life.


 To find out how much vitamins are needed for human in one day.
 To find out the sources of vitamins.
 To find out the structure of vitamins.
 To find out the diseases caused by deficiency of vitamins.

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[VITAMINS]

Vitamins and classification


Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and known
as Essential nutrients for human beings. The name vitamin is obtained from
"vital amines" as it was originally thought that these substances were all
amines. Human body uses these substances to stay healthy and support its
many functions.

Vitamins are generally regarded as


organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts to perform specific
biological functions for normal maintenance of optimum growth and health of
the organism.

There are two types of vitamins: water-soluble and fat-soluble.

Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body, so you need to


get them from food every day. They can be destroyed by overcooking. These
are easily absorbed by the body. Human body doesn't store large amounts of
water-soluble vitamins. B-complex vitamins and vitamin C are water-soluble
vitamins that are not stored in the body and must be replaced each day. These
vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and
preparation. They are eliminated in urine so, body need a continuous supply of
them in diets.

Proper storage and preparation of food can minimize vitamin loss. To


reduce vitamin loss, refrigerate fresh produce, keep milk and grains away from
strong light, and use the cooking water from vegetables to prepare soups. An
excess of water soluble vitamins should not result in any side effects as they will
disperse in the body fluids and voided in the urine.
Nine of the water-soluble vitamins are known as the B-complex group:
Thiamin (vitamin B1), Riboflavin (vitamin B2), Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,
Vitamin B12, Biotin, Pantothenic acid and Vitamin C. These vitamins are widely
distributed in foods.

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[VITAMINS]

Fat-soluble vitamins

The fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E and K - since they are soluble in
fat and are absorbed by the body from the intestinal tract. The human body has
to use bile acids to absorb fat-soluble vitamins. Once these vitamins are
absorbed, the body stores them in body fat. When you need them, your body
takes them out of storage to be used. Eating fats or oils that are not digested
can cause shortages of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat soluble vitamins should not be consumed in excess as they are stored in the
body and an excess can result in side effects. An excess of vitamin A may result
in irritability, weight loss, dry itchy skin in children and nausea, headache,
diarrhea in adults.

Characteristics of the vitamins are:

1. Most of the vitamins have been artificially synthesized.


2. Some of vitamins are soluble in water and others are fat-soluble.
3. Some vitamins are synthesized in the body. Some members of vitamin B
complex are synthesized by microorganisms in the intestinal tract.
4. Vitamins are partly destroyed and are partly excreted.
5. Vitamins can be stored in the body to some extent, for example the fat-
soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and subcutaneous tissue.
6. Vitamins can perform their work in very small quantities. Hence, the total
daily requirement is usually very small.

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Action in human body


Nutrient Action Daily need
Vitamin A helps cell reproduction. 10,000 IU/day (plant-
VITAMIN A It also stimulates immunity and is derived) for adult males.
needed for formation of some 8,000 for adult females -
hormones. Vitamin A helps vision 12,000 if lactating.
and promotes bone growth, tooth 4,000 for children ages
development, and helps maintain 1-3
healthy skin, hair, and mucous 5,000 for children ages
membranes. It has been shown to 4-6
be an effective preventive against 7,000 for children ages
measles. 7-10

Alpha-carotene, beta-carotene
and retinol are all versions of
Vitamin A.
Vitamin B1/thiamine is important 1.2 mg for adult males
VITAMIN B1 in the production of energy. It and 1.1 mg for women -
(THIAMINE) helps the body cells convert 1.5 mg if lactating.
carbohydrates into energy. It is
also essential for the functioning Children need .6 to .9
of the heart, muscles, and mg of B1/thiamine per
nervous system. day.

Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is 1.3 mg for adult males


VITAMIN B2 important for body growth, and 1.1 mg for women -
(RIBOFLAVIN) reproduction and red cell 1.5 mg if
production. It also helps in pregnant/lactating.
releasing energy from
carbohydrates Children need .6 to .9
mg of B2/riboflavin per
day.
B6 plays a role in the creation of 1.3 to 1.7 mg for adults
VITAMIN B6 antibodies in the immune system. - 2 mg for women who
(PRYIDOXINE) It helps maintain normal nerve are pregnant or
function and acts in the formation lactating.
of red blood cells. It is also
required for the chemical Children need between
reactions of proteins. The higher .6 to 1.3 mg.
the protein intake, the more need
there is for vitamin B6

Like the other B vitamins, vitamin 2.4 mcg for adults and
VITAMIN B12 B12 is important for metabolism. 2.6 - 2.8 mcg for women
It helps in the formation of red who are pregnant or
blood cells and in the maintenance lactating. Children need
of the central nervous system. .9 - 2.4 mcg per day.

Vitamin C is one of the most 60 mg for adults - 70


VITAMIN C important of all vitamins. It plays mg for women who are

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a significant role as an pregnant and 95 for


antioxidant, thereby protecting those lactating.
body tissue from the damage of
oxidation. Children need between
45 and 50 mg

Vitamin D is known as the 5 mg for most adults.


VITAMIN D "sunshine vitamin" since it is Between 50 - 70 yrs 10
manufactured by the body after mg, and after 70 15 mg.
being exposed to sun .Vitamin D
is vital to the human body as it Children need about 5
promotes absorption of calcium mg/day.
and magnesium, which are
essential for the normal
development of healthy teeth and
bones. It also helps maintain
adequate levels of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood.
Like vitamin C, vitamin E plays a 30 IU for most adults.
VITAMIN E significant role as an antioxidant, Children need between
thereby protecting body tissue 6-11 mg/day. (1 IU is
from the damage of oxidation. It equal to approximately
is important in the formation of .75 mg)
red blood cells and the use of
vitamin K. Many women also use
it to help minimize the appearance
of wrinkles.
Vitamin K is fat soluble and plays 70-80 micrograms/day
VITAMIN K a critical role in blood clotting. It for adult males, 60-65
regulates blood calcium levels and micrograms per day for
activates at least 3 proteins adult females.
involved in bone health.
Children need about half
the amount, depending
on age.

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Natural sources

Nutrient Fruit source Vegetable source Nut source


Vitamin A Most fruits contain Sweet potato Pistachios
vitamin A, but the Kale Chestnuts
following fruits have Carrots Pumpkin Seeds
a significant Spinach Pecans
amount: Avocado Pine Nuts/Pignolias
Tomatoes Broccoli Sunflower Seeds
Cantaloupes Peas Almonds
Watermelon Asparagus Filberts/Hazelnuts
Peaches Squash - summer
Kiwi Green Pepper
Oranges
Blackberries
Vitamin B1 Watermelon Peas No nuts contain a
Avocado significant amount of
vitamin B1.
Vitamin B2 Kiwi Avocado No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B2.
Vitamin B6 Bananas Avocado No nuts contain a
Watermelon Peas significant amount of
Potatoes vitamin B6.
Carrots
Vitamin B12 None None No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin C Kiwi Artichoke No nuts contain a
Strawberry Asparagus significant amount of
Orange Avocado vitamin B6.
Blackberries Broccoli
Cantaloupe Carrots
Watermelon Cauliflower
Tomatoes Corn
Lime Cucumber
Peach Green Pepper
Bananas Kale
Apples Lima Beans
Lemon Mushrooms
Grapes Onions
Peas
Potatoes
Spinach
Squash - summer
Squash - winter
Sweet potato
Vitamin D None Mushrooms No nuts contain a
significant amount of
vitamin B6.
Vitamin E Blackberries None Almonds
Bananas Sunflower Seeds

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Apples Pine Nuts/Pignolias


Kiwi Peanuts
Brazil Nuts
Vitamin K None Vitamin K is found in Pine Nuts/Pignolias
significant quantities Cashews
in dark green leafy Chestnuts
vegetables such as Filberts/Hazelnuts
spinach, broccoli,
and kale.

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Structure

Vitamin A
Vitamin A (retinol) is required for the formation of rhodopsin, a photoreceptor
pigment in the retina. Vitamin A helps maintain epithelial tissues. Normally, the
liver stores 90% of the body's Vitamin A.

