Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Wastewater Treatment
((Physical
y Unit Operations,
p Pre & Primary
y Treatment))
h Manuell B.Vergell
John
BS CE, MS
BS-CE, CE
MS-CE
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• To
T evaluate
l hhow wellll a plant
pl or treatment unit
i process
p iis
operating,
p ti g, pperformance
f efficiency
ffi
ff i y or ppercent removall is
i used.
d
• Example
E pl 11: As
A shown,
h the
th influent
i fl t BOD5 iis 247 mg/L,
g/L andd
the pplant effluent BOD is 17 mg/L.
mg/L
g What is the ppercent
removal?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• Unit
U PProcess PPerformance
f andd Eff
Efficiency:
ff y
¾ The concentration entering the unit and the concentration
leaving the unit (i.e., primary, secondary, etc.) are used to
d
determine the
h unit performance
p f
y Example
E pl 22: A settling
ttli g ttankk hhas a volume
l off 44
44,000
,000 ft
ft.33 What
Wh t
i th
is the detention
d t ti time
ti in
i hhours when
h ththe flow
fl iis 44.15
15 MGD?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Hydraulic
y Detention Time
y Example
E pl 33: A grit
g i channel
h l hhas a volume
l off 1340 ft.3
f 3 What
Wh is
i
the detention
th d t ti time
ti in
i minutes
i t when
h the
th flow
fl rate
t is
i 44.33
MGD?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Considerations in Design
g of Plant
1. Effluent Q
Effl Quality
li y
2 Design Loading
2.
3 Design Parameters
3.
Preliminaryy Treatment
y The initial
i iti l stage
t in the wastewater treatment process
(following collection and influent pumping) is preliminary
treatment.
treatment
y Raw influent
fl enteringg the
h treatment plant
pl mayy contain manyy
ki d off materials
kinds i l (trash).
( h))
y The
Th bar
b screen mayy be
b coarse (2
( to
t 44-in.
i openings)
p i g ) or fifine
(0 75 to 2.0-in.
(0.75 2 0 in openings)
openings).
p g
Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening g
2 types
yp off screening:
g
M
Manual
l Screening
S i Mechanical Screeningg
Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening g
y The
Th bbar screen mayy beb manually
lly cleaned
l d ((bars
(b or screens are
pplaced
l d att an angle
gl off 30° for
f easieri solids
lid removal;
l; or
mechanically
h i lly cleaned
l d ((bars
(b are placed
pl d att 45 ° tot 60 ° angle
gl tto
improve mechanical cleaner operation).
operation)
• The comminutor will not remove solids, which are too large
to fifit through
h gh the
h slots,
l , andd it
i will
ill not remove flfloating
i g
objects These materials must be removed manually.
objects. manually
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding g
a. Comminution
C
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding
b Barminution
b.
• The
Th barminutor
b i t uses a bbar screen to t collect
ll t solids
lid th
thatt are
shredded and passed through the bar screen for removal at a
later process.
• Grit
G i removall performance
p f iis ddetermined
i d bbyy calculating
l l i g
the
h percent
p removall ffor iinorganic
g i (fi
(fixed)
( d)) suspended
p d d
solids.
ld
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
¾ Wastewater systems typically average 1 to 15 ft 3
of
grit/MG of flow (sanitary systems average 1 to 4
3
ft /MG; combined wastewater systems average from 4
3
to 15 ft /MG of flow)
flow), with higher
g rangesg duringg storm
events.
events
¾ Generally,
Generally grit is disposed of in sanitary landfills.
landfills
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
¾ Grit Removed:
• All
ll of
of this
th s can
ca be
be accomplished
acco pl shed bbyy aerating
ae at g the
the wastewater
aste ate
for 10 to 30 min.
min
Preliminaryy Treatment
6
6. Preaeration
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
• Chemical addition is made (either via dry chemical metering
or solution feed metering) g to the wastestream:
astestream
i
i. to improve settling,
settling
ii
ii. reduce odors,
odors
iii neutralize acids or bases,
iii. bases
iv reduce corrosion,
iv. corrosion
v. reduce BOD,
vi. improve
p solids
l d andd grease
g removal,l,
vii. reduce
d lloading
di g on the h plant,
pl ,
iii add
viii. dd or remove nutrients,
ti t
i
ix. add
dd organisms,
g i andd
x. aid subsequent downstream processes. processes
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
• Chemicals
Ch i l typically
ypi lly usedd iin wastewater treatment
include:
clude:
i
i. chlorine
chlorine,
ii. peroxide,
p id ,
iii acids and bases,
iii. bases
i
iv. miner
i saltslt (f
(ferric
( i chloride,
hl id alum,
l etc.),
t ) andd
v. bioadditives and enzymes.
