INDORE PUBLIC SCHOOL

2017-18
Chemistry project work
On

Purification of water

Submitted by: Submitted to:

M. Amar Mrs. Ruchi Gupta
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that M.Amar of class 12 has completed

the project titled purification of contaminated water in
partial fulfillment of central board of secondary education
leading to award of annual examination of year 2017/18

Examiner’s signature Principal’s signature

Mrs Nisha Sharma

Chemistry teacher
Mrs Ruchi Gupta
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am extremely grateful to Mrs. Ruchi Gupta , Teacher of

Department of Chemistry for her able guidance and useful
suggestions, which helped me in completing the project
work, in time.
I would also like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching
staff of Chemistry department who helped me directly or
indirectly in the completion of this project.
Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt
thanks to my beloved parents for their blessings, my
friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the
successful completion of this project.

STUDENT'S NAME
M.Amar
 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Aim/Purpose
3. Materials required
4. Theory
5. Experiment
6. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

Water purification is the process of removing undesirable

chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and
gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for a
specific purpose. Most water is disinfected for human
consumption (drinking water), but water purification may
also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including
fulfilling the requirements of medical, pharmacological,
chemical and industrial applications. The methods used
include physical processes such as filtration,
sedimentation, and distillation; biological processes such
as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon;
chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination
and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as
ultraviolet light.
PURPOSE
The purification process helps remove contaminants that
might have entered your drinking water. Here are some of
the top reasons as to why you need water purification.

 Prevents diseases
 Removes germs
 For good health

AIM
To purify the contaminated water by various methods
  CHARCOAL
Nowadays, tap water is no longer tasty anymore. The
main reasons for this are air pollution and industrial
waste. Cancer-causing substances such as nitrogen oxide,
lead, trihalomethane, and sulfur oxide in gasoline are used
in large amount by today’s modern world. These
chemicals get mixed in waters that travel through streams
to your tap.
Because of this, many people are filtering and purifying
their water or even buying expensive mineral water.
Now, using charcoal for safe tap water has come to public
attention in Japan. Using charcoal can make safe water
easily, tasty, and cost-effectively!
CHARCOAL BENEFITS IN TAP WATER

 The purified water can be used for cooking, ice

making, drinking water, tea, coffee, and alcoholic
drinks.
 Ill-smelling chlorine and other unpleasant odors will
be eliminated by the absorption power of the
charcoal.
 Microorganisms living in the many pores of the
charcoal break down unhealthy organic matters in the
tap water.
 Ash in the charcoal (minerals) contains nutrients such
as magnesium, manganese, calcium, and iron which
dissolve easily in the water.
 The minerals are essential for your healthy life. They
help make strong bones and teeth, and play an
important role in blood, muscles, and nerves. You
can recognize the minerals of the charcoal purified
water by its soft and mellow taste.
 Since the charcoal is a byproduct of trees, it does not
contain any toxic substances like mercury and
chromium.
Note: Charcoal is activated carbon, a chief constituent of many
commercially available filters. A single pound of this substance
has a surface area of 100 acres! Charcoal is effective in trapping
sediment, volatile organic compounds and chlorine. It also
removes foul taste and odor from water. Charcoal does not
remove salts and minerals that are dissolved in the water.
  Distillation
Every element can exist in three states: as a liquid,
as a solid and as a vapor, which mostly depend on
its temperature. This applies to water, too. So, water
can be found as ice, water and steam. If water is
cooled down below 0 degrees Celsius (32
Fahrenheit), it becomes ice, and if heated above 100
degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit), it becomes steam.
The temperature, at which a substance changes it,
state from liquid to vapor is called a boiling point,
and it is different for different substances. This
difference can be used to separate substances, and
as such can be used for water purification.

The process is relatively simple:

a) the dirty water is heated
b) to the boiling point and thus
vaporizes
c) (Becomes steam), while other
substances remain in solid
state, in boiler. Steam is then
directed into a cooler
d) where it cools down and
returns to liquid water
And the result is pure water.
Distillation is an effective process and, what's more
important, it can be done with a lot of
improvisation. You can heat water with whatever is
at hand: fire, electricity, or whatever. You can use
almost anything that holds water for a boiler, as
long as you can direct the steam into a cooler. A
cooler can be a long piece of copper tubing bent
into a spiral. All you need is something that will
just cool the steam down. In a worst case scenario,
you can distill water with an ordinary household pot
and two pot lids. Boil water in a pot covered with
the first lid. After a while, you'll see that the water
in the pot vaporizes, and condenses on the lid (this
is distilled water). Now replace the lid with the
second lid, and turn the first one vertically, so that
all condensed water collects at one point, and then
pour it into a cup. Meanwhile, more distilled water
condenses on the second pot lid, so just repeat the
above steps again... until you have a full cup.
Distillation will remove from water almost
anything, even heavy metals, poisons, bacteria and
viruses. However, it does not remove substances
that have boiling points at a lower temperature than
water. Some of these substances are oils, petroleum,
alcohol and similar substances, which in most cases
don't mix with water. Also, remember that
substances removed from water remain in the
boiler, so you'll need to clean it up every once in a
while.
Distilled water can be used directly and does not
need to be boiled again. As it is already hot, you can
use it to prepare tea, or similar drinks.

