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Compressive strength of concrete with


rice husk ash as partial replacement of
ordinary Portland cement
Article (PDF Available) · May 2012 with 1,294 Reads

1st Maurice Ephraim 2nd Godwin A Akeke


10.37 · Rivers State University of ...

3rd Joseph O Ukpata


2.99 · University of Leeds

Abstract
This research work was experimentally carried out to investigate the effects of partially
replacing Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with our local additive Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
which is known to be super pozzolanic in concrete at optimum replacement percentage
which will help to reduce the cost of housing. With this research work, the problem of
waste management of this agro-waste will be solved. The speci︲c gravity of RHA was
found to be 1.55, the density of RHA concrete was found to be 2.043, 1.912 and
1.932kg/m 3 at 10%, 20% and 25% replacement percentages respectively. RHA concrete
was found to be very workable with a slump value of over 100mm. The incorporation of
RHA in concrete resulted in increase water demand and enhanced strength. The
compressive strength values at 28days were found to be 38.4, 36.5 and 33N/mm 2 at the
same replacement percentages above. These compressive strength values compared
favourably with the controlled concrete strength of 37N/mm 2 at a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3.

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Research: Rice Husk Ash Review


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Scholarly Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 1(2), pp. 32-36, May 2012
Available online at http:// www.scholarly-journals.com/SJER
ISSN 2276-8955 ©2012 Scholarly-Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Compressive strength of concrete with rice husk ash


partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement
Maurice E. Ephraim, Godwin A. Akeke and Joseph O. Ukpata.
Department of Civil Engineering, Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Accepted 23 May, 2012

This research work was experimentally carried out to investigate the effects of partially replacing
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with our local additive Rice Husk Ash (RHA) which is known to
super pozzolanic in concrete at optimum replacement percentage which will help to reduce the cost
housing. With this research work, the problem of waste management of this agro-waste will be solv
The specific gravity of RHA was found to be 1.55, the density of RHA concrete was found to be 2.043,
3
1.912 and 1.932kg/m at 10%, 20% and 25% replacement percentages respectively. RHA concrete w
found to be very workable with a slump value of over 100mm. The incorporation of RHA in concrete
resulted in increase water demand and enhanced strength. The compressive strength values at 28days
2
were found to be 38.4, 36.5 and 33N/mm at the same replacement percentages above. These
2
compressive strength values compared favourably with the controlled concrete strength of 37N/mm at a
mix ratio of 1:1.5:3.

Keywords: Rice Husk, Compressive Strength and Concrete.

INTRODUCTION

Rice husk ash is an agricultural waste which is produced form compounds possessing cementitous properties.
in millions of tons. Waste managers have found it difficult This study investigated the engineering properties
over the years to dispose this agro-waste. Rice husk ash RHA as a material for concrete production. The
(RHA) is obtained by the combustion of rice husk and has shows that RHA is a super pozzolan and very suitable
been found to be super pozzolanic. RHA is a highly a partial replacement of OPC.
reactive pozzolanic material suitable for use in lime-
pozzolan mixes and for Portland cement replacement.
RHA is very reach in silicon dioxide which makes it very EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
reactive with lime due to its non-crystalline silica content
and its specific surface. Materials
There is an increasing importance to preserve the
environment in the present day world. Rice Husk Ash Rice Husk Ash (RHA). - Rice Husk Ash was burnt
(RHA) from the parboiling plants is posing a serious approximately 72hours in air in an uncontrolled
environmental threat and ways are being thought of to process. The temperature was in the range of 400-
dispose them. This material is actually a super-pozzolan The ash collected was sieved through BS standard
since it is rich in Silica and has about 85% to 90% Silica size 75µm and its colour was grey. It was then measure
content. A good way of utilizing this material is to use it by volume to replace the cement at 10,20and 25%.
for making “High Performance Concrete” which means
high workability and long-term durability of the concrete.
ASTM C618(2) defined pozzolan as a siliceous or Cement
siliceous and aluminous materials which in themselves
have little or no cementitous properties but in finely Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used in which
divided form and in the presence of moisture, they
People who read can composition
this publication also read: and properties is in compliance with
react with calcium hydroxide which is librated during the Nigerian standard organization defined standard
hydration of Portland cement at ordinary Research:
temperatures to Ash Review
Rice Husk cement for concrete production.
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1 Citation 9 References 2 Figures

Ephraim et al. 33

Table 1. Physio Chemical Properties of RHA.

