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EXPONENTS AND
POWERS
(A) Main Concepts and Results
d
• Exponents are used to express large numbers in shorter form to
e
make them easy to read, understand, compare and operate upon.
T ish
4
• a × a × a × a = a (read as ‘a’ raised to the exponent 4 or the fourth
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power of a), where ‘a’ is the base and 4 is the exponent and a4 is
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called the exponential form. a × a × a × a is called the expanded
form.
C p
N re
• For any non-zero integers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and whole numbers m and n,
(i) am × a n = am+ n
© e
b
(ii) am ÷ a n = am–n , m>n
(iii) (a m) n = a mn
t o
o
(iv) am × bm = (ab)m
t
na
(v) a ÷ b =
m m
b
m
(vi) a0 = 1
(vii) (–1)even number = 1
e d
T ish(
Example 2: ( − 7 )5 × ( − 7 )3 is equal to
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(a) ( − 7 )8 (b) – ( 7 )8 (c) ( − 7 )15 2
(d) −7 )
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Solution: Correct answer is (a).
C p
N re
Example 3: For any two non-zero integers x any y, x3 ÷ y3 is equal to
© e
3
x
0
x
(a) (b)
y y
b
o
6 9
x x
t
(c) (d)
y y
a 7b 3
Example 5: = __________
a 5b
Solution: (ab) 2
e
T ish
For example 7.7 = 72, 3•3•3•3•3 = 35. the multiplication
Example 7:
b3
=
R
b +b+b l
a4 a + a + a + a
E ub
Solution: False
C p
N re
© e
Example 8: a b > ba is true, if a = 3 and b = 4; but false, if a = 2
and b = 3.
Solution: True
b
t o
t
Example 9: By what number should we multiply 3 3 so that the
o
product may be equal to 37 ?
Solution:
n Let 33 be multiplied by x so that the product may be
equal to 37.
According to question,
33 × x = 37
or x = 37 ÷ 33
= 81
Therefore, 33 should be multiplied by 81 so that the product is equal to 37 .
5 11 8x
5 5 =
5
Example 10: Find x so that ×
3 3 3
5 11 8x
5 × 5 =
5
Solution: Given 3 3
3
5 5 511 5
8x
a
m
a m
× = Using = m
3 5 311 3
So,
b b
8x
55 × 511 5
=
3 5 × 31 1 3
or
8x
d
(5)16 5
=
(3)16 3
or {Using a m × a n = (a) m+n}
5
16
T ish
=
5
8x
e
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or 3
3
or 16 = 8x
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C p
N re
Thus, 8x = 16
Therefore, x = 2
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b
Example 11: Express 648 in exponential notation.
2 648
o
Solution: 648 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
t
2 324
t
= 23 × 34
o
2 162
n
Example 12: Express 2,36,00,000 in standard 3 81
form.
Solution: 236,00,000 3 27
236,00,000 3 9
= ×100,00,000
100,00,000 3 3
= 2.36 × 107 1
Example 14
5 19 8x
1 1 1
Find x such that × =
5 5 5
Plan a Strategy
e d
T ish
R l
• You know the laws of exponents. Apply those laws in the
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given equation to find the value of x.
C p
N re
Solve
© e 1 5
1 19
1 8x
b
• Given, × =
5 5 5
t o
Using the law of exponents, am × an = am+n, we get
o1t 5 +19
1
8x
n
=
5 5
24 8x
1 1
=
5 5
On both the sides, powers have the same base. So, their
exponents must be equal
Therefore, 24 = 8x
24
or x = =3
8
Hence, the value of x is 3.
Revise
• Substitute the value of x in the equation and check if it
satisfies the equation.
5 19 5 +19 24
1 1 1 1
LHS = × = =
5 5 5 5
8x 8× 3 24
1 1 1
RHS = = =
5 5 5
LHS = RHS
Hence, the equation is satisfied with x = 3. So, our answer
is correct.
e d
T ish
R l
Think and Discuss
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1 3
1. Try to find the value of x given in the question by changing to .
C p
5 2
What difference do you find in the value of x ? What do you infer from
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your answer ?
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2. Can you find the value of x if the equation is changed to
(5)x ÷ (5) 2 = (5)3 ?
b
(C) Exercise
t o
o t
In questions 1 to 22, there are four options, out of which one is correct.
Write the correct one.