Retinol (Vitamin A)

Vitamin (B1) Thiamin


Thiamin or Thiamine (vitamin B1) is widely available in the diet. Thiamin is
involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose, and alcohol metabolism.

Thiamin (vitamin B1)

Vitamin (B2) Riboflavin


Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential
coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2)

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Vitamin (B6) pyridoxine


Vitamin B6 includes a group of closely related compounds: pyridoxine,
pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is important in the biosynthesis of
heamoglobin and nucleic acid, as well as in lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid
metabolism.

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is a general term for compounds with biologic vitamin B12 activity.
These compounds are involved in nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, and
myelin synthesis and repair. They are necessary for the formation of normal red
blood cells

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)

Vitamin C
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays a role in collagen, carnitine, hormone, and amino
acid formation. It is essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from

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burns. Vitamin C is also an antioxidant, supports immune function, and


facilitates the absorption of iron.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

Vitamin D
Vitamin D has two main forms: D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol).
Vitamin D3 is synthesized in skin by exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation)
and obtained in the diet chiefly in fish liver oils and egg yolks

Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D)

Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of that have similar biologic activities. These compounds
act as antioxidants, which prevent lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty
acids in cellular membranes.

Alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vitamin K
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is dietary vitamin K. Dietary fat enhances its
absorption. Infant formulas contain supplemental vitamin K.

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Vitamin K (phylloquinone)

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Deficiency disease

Vitamin A

Deficiency Disease: Night-blindness and Keratomalacia, Keratinisation of the


nasal and respiratory passage epithelium

Deficiency Symptoms: Defective Teeth and Gums, Allergies, Dry Hair, Retarded
Growth, Susceptibility to Infections, Night Blindness, Eye Irritations, Sinus
Trouble, Dry Skin, Loss of Smell.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People who limit their consumption of liver, dairy foods, and beta-
carotene-containing vegetables can develop a vitamin A deficiency.
2. Extremely low birth weight babies

Vitamin B1

Deficiency Disease: Beriberi

Deficiency Symptoms:Symptoms include fatigue, depression, decreased mental


functioning, muscle cramps, nausea, heart enlargement, and eventually
beriberi. Alcoholics are at increased risk of a deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Most commonly found in alcoholics


2. People with Malabsorption conditions
3. Those eating a very poor diet
4. Also common in children with congenital heart disease
5. People with chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Individuals undergoing regular kidney dialysis

Vitamin B2

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Deficiency Disease: Ariboflavinosis, Painful tongue and fissures to the corners


of the mouth, chapped lips.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include red, swollen, cracked mouth and tongue; fatigue;
depression; anemia; and greasy, scaly skin. The formation of cataracts may be a
result of this vitamin deficiency.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Alcoholics
2. People with cataracts or sickle cell anemia
3. People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B6
Deficiency Disease: Anemia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include Weakness, Mental Confusion, Irritability, Nervousness,
Inability to sleep, Hyperactivity, Anemia, Skin lesions, Tongue Discoloration, and
Kidney Stones.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Alcoholics
2. Patients with kidney failure
3. Women using oral contraceptives
4. People with chronic fatigue syndrome

Vitamin B12
Deficiency Disease:
Megaloblastic or Pernicious Anaemia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, sore mouth, diarrhea, abnormal
gait, loss of sensation in hands and feet, confusion, memory loss, and
depression. Harmful anemia may be a result of this deficiency.

