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CBSE Class 12th Chemistry Notes: Haloalkanes THE LATEST MOST POPULAR
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In this article, you will get important revision notes on CBSE Class 12th Chemistry: Chapter 10 -
The Haloalkanes and Haloarenes, to give you a quick glance of the chapter. These NCERT based
notes are very important for CBSE Class 12th Chemistry.
The main
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convert this part are: to PDF!
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The main topics covered in this part are:
CBSE Class 12 English (Core) Topper's
• Introduction to haloalkanes and haloarenes Answer Sheet: 2017
• Reactions of haloarenes
In case of haloalkanes, halogen atom is attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of an alkyl
group whereas in haloarenes, halogen atom is attached to sp2 hybridised carbon atom of an
aryl group.
The halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons may be classi ed as uoro, chloro, bromo or iodo Name
compounds according to the type of halogen present.
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Depending upon the number of halogens present, the halogen derivatives can be classi ed as
mono, di, tri or polyhalo compounds.
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mono, di, tri or polyhalo compounds.
10 Digit Mobile Number
On the basis of the nature of the carbon to which halogen atom is attached, halogen
derivatives are classified as 1o, 2o, 3o, allylic, benzylic, vinylic and aryl derivatives. Location State City
1o, 2o and 3o halides: halogen atom is bonded to primary, secondary or tertiary carbon atom of Day Month Year
DOB
an an alkyl group.
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Allylic halides: Halogen atom is bonded to an sp 3-hybridised carbon atom next to carbon- SUBMIT
carbon double bond (C=C) i.e. to an allylic carbon.
X is more electronegative than carbon. So, the C-X bond is polarized with C having a partial How To Fix Dark Spots
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positive charge and X having a partial negative charge.
Preparation of Haloalkanes
Chlorination or bromination of alkane usually gives a complete mixture of isomeric mono and
poly halo alkanes.
3. From alcohol:
The hydroxyl group of an alcohol is replaced by halogen on reaction with concentrated halogen
acids, phosphorus halides or thionyl chloride to give the corresponding alkyl halide.
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4. By halogen exchange:
Alkyl iodides can be prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides/ bromides with NaI in dry
acetone.
Preparation of haloarenes
This involves the direct halogenation of benzene ring in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts
like iron or iron (III) chloride.
2. By Sandmeyer’s reaction:
Aniline is treated with sodium nitrite to give a diazonium salt which is then treated with
cuprous chloride or cuprous bromide to produce the corresponding aryl halide:
This involves the conversion of aryl amines to aryl uorides via diazotisation and subsequent
thermal anyone
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entire aromatic
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thermal decomposition of the derived aromatic uoborate to produce the corresponding aryl
fluoride.
Physical properties of haloderivatives are di erent than those of the simple hydrocarbons.
These are described below:
• Alkyl halides are colourless when pure but bromides and particularly iodides develop
colour when exposed to light.
• Halogen compounds have higher boiling points than the corresponding hydrocarbon. This
is because the greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the parent
hydrocarbon causes the intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van der Waals)
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to be stronger in the halogen derivatives.
• For monohalogen compounds, the boiling point increases with increasing molecular mass
of the halogen group with a fixed hydrocarbon group,
• All halogen derivatives of hydrocarbon are insoluble in water as they are incapable of
forming hydrogen bonds with water but alkyl halides are soluble in non-polar solvents, R‒F <
R‒Cl < R‒Br < R‒I
• The density increases with increasing number and the atomic mass of the halogen.
• Halogen compounds are less in ammable than the hydrocarbons. The in ammability
decreases with increasing halogen content.
Reactions of Haloalkanes
The reactions of haloalkanes may be divided into the three main categories:
For the same alkyl group, as we move from F to I, strength of C−X bond decreases, therefore,
the reactivity order is: R− I > R−Br > R−Cl > R−F
place in two steps, rst step being the rate determining step involves the formation of
carbonium ion.
• Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, SN2: This type of nucleophilic substitution takes place
in one step. The incoming nucleophile interacts with alkyl halide causing the C−X bond bond to
break while forming a new C−OH bond.
Elimination reactions:
When a haloalkane with β-hydrogen atom is heated with alcoholic solution of potassium
hydroxide, there is elimination of hydrogen atom from β-carbon and a halogen atom from the
α-carbon atom resulting in the formation of an alkene. The reaction follows the Saytze rule
which states that “In dehydrohalogenation reactions, the preferred product is that alkene
which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded carbon atoms.”
Reaction with Magnesium: Alkyl halides react with magnesium in the presence of dry ether to
form corresponding alkyl magnesium halide which is also known as Grignard’s reagent.
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form corresponding alkyl magnesium halide which is also known as Grignard’s reagent.
Recation with sodium: Alkyl halides react with sodium to form an alkane with double number of
carbon atom than that present in alkyl halide. This reaction is also known as Wurtz reaction.
2R‒X + 2 Na → R ‒ R + 2NaX
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism is due to the di erent orientation of atoms or groups in space. There are two
types of stereoisomerism:
(i) Geometrical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of like groups on the same side of the
plane (cis) or on the opposite side of the plane (trans).
(ii) Optical isomerism: It arises due to the presence of non-superimposable mirror images.
Conditions for optical isomerism to take place are:
• Presence of chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon, i.e., The C attached to four di erent
groups. Chiral carbon is denoted as C*.
The two non-superimposable mirror images are called enantiomers. Enantiomers have similar
physical & chemical properties but differ in their
• Dextrorotatory (+): These rotate the plane polarised light in a clockwise direction
• Laevorotatory (–): These rotate the plane polarised light in an anticlockwise direction
Racemic mixture
Racemisation
Reactions of Haloarenes
Nucleophilic substitution:
Aryl halides are almost unreactive towards nucleophilic substitution reaction. This is because
of double character of C – X bond due to resonance. Therefore, it is di cult to remove X from C
– X bond.
reactions:
Presence of an electron withdrawing group like NO2 group increases the reactivity of aryl
NO2 group increases the reactivity more when present at o- and p- position due to the
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