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1
Dr. E. A. Feilat
Harmonic Filter Design- Limitations
Equipment withstand capabilities
According to existing equipment standards, harmonics should be
limited to the equipment withstand capabilities.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Harmonic Filter Design- Limitations
IEEE Std 1036-1992 and IEEE Std 18-2002 state that
capacitors are intended to be operated at or below their rated
voltage. Capacitors shall be capable of continuous operation
under contingency system and bank conditions provided that none
of the following limitations are exceeded:
1. 135% of nameplate kVAR
2. 110% of rated rms voltage (including harmonics but excluding transients)
3. 135% of rated rms current (including fundamental and harmonic current)
4. 120% of peak voltage (including harmonics).
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Harmonic Filter Design- A Case Study
The facility is supplied by a 1500-kVA transformer with 6.0
percent of impedance. The fifth-harmonic background
voltage distortion on the utility side of the transformer is 1.0
percent of the fundamental when there is no load. The
harmonic design procedures are provided in the following
steps.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 1: Filter’s Tuned Frequency Selection
Filters tuning frequency selection depends on the harmonic
characteristics of the loads. For the single-tuned filter under
consideration, the filtering starts at the lowest harmonic frequency
generated by the load.
In this example, the lowest harmonic frequency is the 5th harmonic.
Usually the filter is tuned at slightly lower frequency than the desired
tuned frequency for the following:
To allow for variations in the system impedance and tolerance in the
filter components.
To minimize the possibility of dangerous harmonic resonance if the
system parameters changed and results in a shift in the tuning
frequency.
To prevent the filter from acting as a short circuit for the offending
harmonic current.
To reduce the duty on the filter components.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Filter’s Tuned Frequency Selection (Cont.)
For this example, the filter will be tuned to the 4.7th
harmonic. The proposed filter configuration is shown in
Figure.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 2: Capacitor Bank size and
Resonant Frequency Computation
In general, the filter size depends on the load reactive power requirement for
power factor correction. If a power factor correction capacitor is already
installed in the system, it is converted to harmonic filter. In such case, the
capacitor size is known and the reactor size is determined to tune the
capacitor at the desired frequency.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Capacitor Bank size and
Resonant Frequency Computation
Required capacitive reactive power compensation is
793.73 – 336 = 457.73 kVAR
The net Y-equivalent filter reactance “XF” can be determined by
V 2 kV 2 x 1000 0.48 x 1000
2
XF 0.5034
Q k var 457.73
This filter reactance (XF) is expressed in terms of the capacitive
reactance (XC) and the inductive reactance (XL), at fundamental
frequency, as follows
XF = XC - XL (1)
For tuning at the 4.7th harmonic, the capacitive reactance is
expressed in terms of the inductive reactance as follows
1 1
2 fh 2
LC LC
XC = h2 XL = (4.7)2 XL (2)
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Capacitor Bank size and
Resonant Frequency Computation
♦ Therefore, from (1) and (2) the required capacitive reactance is
X F x h 2 0.5034 x 4.7
2
XC 2 0.5272
h 1 4.7 1
2
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 3: Filter Reactor Size Computation
As mentioned in Step # 1, the filter is designed to be tuned at the
4.7th harmonic which corresponds to 282 Hz. From step # 2
(equation 2), the filter reactor size is determined from the Y-
equivalent capacitive reactance as follows
X C 0.512
XL 2 0.02318
h 4.7 2
Therefore,
X L fund
0.02318
L 0.06148 mH
2 x 60 2 x 60
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 4: Filter Duty Requirements Evaluation
Filter duty requirements to be evaluated include; peak voltage, current,
kVAR production, and rms voltage.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 5: Fundamental Duty Requirements Computation
This step is dedicated to compute the fundamental frequency operating
voltage across the capacitor bank as follows:
The net filter reactance (combining the capacitive reactance and
the reactor) at fundamental frequency is given by
X F fund X L X C 0.02318 0.512 0.489
kVactual / 3 480 / 3
I F fund 567 A
X F fund 0.489
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 6: Harmonic Duty Requirements Computation
This step is dedicated to compute the maximum harmonic current in the
filter. This current consists of two components as follows:
The harmonic current produced by the nonlinear load that was
assumed to be 25 % of the fundamental current (5th harmonic
component) and is given by,
1200
I h I h pu x
kVA
0.25 x 360.8 A
3 x kVactual 3 x 0.48
The harmonic current contributed to the filter from the utility side
that can be estimated as follows,
The fundamental frequency impedance of the service transformer
is given by
% x kVactual 2 0.482
X T fund Z T 0.06 x 0.0092
MVATran 1.5
The 5th harmonic impedance of the service transformer is given by
X T harm h x X T fund 5 x 0.0092 0.0461
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Harmonic Duty Requirements Computation
► The harmonic impedance of the capacitor bank is given by
0.512
X Cap
X Cap harm 0.1024
h 5
► The harmonic impedance of the reactor is given by
X Cap
VL L , Cap harm , max 3 x I h total x
h
0.512
3 x 407.3 x 72.2 V
5
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 7: Total RMS Current and
Peak Voltage Requirements Evaluation
This step is dedicated to compute the total rms current, peak
voltage across the capacitor, and the total kVAR seen by the
capacitor. These parameters can be calculated as follows:
The total rms current passing through the filter (this is the
current rating of the reactor) is given by,
QCap total 3 x I rms , total x kVL L , Cap rms , total 3 x 698 x 0.508
614 k var
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 8: Capacitor Rating Limits Evaluation
Proposed filter duty requirements (represented by peak voltage, rms voltage
and current, and kvar production calculated in previous steps) are compared
to the IEEE standard limits given the following Table.
Capacitor Limits: (IEEE Standard 18-2002)
This shows that the proposed filter duty requirements are very close to
the limits.
Therefore, there is no tolerance for any deviations in the assumptions or
the service voltage.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Capacitor Rating Limits Evaluation
In such case, a 480 V capacitor will have a short life.
Thus, a capacitor rated at higher voltage levels must be used.
Assuming the capacitor rated voltage to be 600 V, the
equivalent capacitor rating would be,
QCnew QC
V
actual , new
2
450
600
2
703 kVAR
V
actual , old
2
4802
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 9: Filter Frequency Response Evaluation
This step is dedicated to evaluate the filter frequency response to
ensure that the filter doesn’t create any new resonance at frequencies
that might cause additional problems.
XC = h2 XL
X Cap 0.512
ho 3.97
X T fund X L fund 0.0092 0.02318
This reveals that the filter results in a resonance close to the 4th
harmonic.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Filter Frequency Response Evaluation
Normally, very few harmonic sources generate even harmonics
during steady-state operation; consequently the designed filter
will operate very properly.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 10: Evaluation of the Effect of Filter
Parameters Variations within Specified Tolerance
While designing a filter, designers usually consider the following
tolerances;
+ 15 % tolerance of the nominal capacitance value.
5 % tolerance of the nominal reactor inductance value.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat
Step # 8: Capacitor Rating Limits Evaluation
Proposed filter duty requirements (represented by peak voltage, rms voltage and
current, and kvar production calculated in previous steps) are compared to the IEEE
standard limits given the following Table.
This shows that the proposed filter duty requirements are very close to the
limits.
Therefore, there is no tolerance for any deviations in the assumptions or the
service voltage.
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Dr. E. A. Feilat