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OUR PROJECT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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PREFACE
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It can be used in domestic applications to keep the cooked food
hot. It can also be used to make curd faster in the winter season
and so on.
.
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INTRODUCTION
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Firstly, make a small box of sheet metal with a door in the
front and place that sheet metal box on the top of the refrigerator.
Now place a heat exchanger, which can be same as that of the
evaporator used in the domestic refrigerator, inside the sheet metal
box. Make sure the sheet metal box is such that there should be a
space of around 2” according to design between the heat exchanger
(auxiliary condenser) and sheet metal box for providing insulation.
Now insulate the auxiliary condenser with glass wool. Connect the
heat exchanger with normal refrigeration cycle after to the
compressor and before the existing the condenser. It should be in
series with the pre-existing condenser. Now that heat exchanger
will also act as a condenser, and heat rejected by high pressure,
high temperature refrigerant can be utilized as a useful heat.
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SPECIFICATION OF THE
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
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is absorbed from the space being cooled and its contents. The
vapour is next drawn into a motor driven compressor and raised to
a high-pressure gas is than condensed to liquid in an air or water-
cooled condenser. From the condenser the liquid flows through an
expansion valve in which its pressure and temperature are reduced
to the conditions that are maintained in the evaporator.
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REFRIGERATION COMPONENTS
1. The Evaporator
2. The Compressor
3. The Condenser
5. The Receiver
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a) Absorb heat.
b) Allow the heat to boil off the liquid refrigerant to a vapour in
its tubing bundle.
c) Allow the heat to superheat the remaining refrained vapour in
it tumbling bundle.
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condenser receives hot gas after it leaves the compressor through
the short pipe (short pipe between the compressor and the
condenser called the hot gas line). The hot gas is forced into the
top of the condenser coil by the compressor, the gas is being
pushed along at high speed, and hot gas temperature is system and
application dependent. The condenser is a heat exchange device
similar to the evaporator; it rejects the heat from the system
absorbed by the evaporator. This heat is rejected from a hot super
heated vapour in the first passes of the condenser. The middle of
the condenser rejects vapour, which is in the process of the phase
changing to a saturated liquid. The last passes of the condenser
rejects heat from sub-cooled liquid. This further sub cooled the
liquid to below its condensing temperature.
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the evaporator. The materials a condenser is made of the medium
used to transfer the heat make a difference in the efficiency of the
heat exchange.
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The expansion devices are normally installed in the liquid
line between the evaporator and the condenser. The liquid line may
be warm to touch on a hot day and can be followed quite easily to
the expansion device where there is a pressure drop and an
accompanying temperature drop. For example, on a hot day the
liquid line entering the expansion device may be 110oF. If this is a
low temperature cooler using R-12, the low side pressure on the
evaporator side may be 3 psig at a temperature of –15oF. This is a
dramatic temperature drop and can be easily detected when found.
The device may be warm on one side and frosted on the other side.
Because some expansion devices are valves and some are fixed
bore devices, this change can occur in a very short space less than
an inch on a valve, or a more gradual change on some fixed bore
devices.
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However, only three are currently being furnished with
refrigeration equipment. The high side float and the low side float
are not currently being used on typical refrigeration equipment and
should not be encountered in this field.
3.6 The Filter Drier: Filter drier is used to remove the acid,
moisture and carbon sludge.
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BASIC VAPOUR COMPRESSION
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
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Refrigerant gas is the vehicle used to transport heat from the
evaporator to the condenser.
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different duties in each of the components. The compressor sucks
the heat laden gas vapour from the evaporator, pumping it at a high
pressure into the condenser. The condenser disposes heat from this
compressed hot gas, causing it to condense into high-pressure
liquid. This liquid returns to the evaporator via a restriction device
(set to cause the correct pressure build up). As this liquid is
released by the restriction into the low-pressure evaporator pipes, it
expands into a vapour, again absorbing heat. These activities are
simultaneous whenever the compressor is running.
WARM WARM
COPHP = QH
environmen house
t WNET IN
Qh Qh=desired output
Wnet,in=required
input
R HP
Wnet,in=required input
OPR = QL
WNET IN
QL =desired output QL
COLD
refrigerated COLD
space environmen
t
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(A) Refrigerator (B) Heat pump
4.2.Domestic Refrigerators:
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4.3.Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Introduction:
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isothermal nature of the vaporizations allows extraction of heat
without raising the temperature of the working fluid to the
temperature of whatever is being cooled. This is a benefit because
the closer the working fluid temperature approaches that of the
surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfers. The isothermal
process allows the fastest rate of heat transfer.