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Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Alcoholics
2. Vegetarians who also avoid dairy and eggs
3. People with malabsorption conditions
4. Older people with urinary incontinence and hearing loss
5. People with tinnitus and related disorders
6. People with psychiatric disorders

Vitamin C
Deficiency Disease: Scurvy

Deficiency Symptoms:
Prolonged healing of wounds, Easy bruising, Frequent infections, Prolonged
colds, Scurvy: weak muscles, fatigue, loss of teeth, bleeding gums, depression,
bleeding beneath the skin, Swollen or painful joints, Nosebleeds, Anemia: tired,
paleness

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. Smokers
2. Women with Preeclampsia, who have lower blood levels
3. People with kidney failure

Vitamin D
Deficiency Disease: Rickets and Osteomalacia

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include bone pain and tenderness and Muscle Weakness. In
children, Rickets may occur, in which bones lose calcium and become soft and
curved. Without proper intake, there is an increased risk of Osteoporosis,
Arthritis, and Cancer.

Deficiency Occurs in:

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1. More common in strict vegetarians


2. Dark-skinned people
3. Alcoholics
4. People with liver or kidney disease
5. People with hyperparathyroidism
6. Also common in men with advanced prostate cancer

Vitamin E
Deficiency Disease:
Deficiency is very rare; mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include in Infants irritability, Fluid Retention and Anemia. Adult
symptoms may include Lethargy, Loss of balance and Anemia. There may be
increased risk of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Premature Aging with marginal
deficiencies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with a genetic defect in a vitamin E transfer protein called


thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
2. Women with Preeclampsia
3. Very old people with type 2 diabetes

Vitamin K
Deficiency Disease:
Bleeding Diathesis, Delayed clotting & Hemorrhaging, Cholestatic Constipation,
Patients may show signs of bruising easily and have nosebleeds.

Deficiency Symptoms:
Symptoms include prolonged clotting time, easy bleeding, and bruising. This
deficiency is rare in adults and normally limited to those with liver or food
absorption disorders. However, it may occur in premature babies.

Deficiency Occurs in:

1. People with certain Mal absorption diseases

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2. Hospitalized patients who had poor food intake and were receiving
antibiotics
3. Sometimes develop in breast-fed infants.

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Pictures of deficiency diseases

Night blindness(vitamin A) Beriberi(vitamin B1)

Anemia (vitamin B6) Pernicious Anemia (vitamin B12)

Scurvy(vitamin C) Rickets(Vitamin D)

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How to overcome these deficiency

 Food
The best method available to overcome these deficiency is by
proper diet which includes proper amounts of vegetables, fruits and
some amount of meat.

 Medicine
To avoid the deficiency of any Vitamin B we can use B complex.
Vitamin B complex is a group of 12 related water-soluble substances. The
eight water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2),
niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (B7), pyridoxine (B6), folic acid
(B9), and cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12).

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Additional information

Vitamin Facts

1. A lot of the vitamins in fruits and vegetables are lost between the farm
and your plate. The longer the foods are stored before you eat them, the
more nutrients are lost. Heat, light, and exposure to air all reduce the
amount of vitamins, especially Vitamin C, thiamin, and folic acid.
2. About 25% of US households do not have balanced meals to meet the
requirements that the body needs in digesting enough nutrients to
sustain the body's health and fuel factors.
3. Research has shown that almost all varieties of disease can be produced
by the deficiency of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and other nutrients.
Vitamins are vital for your skin. The most important factor of nutritional
deficiencies is the intense processing and refining of foods like cereals
and sugar.
4. The human body uses food to manufacture all its building blocks as well
as to provide fuel. To do this, it performs several thousand different
chemical reactions. Each reaction is controlled by "enzymes" and
"coenzymes". Some of the coenzymes contain vitamins which the body
cannot make by itself and which must be obtained from outside the
body.

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Conclusion

Vitamins are in every aspect essential to our life.


First of all vitamin is that component of a balanced diet which the human body
generally cannot manufacture on its own. So you must consume vitamin
directly in the form of food or through supplements as tonic or pills. The whole
process of assimilation of vitamins depends on ingestion of food. Once you
have it as a part of your meal, say for tomatoes, lemon, spinach and other
stuffs, it is more helpful.

To maintain a healthy life we must use regular


proper balanced diet.the diet must contain vegetables, fruits, meat … The
body's metabolism is also dependent on vitamins as on carbohydrates, fats,
minerals and other basic components of a complete diet.

Always remember that vitamins are not food but should be a


part of your food.

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