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3Prep- First Term-Unit 4-Lessson 2

Sexual & Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction:
A biological process where living organisms
produces new individuals of the same kind.
G.R.F
Importance of reproduction
Answer
To insure its continuity
Types of Reproduction：
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Occurs by only one living Occurs by two living
organism organisms
It mostly occurs in single- It mostly occurs multi-
celled called lower living cellular called higher
organisms living organisms
EX： EX：
Budding in yeast Male + Female
Binary Fission in Amoeba Sperm + Ovule =Zygote
Produce individuals Produce individuals
identical in genetic different in genetic
structure。 structure。
Reproduce by Mitosis Reproduce by Meiosis
The new offspring gets The new offspring gets
A full copy of the Its genetic traits from
parent。 the both parents。
No genetic variation A genetic variation
occurs。 occurs。
Firstly: Asexual Reproduction
Occurrence:
In:
All Unicellular (Lower-Single celled) Living
Organisms
Some Multicellular (Higher – Million celled) Living
Organisms
Types of Asexual Reproduction:
Type Example
Binary Fission 1-Unicellular Protozoans
Such as:
 Amoeba & Euglena &
Paramecium
2- Algae
3- Bacteria

Budding 1- Yeast Fungus

2- Hydra
3- Sponges
Regeneration Starfish
Spore Propagation 1- Bread Mold Fungus
2- Mushroom
3- Some Algea

Vegetative Reproduction 1- Plant Parts

(Vegetative Propagation) ( leaves & roots &
stem)
2- Tissue Culture
1- Binary Fission:
A Type of asexual reproduction（that occurs in
unicellular living organism’s ） where the cell is
divided by Mitosis to produce two new cells。
2- Budding：
A Type of asexual reproduction（that occurs in
unicellular living organism’s ）and
 multicellular organisms where a bud（lateral
bulge） emerges where the cell nucleus of the
bud divided by Mitosis to produce two new
nuclei ，one remains in the parent cell and the
other cell immigrate to the bud。 Then ，the
bud grows May separate or may remain to
form a colony。
3-Regeneration：
The ability of some living organisms to
compensate their missing parts by depending
On the central disc。

4-Sporogony （spore Propagation）：

A Type of asexual reproduction（that occurs in
unicellular living organism’s ） where they
have special organs （Sporangia=spore cases）
singular （Sporangium= spore case） that
release after rupturing its walls 。When the
spore find a humid medium to grow to give a
new organism。
4- Vegetative Reproduction：
The plants reproduce without needing seeds by
cell mitosis division。
Second：Sexual Reproduction
Occurrence:
Between 2 Parental individuals
Factors affecting Sexual Reproduction：
1- Formation of gametes
2- Fertilization
Formation of gametes:-
Functions of Reproductive Cells:
Formation of gametes
Types of Gametes:
Male Gametes Female Gametes
Sperms（N） Ovules（N）
Function of Meiotic Division( Reduction
Division)
Helping Reproductive Cells to form gametes。
Number of Number of
chromosomes in chromosomes in
Somatic Cells Sex Cells（gametes）
2N N
Normal number of Half number of
chromosomes chromosomes
Meiosis & Gametes formation：
Meiosis（1） Meiosis（2）
Like Mitosis Forms 4 gametes
Form 2N （cell） Form 4（1/2 N）
Fertilization:
Combination of the male gamete (N) and
female gamete to form a zygote (2N).
Sperm + Ovule = Zygote (fertilized Egg)
Zygote Gamete
Contains the normal Contains the half
number of number of
chromosomes chromosomes
(2N) the normal (N)
number of
chromosomes
(2N)
Contains genetic Contains half of
material from each genetic material from
parent. one parent.
G.R.F:-
Sexual reproduction is a source of genetic
variation。
Answer：
1- The offspring resulting from sexual
Reproduction get the genetic traits from
the male parent and the female parent 。
2- The resulted offspring have new genetic
traits that combine the parent traits。
Nanotechnology Function（dr.Mustafa El
Said）：
Developing Smart microscopic bombs
（Nano-molecules of gold） that
penetrate the cancer cells and explode
them from the inside。
The Way to destroy cancer cells:
1- Loading protein with Nano-molecules of
gold 。
2- Injecting them to the cancer patient。
3- The infected cell surface proteins get
intertwined with the Nano-molecules of
gold。
4- Monitoring the cancer cells 。
5- Focusing Laser to the cancer cells。
6- Light energy converts to heat energy.
7- Burning of cancer cells.
Liver transplantation Technology：
Dividing Liver cells under certain
circumstances.