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
Preliminaryy Treatment
8
8. Equalization
• The purpose of flow equalization (whether by surge, diurnal,
or complete
p methods) is to reduce or remove
remo e the wide
ide
swings in flow rates normally associated with wastewater
t t
treatmentt plant
pl t lloading;
di g
• The
Th process
p can bbe ddesigned
ig d to
t prevent
p t flows
fl above
b
maximum plant design hydraulic capacity,
capacity reduce the
magnitude
g i d off di
diurnall flow
fl variations,
i i , andd eliminate
li i flflow
variations.
variations
Preliminaryy Treatment
8
8. Equalization
q
• Equalized
Eq li d flows
fl allow
ll the
h plant
pl to perform
p f at optimum
pi
levels by
levels by providing
p ov d g stable
stable hydraulic
hyd aul c aandd oorganic
ga c lloading
oad g
Preliminaryy Treatment
y Other Preliminary Treatment Process Control
Calculations
• The desired velocity in sewers in approximately 2 ft/sec at
ppeakk flow;
fl ;
• When
he the
the flow
flo reaches
eaches the
the grit
g t channel,
cha el, the
the velocity
eloc ty should
should
ddecrease to
t about
b t 1 ft/sec
ft/ to t permit
p it ththe heavy
h y iinorganic
g i
solids to settle.
settle
Primaryy Treatment
y The purpose of primary treatment (primary sedimentation
or primary clarification) is to remove settleable organic and
fl bl solids.
flotable lid
y Sedimentation
S di t ti mayy bbe usedd th
throughout
gh t th
the plant
pl t to
t remove
settleable and floatable solids.
solids It is used in primary treatment,
treatment
secondary treatment, and advanced wastewater
Primaryy Treatment
y Within
Withi these
th basins,
b i mechanical
h i l scrapers
p collect
ll t th
the
p i y settled
primary ttl d solids
lid iinto
t a hhopper
pp where
h th
theyy are
ppumped
p d to
t a sludge-processing
l dg p i g area.
y Oil,
Oil grease,
ggrease and other floatingg materials (scum) are
skimmed
ki d from
f the
th surface.
f
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Description
• In primary sedimentation,
sedimentation wastewater enters a settling tank
or basin.
basin Velocity is reduced to approximately 11-22 ft/min.
ft/min
• When
h the
h tankk bbecomes ffull,
ll, solids
l d willll bbe ddischarged
h g d withh
th flflow.
the
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
a. SSeptic
p Tanks:
• The process is suitable for small facilities (i.e.,
(i e schools,
schools
motels, homes
motels homes, etc
etc.),
) but due to the long detention times and
lack of control, it is not suitable for larger applications.
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
b. Two-Story
S y (Imhoff)
( ff Tank:
ff)
• The two-story or Imhoff tank is similar to a septic tank in the
removal of settleable solids and the anaerobic digestion of
solids.
• The
Th difference
diff is
i that
th t the
th ttwo story
t y ttankk consists
i t off a settling
ttli g
compartment where sedimentation is accomplished,
accomplished a lower
compartment where settled solids and digestion takes place,
place
and gas vents.
vents
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
b. Two-Story
S y (Imhoff)
( ff Tank:
ff)
• Solids removed from the wastewater by settling pass from the
settling compartment into the digestion compartment
through a slot in the bottom of the settling compartment.
• The
Th design
d ig off the
th slot
l t prevents
p t solids
lid from
f returning
t i g tot the
th
settlingg compartment.
compartment
• Sludge
Sl dg is
i removedd from
f the
th tank
t k for
f processing
p i g in
i other
th
downstream treatment units.
units
2
2. Detention
D t ti Time:
Ti
• The
Th primary
p i y purpose
p p off pprimary i y settling
ttli g iis tto remove
settleable solids.
solids This accomplished by slowing the flow down
to approximately 1 ft/min.
ft/min The flow at this velocity will stay
in the
h primary
p y tankk ffrom 1.51 5 to 22.55 hh. The
Th llength
g h off time the
h
water
t stays
t y iin th
the ttankk iis called
ll d th
the hhydraulic
yd li ddetention
t ti ti time.