1. [(–3)2 ]3 is equal to
n
(a) (–3) 8 (b) (–3) 6 (c) (–3)5 (d) (–3)23
5. am × a n is equal to
(a) (a2 )mn (b) a m–n (c) am+n (d) a mn
6. (10 + 2 0 + 30 ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 6
1022 + 10 20
7. Value of is
10 20
(a) 10 (b) 1042 (c) 101 (d) 10 22
e d
T ish
(a) 1234.5 × 101 (b) 123.45 × 102
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(c) 12.345 × 103 (d) 1.2345 × 104
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9. If 21998 – 21997 – 2 1996 + 21995 = K.21995 , then the value of K is
(a) 1
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(b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
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10. Which of the follwing is equal to 1?
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(a) 20 + 30 + 40 (b) 20 × 30 × 40
b
(c) (30 – 2 0) × 40 (d) (30 – 20) × (30 +20)
t o
11. In standard form, the number 72105.4 is written as 7.21054 × 10n
t
where n is equal to
(a) 2
n
−2
12. Square of
o
is
(b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
3
−2 2 −4 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 9
Key Concept
Product of Powers Property
−1
13. Cube of 4 is
–1 1 −1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 16 64 64
(a)
(– 5) 4
44 R
E ub l
(b)
54
(– 4 )4
54
C p
N re
5 5 5 5
(c) – 4 (d) − × − × − × −
4 4 4 4 4
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b
15. Which of the following is not equal to 1 ?
o
23 × 32
t
7
(a) (b) ( −2 ) 3 × ( −2 ) 4 ÷ ( −2 )
4 ×18
3 0 ×53
o t 24
n
(c) (d)
5×25 (70 +30 )3
3 3
2 5
16. × is equal to
3 7
9 6 3 0
2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5
(a) × (b) × (c) × (d) ×
3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7
d
21. Which of the following is not true?
(a) 32 > 23 (b) 43 = 26
T ish
(c) 33 = 9
e (d) 25 > 52
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22. Which power of 8 is equal to 26 ?
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(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 4
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N re
In questions 23 to 39, fill in the blanks to make the statements true.
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23. (–2)31 × (–2) 13 = (–2) 24. (–3)8 ÷ (–3)5 = (–3)
b
4 9 3 ____ _ 11
11 5 11 –1 –1 –1
25. × ( ____ ) = 26. × =
o
15 15 4 4 4
t t
Expression
n o
COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE
Expression Written Using
Repeated Multiplication
Number of
Factors
Simplified
Expression
22 . 24 (2 . 2) × (2 . 2 . 2 . 2) 6 26
35 . 35 (3 . 3 . 3) × (3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3)
a2 . a3
4 5 2
7 3 ___ 10
6 6
___
=
6
7
27.
28. 13 ÷ 13 = 13
11 11
2
–1 16 ___ 5 3
29. = –1
13 2 13
30. ÷ ( __ ) =
d
4 4 14 14
31. a 6 × a5 × a0 = a––––
T ish
32. 1 lakh = 10––––
e
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33. 1 million = 10–––– 34. 729 = 3––––
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N re
37. 88880000000 = ––– × 1010 38. 27500000 = 2.75 × 10––––
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b
40. Fill in the blanks with <, > or = sign.
o
(a) 3 2 ______15 (b) 2 3 ______ 32
(c) 7 4 ______54
no
In questions 41 to 65, state whether the given statements are True or
False.
41. One million = 107 42. One hour = 602 seconds
d
54. xm × xn = xm + n, where x is a non-zero rational number and m,n are
e
T ish
positive integers.
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55. 49 is greater than 163.
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3 3 5 5 5
2 5 4 5 4 5
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56. ÷ = 1 57. × = +
5 2 3 7 3 7
5
9
5 5
4
N re
4 2
7 7 7
5 10
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58. ÷ = 59. × =
8 8 8 3 3 3
b
o
60. 50 × 250 × 1250 = (50) 6
t t
Expression
no COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE
Expression Written
Using Repeated
On Multiplying
Fractions
Quotient of
Powers
Multiplication
4
2 2 2 2 2
. . .
2 . 2 .2 . 2 24
3 3 3 3 3 3 . 3 .3 . 3 4
3
3 −3 −3 −3 (–3)(–3) (–3)
−3 . .
y y y y y . y .y
5
a
b
d
64. 8 × 106 + 2 × 104 + 5 × 102 + 9 × 100 = 8020509
65. 4 0 + 50 + 60 = (4 + 5 + 6)0
T ish e
R
66. Arrange in ascending order :
5 3 3 3 2 5
2 , 3 , 2 ×2, (3 ) , 3 , 4 , 2 ×3 0 3
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1
l
67. Arrange in descending order :
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35
N re
© e
2+3
2 2 3 2
, (2 ) , 2 × 2 , 2 , 32 × 30, 2 3 × 52
3
b
68. By what number should (– 4)5 be divided so that the quotient may
t o
be equal to (– 4)3 ?
