Lecture 8

Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 8: First Law of Thermo -Energy Equation
Lecture 8
First Law of
Thermo -Energy
Equation
Chapter Summary
n Review of 1st Law of Thermodynamics
n Derivation of the Energy Equation in CV
n Steady Flow Energy Equation
n Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline
n Bernoulli Equation Revisited
n Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
n Application of Energy, Momentum and Continuity
Equation in Combination
n Concept of Hydraulic and Energy Grade Line
8.1. Review of 1st Law of Thermo

n The 1st law of thermodynamics is basically the
statement of the conservation of energy
n The expression of 1st law for a SYSTEM is :
n Where :
8.1. Review of 1st Law of Thermo

n The corresponding rate form :
n E can be splitted into 3 main components which

are the Kinetic Energy, Ek, the Potential Energy, Ep
and the Internal Energy, Eu which is associated
with the motion of the molecules.
8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume

n Consider the general CV Equation :
n Let X be the energy, E :
n By 1st Law of Thermo :
n So the General EE :
8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume…

n Work, W can be divided into shaft work, Ws and flow work, Wf :
n Flow work is the work done by the system ON the

surrounding due to the pressure forces as the system
moves through the surrounding
8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume…

n Substitution into the general EE gives :
n For general non-uniform flow :

8.3. Steady Flow Energy Equation

n For steady flow :
n Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) :

8.4. Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline

Turbine 2
P2, V2, u2
P1, V1, u1
1 Pump
n Applying SFEE :

n Let :
n Substituting into SFEE :
n Rearranging :

n The term in the square bracket represent the thermal
energy. As fluid flows some mechanical energy will be
changed into thermal energy through viscous action.
This cause increase in internal energy (temperature
rise) and eventually dissipated to the surrounding in
term of heat. Thus this represent loss.
n Let :
n Eqn becomes :
n The above equation physically express the energy

balance. Specific energy input = specific energy output

n It is common to write the equation in term of head
(energy per unit weight) in meter.
n Where :
8.5. Bernoulli Equation Revisited

n Recall that in BE we assumed that
n Frictionless fluid, hL = 0
n No external work, wp = wt = 0
n If the above assumptions are used in the pipeline eqn :
n Therefore BE is a statement of conservation of energy

for frictionless fluid with no external work
Example 1
A pump draws water through a
20-cm pipe and discharges it
through a 15-cm pipe in which
the velocity is 5 m/s. The 15-cm
pipe discharges horizontally
into air at point C. To what
height h above the water
surface at A can the water be
raised if 35 kW is delivered to
the pump? Assume that the
pump operates at 70%
efficiency and that the head loss
in the pipe between A and C is
equal to 2Vc2/2g.
8.6. Kinetic Energy Correction Factor

n Recall the general single pipeline equation :
n In the above equation, it was assumed that the velocity

profiles are uniform. In reality, because of no slip
condition at the walls, the velocity is not uniform. To
take this into account, Kinetic Energy Correction
Factor, a, is introduced such that equation becomes:
8.6. Kinetic Energy Correction Factor …

n a is defined such that :
n So :
n For laminar flow with parabolic velocity profile, a

is equal to 2. For turbulent flow, a will be
approximately 1.05. In most common practice,
when the flow is turbulent, a is normally assumed
to be unity.
Example 2
A microchannel is being designed to transfer fluid in a MEMS

application. The channel is 200 micrometers in diameter and is 5 cm
long. Ethyl alcohol is driven through the system at the rate of 0.1
microlitres/s with a syringe pump which is essentially a moving piston.
The pressure at the exit of the channel is atmospheric. The flow is
laminar, so a=2. The head loss in the channel is given by hL =
32mLV/gD2. Find the pressure in the syringe pump. The velocity head
associated with the motion of the piston in the syringe pump is
negligible.
Example 3
In this system, d = 25 cm, D = 40 cm and the head loss from the venturi
meter to the end of the pipe is given by hL = 0.9V2/2g, where V is the
velocity in the pipe. Neglecting all other head losses, determine what
head, H will first initiate cavitation if the atmospheric pressure is 100
kPa. What will be the discharge at incipient cavitation ?
8.7. Application of EE, FME and MCE Combined