Materials Specific Gravity Chemical Analysis%

Si02 Al203 Fe20 3 Ca0 Mg0 Na03 K 20 Loi

OPC 2.99 20.99 6.19 3.86 65.96 0.22 0.17 0.6 1.7
3

RHA 2.11 88.32 0.46 0.67 0.6 0.44 0.12 2.91 5.8
1

OPC 3.08 23.89 8.91 2.72 51.27 4.48 - 0.96 -

RHA 2.16 92.99 0.18 0.43 1.03 0.35 - 0.72 -

Specific Surface 16196 Mean particle size 12.34 Passing N0:325 (%) 96.6

Aggregates 2 The fresh concrete was subjected to the following tests


(i) Slump
The research work is restricted to sand collected from the (i) Density test
river. The sand was collected to ensure that there was no (iii) Compressive strength test.
allowance for deleterious materials contained in the sand.
In this research, granite of 20mm maximum size was
used. Proper inspection was carried out to ensure that it RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
is free from deleterious materials. Granite was gotten
from zenith quarry in Akamkpa Cross River state. Physical Properties of Rice Husk Ash (RHA); Sand
and Gravel
Water The following physical properties of RHA, sand
Water plays an important role in concrete production aggregate were investigated in the laboratory and th
(mix) in that it starts the reaction between the cement, results obtained from the specific gravity test.
pozzolan and the aggregates. It helps in the hydration of
the mix. In this research, the water used was Pipe borne Results of Specific Gravity
water and free from contaminants.
The results show that the specific gravity of RHA
MATERIALS AND METHODS from 1.5 to 1.56 with an average value of 1.55, while
specific gravity of sand used had a constant value o
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, aggregate 1.52.
(coarse and fine) and admixture. It is important that the
constituent material remain uniformly distributed within Particle Size Distribution
the concrete mass during the various stages of handling
and that full compaction is achieved, and making sure The results of the particle size distribution a
that the characteristics of concrete which affect full carried out in this research work are graphicall
compaction like consistency, mobility and compatibility presented in figure.1 Graphical Presentation of
are in conformity with relevant codes of practice. Size Distribution Results of RHA, Sand and
Aggregates used in this investigation
The following tests were carried out in accordance
with relevant BS Standards. Bulk Density

1. The aggregates were tested for physical properties


People who The also
read this publication bulk
read:densities of RHA, sand and the
such as: specific gravity, Particle distribution test and bulk aggregate used was found to be 20, 45 and 65kg/m
density. respectively.
Research: Rice Husk Ash Review
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1 Citation 9 References 2 Figures

Scholarly J. Engineer. Res. 3

Figure 1.Graphical Presentation of Particle Size Distribution Results of RHA, Sand and Coarse Aggregates used in this investigation

Table 2. Density Values for Various RHA Concrete Mixes

Age Percentage Replacement with RHA


Days 10% 20% 25%
Average Densities 7 2038 1901 1948
3
of RHA Concrete in KN/m 14 2052 1875 1914
21 2064 1909 1937
28 2017 1950 1902

Workability (Slump) weight concrete.

The workability test results are presented in Appendix IV. Compressive Strength of RHA Concrete
The workability test results show that RHA concrete can
be graded under S2 using the European classification The compressive strength of RHA concrete
ENV 206:1992 having the slump of 50-90 and by TRRL investigated at 7, 14, 21 and 28days curing age. Th
classification, the workability is described as medium with summary of the results are presented graphically an
compacting factor of 0.90 and slump of 50 – 100mm. tabulated in a figure 2 below for different replaceme
percentages of RHA.

Density
CONCLUSION
The density of RHA was investigated as stated in the
methodology and the results are analyzed and presented The use of RHA in civil construction works will
as a ratio of the mass to that of the volume. Density environmental pollution, improve the quality of concr
Values for Various RHA Concrete Mixes table 2 and 3.. and reduce its cost of production as well as solving
From the above results of density, it can be seen that the problem of agro-waste management by putting into
People who read this publication also read:
density of RHA is in the same range for all replacement this locally found additive (RHA).
levels. According to BS 877, it can be classified as light Adding RHA to concrete resulted in increased water
Research: Rice Husk Ash Review
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Ephraim et al. 35

Table 3: Density Values for Various RHA Concrete Mixes

Age Percentage Replacement with RHA


days 10% 20% 25%
Average Compressive 7 12 11 10
strength N/mm 2 14 14 13 12
21 18 18 14
28 22 20 19

Figure 2.Graphical Representation of the Relationship between Compressive Strength and Age.

demand, increase in workability and enhanced strength the levels of RHA are increasing (figure 2).
compared to the control sample. The compressive
strength values at 28days were found to be 38.4, 36.5
2 2
and 33N/mm compared to the control with 37N/mm . REFERENCES
This results show that an addition of RHA from 5-10% will
Al-Khalaf, MN, Hana, AY (1984). “Use of RHA-Concrete”
increase the strength and a further addition up read
People who to this
15-publication also read: Journal of Cement Composites and Light
international
25%RHA will have a slight reduction in strength of 15% Concrete. 6(4).
and a decreasing in strength values is pointed outRice
Research: when Habeeb, GA, Fayyaah, MM (2009). Department of Civil Engine
Husk Ash Review
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Scholarly J. Engineer. Res. 3

University of Malaya, Malaysia – Australian Journal of Basic Applied Mihelcic, JR, Hokanson, DR (2005). Educational Solutions For
Sciences 3(3). Sustainable Future” in Environmental Solutions, Eds: N.L
Malhotra (Ed) (1992). Proceedings of the International Symposium on and F.J Agardy, Elsevier, in Press.
Advances in Concrete Technology. Atthens, Greece. Narrayan, PS (2004). “Rice Husk Ash, IICT Journal, Autumn,
Mauro, M, et al (2004). Influence of Rice Hush Ash on Mechanical Narrayan, PS (2005). “Rice Husk Ash used in Making of Concr
Characteristics of Concrete. ACI. Canoe” Michigan Technological University 1400 Townsend
Mehta, PK (1992) Rice Husk Ash a Unique Supplementary Cementing Houghton.
Material, in V.M Obam, SO (2006) Compressive Strength of RHA Concrete.
Mehta, PK, (1999) “Concrete Technology for Sustainable V25, N2 Nigeria
Development”. Concrete International, 21(11).
Mehta, PK, Folliard, KJ (1995) “Rice Husk Ash a Unique Supplementary
Cementing Material Durability Aspects”. USA.
Michigan Tech Master’s International Program in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, www.cee.mtu.edu/peacecorps.

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1 Citation 9 References 2 Figures

Citations 1 References 9

Rice Husk Ash Review

"There was a sharp decrease in compressive strength


beyond 20%. The work of [13] experimentally investigated
the effect of partially replacing OPC with local addictive
RHA. They reported that the incorporation of RHA in
concrete resulted in increased water demand and enhanced
strength. "

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File · Research · Mar 2016

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