3
69. Find m so that × =
2
o
2
t 6
2
2 m –1
n
9 9 9
2 0 p
3
p 3 9
70. If = ÷ , find the value of .
q 2 4 q
2 3
1 2
71. Find the reciprocal of the rational number
÷
2 3
d
(a) 3 × 3 × 3 × a × a × a ×a
(b) a × a × b × b × b × c × c × c × c
T ish
(c) s × s × t × t × s × s × t e
R
E ub l
77. How many times of 30 must be added together to get a sum equal to
307 ?
C p
N re
78. Express each of the following numbers using exponential notations:
144
© e
(a) 1024 (b) 1029 (c)
875
b
79. Identify the greater number, in each of the following:
(a) 26 or 62
t o (b) 29 or 92 (c) 7.9 × 104 or 5.28 × 105
o t
COPY AND COMPLETE THE TABLE
Expression
n Expression Written
Using Repeated
Multiplication
Number of
Factors
Simplified
Expression
(x5) 4
C p
N re
83. The speed of light in vaccum is 3 × 108 m/s. Sunlight takes about
8 minutes to reach the earth. Express distance of Sun from Earth in
standard form.
© e
b
84. Simplify and express each of the following in exponential form:
3 4 3 5 3 7
t o 7 5 7 2 7 2
t
(a) 7 × 7 ÷ 7 (b) ÷ ×
11 11 11
a
3 3 3 8 3 2 3 4
(e) × ÷ × (f) (515 ÷ 510) × 55
5 5 5 5
COPY
Copy and complete AND
the table COMPLETE THE TABLE
Expression Expression Written Using Simplified Quotient
Repeated Multiplication Expression as a Power
38 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 .3 . 3 . 3 . 3
3 3.3.3 3.3.3.3.3 35
3
65 6 .6 . 6 .6 .6
6-
3 6 . 6 .6
6
a7 a . a .a .a . a .a .a
a4 a . a .a .a
e d
T ish
85. Evaluate
(a)
78 ×a 10b 7c12 R
E ub
(b)l 5 4 ×74 × 27
(c)
125 ×5 2 × a 7
C p
76 ×a 8b 4c12 8× 49 ×53 103 × a 4
3 4 ×12 3 × 36 N re 6×10
2
15 4 × 183
© e
25
(d) (e) × (f)
25 × 63 22 × 53
27 3 3 × 52 ×122
b
(g)
6 4 ×92 ×253
t o
t
32 ×4 2 ×156
n o
Look for a pattern in the table to extend what you know about exponents
to find more about negative exponents.
102 101 10 0 10 –1 10 –2 10 –3
10 * 10 10 1 1 2000
100
10
100 10 1 1 1 1
= 0.1 = 0.01 = 0.001
10 100 1000
0
1
So, 2 = 1, 3 = 1, 10 = 1, = 1.
0 0 0
2
For any number a ≠ 0, a0 = 1.
You can show this by using the division of powers rule.
If you start with 1000, and keep dividing by 10, you get this pattern:
e d
T ish
R l
When you divide 10 by 10, you have 101 ÷ 101 = 10(1–1) = 100.
E ub
You also know that 10 divided by 10 is 1. So you can see that 100 = 1.
C p
This pattern works for any base.
N re
For instance, 61 ÷ 61 = 6 (1–1) = 6 0, and 6 divided by 6 is 1. 60 = 1.
© e
b
86. Express the given information in Scientific notation (standard form)
and then arrange them in ascending order of their size.
Sl.No. Deserts of the World
t o Area (Sq. Kilometres)
1.
o
Kalahari, South Africa
t 932,400
2.
3.
Thar, India
Gibson, Australia
n 199,430
155,400
87. Express the given information in Scientific notation and then arrange
them in descending order of their size.
1. Mercury 330000000000000000000000
2. Venus 4870000000000000000000000
3. Earth 5980000000000000000000000
4. Mars 642000000000000000000000
5. Jupiter 1900000000000000000000000000
6. Saturn 569000000000000000000000000
d
7. Uranus 86900000000000000000000000
8. Neptune
T ish e
102000000000000000000000000
R l
9. Pluto 13100000000000000000000
E ub
C p
Think and Discuss
N re
© e
1. Explain the difference between (–5)2 and – 52.
b
2. Compare 3 × 2, 32 and 23.
t o
3. Show that (4 – 11)2 is not equal to 42 – 112.
o t
n
The 1/4th of a cube unit contains about 97,700,000,000,000,000,000,000
atoms. The average size of an atom is about 0.00000003 centimetre across.