n Head loss in an Abrupt Expansion
n MCE :
n FME :
n EE :
n Combining :
n Special case of discharging from a pipe into a

reservoir :

n Forces on a Pipe Bend
Water flows in a bend at a rate of 5 m3/s and the pressure at the inlet is
650 kPa. If the head loss in the bend is 10m, what will the pressure be
at the outlet of the bend? Estimate the force of the anchor block on the
bend in the x direction to hold the bend in place.
8.8. EGL and HGL

n EGL and HGL are representations of the changes in
energy and transformation of energy from one form to
another along a pipeline system.
n In general (in term of head/energy per unit weight) :
Total Head Piezometric Head Dynamic Head
n EGL (Energy Grade Line) gives the locus of Total Head along
the pipe as measured by total pressure probe
n HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line) gives the locus of Piezometric
Head along the pipe as measured by a piezometer
7.8. EGL and HGL …

n EGL – HGL = Dynamic Head
n Consider a simple pipeline system as below :
n Note that as the pipe diameter is constant, the velocity is

constant and hence the spacing between EGL & HGL is
constant throughout the length of the pipe.

n Pump - In a pump energy is added .

n Turbine - In a turbine energy is given up .

n Change in HGL and EGL due to flow through a nozzle – the
spacing increase since the velocity increase. There will be an
extra losses as well at the transition.

n Change in HGL and EGL due to change in the pipe diameter
– the spacing increase since the velocity increase. The
gradient increase due to the larger frictional forces causes
larger rate of loss of energy

n Subatmospheric pressure when pipe is above HGL – Gage
Pressure is negative.
n The gradient and the spacing between EGL and HGL are
constant since velocity is constant throughout the pipe
Example 4
Sketch the EGL and HGL for the above pipe system.
Example 5
(1) Indicate which is HGL and which is EGL (2) Are all pipes are of the
same size? If not which one is smaller? (3) Is there any region in pipe
where pressure is below atmospheric (4) Where is the maximum
pressure (5)Where is the minimum pressure (6) What do u think located
at the end of the pipe (7) What do u think located at point B? (8) Is the
pressure of the air in the tank above or below atmospheric?
End of Lecture 8

Lecture 8

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Department of Mechanical Engineering MEHB223

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 8: First Law of Thermo -Energy Equation

8.1. Review of 1st Law of Thermo

8.1. Review of 1st Law of Thermo

n E can be splitted into 3 main components which

8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume

n Let X be the energy, E :

n By 1st Law of Thermo :

8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume…

n Flow work is the work done by the system ON the

8.2. Derivation of EE in Control Volume…

n For general non-uniform flow :

8.3. Steady Flow Energy Equation

n Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) :

8.4. Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline

8.4. Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline

n Substituting into SFEE :

8.4. Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline

n The above equation physically express the energy

8.4. Incompressible Flow in a Single Pipeline

8.5. Bernoulli Equation Revisited

n Therefore BE is a statement of conservation of energy

8.6. Kinetic Energy Correction Factor

n In the above equation, it was assumed that the velocity

8.6. Kinetic Energy Correction Factor …

n For laminar flow with parabolic velocity profile, a

A microchannel is being designed to transfer fluid in a MEMS

8.7. Application of EE, FME and MCE Combined

8.7. Application of EE, FME and MCE Combined

n Special case of discharging from a pipe into a

8.7. Application of EE, FME and MCE Combined

8.8. EGL and HGL

Total Head Piezometric Head Dynamic Head

7.8. EGL and HGL …

n Note that as the pipe diameter is constant, the velocity is

7.8. EGL and HGL …

7.8. EGL and HGL …

7.8. EGL and HGL …

7.8. EGL and HGL …

7.8. EGL and HGL …

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