The cycle operates at two pressures, Phigh and Plow, and the
state points are determined by cooling requirements and the
properties working fluid. Most coolants are designed so that they
have relatively high pressures at typical application temperature to
avoid the need to maintain a significant vacuum in the refrigeration
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cycle. The T-S diagram for a vapour compression refrigeration
cycle is shown below.
1
2 cooler P high
T high
throttle compressor
T Plow
T low
3 heater 4
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Cooling Requirements
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We will examine each state point and component in the
refrigeration cycle where design assumptions must be made,
detailing each assumption. As we can see from the example design
constraints, very few members need be specified to describe a
vapour-compression refrigeration cycle. The rest of the
assumptions are determined by applying reasoning and background
knowledge about the cycle. The two principle numerical design
decisions are determining Phigh and Tlow at the cooler outlet and the
compressor inlet.
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condenser where it loses heat to the surroundings. During this
constant pressure process, the coolant goes from a gas to a
saturated liquid-vapour mix, and then continues condensing until it
is saturated liquid, but there is little gain in doing so because we
have already removed so much energy during the phase transition
from vapour to liquid.
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large energy the fluid can reject while it is being cooled.
Furthermore, it is often impractical and unsafe to have very high
pressure in our fluids in our system and the higher P2 we choose,
the higher T1 must be, leading to additional safety concerns. For
reference, Tc for our four working fluids is given below.
Throttling (THR1)
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why we note an increase in entropy from state S2 to stateS3, even
there is no heat transfer in the throttling process. In theory, we can
use a turbine to lower the pressure of the working fluid and thereby
can extract any potential work from the high-pressure fluid (and
use it to offset the work needed to drive the compressor). This is
the model for the Carnot refrigeration cycle. In practice, turbines
cannot deal with the most liquid fluids at the cooler outlet and,
even if they could, the added efficiency of extracting this work
seldom justifies the cost of the turbine.
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The usual design assumption for an ideal heater in a
refrigeration cycle is that it is isobaric (no pressure loss is incurred
from forcing the coolant through the coils where heat transfer takes
place). Since the heating process typically takes place entirely with
in the saturation region, the isobaric assumption also ensures that
the process is isothermal.
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It turns out that, for increased efficiency, we can choose S4
such that S1 is on the saturation dome, instead of outside of it in
the superheat region. Following figure shows the T-S diagrams for
two refrigeration cycles, one where S4 is saturated vapour and the
other where S4 has been moved further into the saturation dome to
allow S1 to be a saturated vapour.
Temperature (o C)
100
50 Compressor
-50
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-100
-0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25
Entropy (kj/kg K)
Fig: 4.6 T-S diagram for different compressor conditions
Compressor (COMP1)
4.4.Some Definitions:
OR
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1 tonne of refrigeration is defined as the refrigeration effect (RE)
produced by the melting of 1 tonne of ice from and at 0oC in 24
hours since the latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 Kj/Kg.
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CHANGED VAPOUR COMPRESSION
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM
(Project Work)
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5.1.Working of changed system
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pressure of the liquid entering the evaporator so that the liquid will
vaporize in the evaporator at the desired low temperature.
HOT BOX
EXPANSION
Hdispersed FILTER DEVICE Hcollected
Fig 3.1 changed vapour compression cycle
T
sub cooling
∆TS 2
T cond 3
TH
T evap TL superheat
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4 ∆TS
S
Fig 5.2: T-S diagram of changed system
S. No. Parameter Size
1. Width 14.5”
2. Height 6.5”
3. Breadth 11.5”
4. Glass Wool Insulation 2”
5. Sheet Metal 22Gage
5.2.Practical Data’s
Hot Box Specification:
Table 5.1
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1. Minimum 50oC
2. Normal 55oC
3. Maximum 60oC
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
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5.3.Benefits of Changed System
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CONVERSION OF CFC TO HC
SYSTEM
6.1.Refrigerant R-12
Along with its safe properties the fact that R-12 condenses
at moderate pressure under normal atmospheric conditions and has
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a boiling point of -21.6oF (-29.8oC) at atmospheric pressure makes
it a suitable refrigerant for use in high, medium and low
temperature application and with all three types of compressors.
When employed in conjunction with multistage centrifugal type
compressor, R-12 has been used to cool brine to temperature as
low as -80deg.C.
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than that required for the other popular refrigerants. The power
required per ton of capacity also compares favorably with that
required for other commonly used refrigerants.