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflow
f
R )
Rate):
• Surface loading rate is the number of gallons of wastewater
2
passing over 1 ft of tank/d. This can be used to compare
actuall conditions
d withh ddesign.
g . Plant
l ddesigns
g generally
g lly use a
surface
f loading
l d g rate off 300 to 1200 ggal/d/
l/d/ ft 2
f .
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflow
f
R )
Rate):
• Example 12: The settling tank is 120 ft in diameter and the
flow to the unit is 4.5 MGD. What is the surface loading rate
in ggallons
ll perp ddayy pper square
q ffoot?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflowf
R )
Rate):
y Example 13: A circular clarifier has a diameter of 50 ft.
ft If the
primary effluent flow is 2,150,000 gal/d, what is the surface
overflow
fl rate in ggallons
ll perp ddayy per
p square
q ffoot?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
4. W Overflow
Weir f Rate (W (Weir Loadingg Rate):
)
• Weir overflow rate (weir loading rate) is the amount of water
leaving the settling tank per linear foot of weir
weir. The result of
this calculation can be compared with design. Normally weir
overflow
fl rates off 10,000
, to 20,000
, gal/d/ft
g l d f are usedd in the
h
d g off a settling
design l g tank:
k
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
4. W Overflow
Weir f Rate (W
(Weir Loadingg Rate):
)
• Example 14: The circular settling tank is 90 ft in diameter
and has a weir along its circumference.
circumference The effluent flow rate
is2.55 MGD. What is the weir overflow rate in gallons per
d y pper foot?
day f
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g
• Determination of sludge pumping (the quantity of solids and
volatile solids removed from the sedimentation tank)
provides accurate information needed for process control of
the
h sedimentation
d p
process::
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g
• Example 15: The sludge pump operates 20 min/h
min/h. The pump
delivers 20 gal/min of sludge.
sludge Laboratory tests indicate that
the sludge is 5.2% solids and 66% volatile matter. How many
ppoundsd off volatile
l l matter are transferred
f d from
f the
h settling
l g
tankk to the
h ddigester?
g ?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g (%Total
( solids))
y Example 16: A settling tank sludge sample is tested for solids.
solids
The sample and dish weigh 74.69
74 69 g. g The dish weighs 21
21.22 g.
g
After drying, the dish with dry solids now weighs 22.3 g.
What
h is the
h ppercent totall solids
l d (%( TS)) off the
h sample?
pl
(Sample+Dish) - Dish = Sample Weight
774.69g – 21.2g = 53.49g
((Dish+Dry
s y So
Solids)
s) – Dish
s = Dry
y Solids
So s WeWeight
g t
22 3g 21 2g = 1.1
22.3g-21.2g 11g
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
• To calculate the pounds of BOD or suspended solids (SS)
removed each day,
day you need to know the milligrams per liter
of BOD or suspended solids removed and the plant flow.
Then
h yyou can use the
h milligrams
ll g per
p lliter to pounds
p d perp ddayy
equation:
q
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
• Example 17: If 120 mg/L suspended solids are removed by a
primary clarifier
clarifier, how many pounds per day of suspended
solids are removed when the flow is 6,230,000 gal/d?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
y Example 18: The flow to a secondary clarifier is 1
1.66 MGD.
MGD If
the influent BOD concentration is 200 mg/L and the effluent
BOD concentration is 70 mg/L, how many pounds of BOD
are removedd ddaily?
ly
BOD removed
d (lb/d) = 200 mg/L
/L – 70 mg/L
/L
= 130 mg/L
g
Primaryy Treatment
y Typical
Typ
pical Operational
p Problems
1.. Poor suspended
p d d solids
l d removall (primary
(p y clarifier)
l f )
2
2. Floating sludge
3
3. Primary sludge
g solids concentration too low
4. S p i wastewater or sludge
Septic l dg
5. Primary sludge solids concentrations too high