Scientific notation is a shorthand way of writing such numbers.
To express any number in scientific notation, write it as the product of a
power of ten and a number greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10.
In scientific notation, the number of atoms in a quarter is 9.77 × 1022, and
the size of each atom is 3.0 × 10–8 centimetres across.
Real-Life Math
1. Explain the benefit of writing numbers in scientific notation.
2. Describe how to write 2.977 × 106 in normal form.
3. Determine which measurement would be least likely to be written in
scientific notation: size of bacteria, speed of a car, or number of stars
in a galaxy.
1. 1 Minute 60
e d
T ish
2. 1 Hour 3,600
R l
3. 1 Day 86,400
4. 1 Month
E ub 2,600,000
5. 1 Year
C p 32,000,000
6. 10 Years N re 3,20,000,000
© e
b
89. In our own planet Earth, 361,419,000 square kilometre of area is
o
covered with water and 148,647,000 square kilometre of area is
t t
covered by land. Find the approximate ratio of area covered with
o
water to area covered by land by converting these numbers into
n
scientific notation.
Real-Life Math
Astronomical Figures The distances from the sun to each of the nine
planets in our solar system varies from about 57904280 km to 5899855100
km! These distances are easier to write in shorthand: 5.79 × 107 km and
5.899 × 109 km. The distance from the sun to the star nearest to it, Proxima
Centauri, is about 40233600000000 km. It would be much easier for an
astronomer to write this distance as 4.023 × 1013 km.
Mars, the fourth planet in our solar system, is 2.269 × 108 km from the
sun.
91. A light year is the distance that light can travel in one year.
(b) The average distance between Earth and Sun is 1.496 × 108 km.
Is the distance between Earth and the Sun greater than, less
than or equal to one light year?
e d
T ish
R
E ub l
C p
92. Geometry Application : The number of
N re
1
diagonals of an n-sided figure is (n 2 –3n).
2
© e
Use the formula to find the number of diagonals
for a 6-sided figure (hexagon).
b
o
93. Life Science : Bacteria can divide in every 20 minutes. So
t
1 bacterium can multiply to 2 in 20 minutes. 4 in 40 minutes, and
t
o
so on. How many bacteria will there be in 6 hours? Write your answer
n
using exponents, and then evaluate.
Writing Strategy
Write a Convincing Argument
Your ability to write a convincing
argument proves that you have
understanding of the concept. An Write about it
effective argument should include the
following four parts: Compare 102 and 210. For any
two numbers, which usually
1. A goal
gives the greater number,
2. A response to the goal using the greater number as
3. Evidence to support the response the base or as the exponent?
Give atleast one exception.
4. A summary statement
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base or as the exponent will generally result in a greater number. Find
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one exception.
C p
Step 2 : Provide a response to the goal
N re
Using the greater number as the exponent usually gives the greater
number.
© e
Step 3 : Provide evidence to support your response
b
For the number 10 and 2.
t o Exception for the numbers
Using the greater number,
10, as the exponent will
o t 2 and 3, using the greater
number, 3, as the exponent
n
result in a greater number. will not result in a greater
102 = 100 number.
210 = 1024 32 = 9
94. Blubber makes up 27 per cent of a blue whale’s body weight. Deepak
found the average weight of blue whales and used it to calculate
the average weight of their blubber. He wrote the amount as
2 2 × 32 × 5 × 17 kg. Evaluate this amount.
e d
95. Life Science Application : The major components of human blood
T ish
are red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. A typical
R l
red blood cell has a diameter of approximately 7 × 10–6 metres. A
E ub
typical platelet has a diameter of approximately 2.33 × 10–6 metre.
C p
Which has a greater diameter, a red blood cell or a platelet?
N re
96. A googol is the number 1 followed by 100 zeroes.
© e
(a) How is a googol written as a power?
(b) How is a googol times a googol written as a power?
b
o
97. What’s the error?
t t 35 1
A student said that 5 is the same as . What mistake has the
o
9 3
n
student made?
(D) Application
e d
T ish
R
E ub l
C p
N re
© e
b
t o
o t
n
2. Cross Number Puzzle
Across
1. 5.724 × 10 3 is the standard form of ___________.
Down
1. In 25 , the exponent is ____________.
6. The value of 35 is __________.