6.2.Refrigerant R-134a
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refrigerating system although it does have a relatively high affinity
for moisture.
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However there are still many unresolved issues related to its
compatibility. It should be noted that R-134a has relatively high
GWP. The use of oil in R-134a system requires a very stringent
quality control. It is not soluble in mineral oil.
6.3.HC Refrigerant
These are designed to replace ozone depleting global-warming
refrigerant, HC Refrigerant Products are made of natural, organic
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compounds – not a blend of pre-existing, chemically based
synthetic refrigerants, making them.
Highly efficient
Non-ozone depleting
Non-corrosive
Non-toxic
Non-global warming
Safe to use
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But because of their widely different N.B.P.s, neither R-290
(Propane) nor R-600a (Isobutane) can be used as drop-in
substitutes in place of R-12. However by mass a 50% R-290 +
50% R-600a mixture has exactly the same pressure as R-12. Its
volume refrigerating capacity is also the same. Hence, this mixture
is favored as a drop-in substitute.
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Suction pressure of HC is same as that of R-12 but discharge is
less by 1-2 bars.
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to knock while pumping down the low side, it should be stopped
for short time to allow the oil to settle down after which the
operation can be continue.
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In soap bubble test the dry nitrogen gas or atm. Air are filled in the
piping and soap water are lapped on piping. At the place of leakage
the bubbles are formed.
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SUMMARY
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• The relationship of the vapour pressure and the boiling point
temperature is called the pressure/temperature relationship.
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PRECAUTIONS
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DRAWBACK
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CONCLUSION
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equal to one and high value of GWP but HC have the value of
ODP equal to zero and negligible value of GWP.
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FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
The pipe carrying the gas from the compressor to the hot
box could be insulated and the rate of transfer of heat from
the outlet pipe could be increased that will lead to increase
in temperature in the heat box.
An additional fan can be used to cool the gas at the outlet.
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PROPERTIES OF CFC, HFC AND HC
REFRIGERANTS
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Critical pressure (bar) 41.15 40.56 36.45 39.89
P P
2 1
V1 V5 V6
E V2 C
V O
A N
P D
O E
R COMPRESSOR N
A S
T O
O R
R
V3
V4
EV RECEIVER
Flexible
tube
Spring
balance
Refrigerant
cylinder
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TECHNICAL DATA
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11. Insulation : glass wool
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INSTALLATION, CHARGING,
EVACUTION AND TESTING OF
DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR
8.1. Installation
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temperatures. The location of considering unit is also governed by
the source of electric supply, water drainage.
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The position of the device should be as near to the cooling coils as
possible to avoid the cooling loss.
8.2. Charging
• Use dry nitrogen for pressure testing, test for leaks using
soap solution on each joint. The pressure of dry nitrogen
is between 150 to250pisg.
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• Evacuate system using two stage vacuum pump to
vacuum of 500 to 1500 micron or lower of Hg (1000
micron = 1mm Hg)
• Always charge with correct amount of refrigeration by
weight.
(In our case weight of refrigerant = 60 gm.).
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system, which will be noted on the spring balance as shown
in the figure, compressor is stopped. The valve V7 and V5
are closed and the valve V1 is opened. The refrigerant
cylinder is disconnected from the system. The pressure
gauge is used to note the pressure during charging the
system. The valve V1, V2, V5 and V6 are the integral parts
of the compressor.
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Degassing + Dehydration = Evacuation
Purging:
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presence of air in the system, the high side pressure of the
condenser is increased. When this increase is 10% above
normal, it is necessary to remove the air from the system,
which is known as purging. During purging, the
compressor discharge valve V6 is intermittently opened
for few second at a time. Air and few grams of refrigerant
vapour escape under high-pressure side. A noticeable
pressure and temperature drop in the system occurs and
normal operating pressures are established. The refrigerant
is added from outside if excessive purging is occurred.
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safely stored in the receiver. During the pumping down
process, the rapid decrease in the crankcase pressure
causes the refrigerant in the oil to vaporize. This causes
foaming, which will often result in the slugging of oil
through the valves of the compressor. This causes
knocking and if allowed to continue may damage the
compressor. If the compressor is heard to knock while
pumping the low side, it should be stopped for short time
to allow the oil to settle down after which the operation
can be continue.
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necessary because even a minute leak will cause a
complete loss of the refrigerant in a relatively short period.
In soap bubble test the dry nitrogen gas or atm air is filled
in the piping and soap water is lapped on piping. At the
place of leakage the bubbles are formed.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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