 Chlorine
As a halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant,
and is added to public water supplies to kill disease-
causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and
protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply
reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage
tanks.
Chlorination involves adding a measured amount of
chlorine to water to produce a residual sufficient to kill
bacteria, viruses, and cysts. The killing effect of
chlorine depends on the pH of the water, temperature,
chlorine level and contact time (i.e., the time the
chlorine is in the water before consumption).
Typically chlorine is added to public drinking water as
the final stage of treatment, often following an upstream
filtration step which removes sediment that can tie up
chlorine and shield organisms from its effect. Chlorine
has been used for over a century as a primary water
disinfectant and is largely responsible for elimination of
water-borne diseases such as typhoid and dysentery in
developed countries.

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE - NaOCl

Sodium hypochlorite is a yellowish liquid with an active
chlorine concentration of 10-15% pH around 13.0. It is
not very stable, and when it comes in contact with air,
light or high temperatures, the chlorine evaporates and
therefore its concentration in water decreases. The
chemical reaction with water is:

NaOCl + H2O -> HOCl + Na + OH-

Due to its high pH, sodium hypochlorite increases water

pH. As described previous page (chlorine disinfection),
the reaction of sodium hypochlorite with water results in
two forms: HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and OCl-.

The ratio between HOCl and OCl- depends on the pH.

HOCl is a much more effective disinfectant than OCl
(100 time more effective), and since this form is
predominant in a pH range of 3.0-6.7, the treated water
should be acidified.
It is possible to acidify the water using sulfuric acid, and
it is recommended to maintain the pH in the range of 5.8-
6.5 in order to ensure effective disinfection while keeping
the pH in a favorable range for irrigation.

The amount of sodium added to water using sodium

hypochlorite, generally does not significantly affect water
quality, since disinfection is achieved at relatively low
concentrations of chlorine (usually <10 ppm). The
addition of sodium can be considerable in water
reutilization systems, in which sodium concentrations in
the water increase gradually.

Advantages - Easy transport and storage, highly effective

when correctly used.

Disadvantages - Corrosive, precautions should be taken

in handling, evaporates/disintegrates upon contact with
air, light and high temperatures, Short shelf-life.
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE - Ca(ClO)2
Calcium hypochlorite is more stable than sodium
hypochlorite, and contains a higher chlorine concentration
(30-75%).The chemical reaction with water is:

Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O <--> 2HOCl + Ca+2 + 2OH-

Like sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite also

increases water pH, so it is advised to acidify the water
during the disinfection process.

Calcium hypochlorite is available as white powder or

tablets, therefore it should first be dissolved in water, and
only then it is injected into the treated water. Calcium
hypochlorite isn't highly soluble, so it dissolves better in
soft or medium-hard water. It is recommended to dissolve
it in warm water, in order to improve its solubility.

In any case, all forms of calcium hypochlorite contain

insoluble residues that form sediments in the solution. It is
important to eliminate the sediment before injecting the
calcium hypochlorite solution into the treated water tank
to avoid clogging.
Experiment :1
Build your own filter:
Do not have a filter on you? No problem – create a makeshift
water filter by using naturally available materials.
Things required:
1) An empty plastic water bottle, plastic bag or inner tube (etc.).
2) Some sand.
3) Pebbles.
4) Cloth.
5) Charcoal pieces.

Procedure:
Cut the lower end of the plastic bottle and invert it.
Now begin to layer the bottle or bark in the following order –
pebbles, cloth, sand, cloth, charcoal, cloth, sand, pebbles.
Pass water through a piece of cloth to remove large particles and
then pass it through your self-built filter. The charcoal absorbs
many harmful chemicals and makes the water safer for drinking.
Note that charcoal does not kill bacteria and viruses. Hence, you
will have to boil the water after filtering it.
Practice making such a filter on camping trips so that you get the
hang of it.
Experiment: 2
 Potash alum

Alum, when added to raw water reacts with the

bicarbonate alkalinities present in water and forms a
gelatinous precipitate. This floc attracts other fine
particles and suspended material in raw water, and settles
down at the bottom of the container. The water over this
sediment is almost clean other than some fine particles
dissolved in it.

1. Filter the dirty water by a cloth so there is no floating

impurities in it.
2. Add 50mg of potash alum in the beaker of dirty water.
3. Stir gently for a minute.
4. Leave it undisturbed for four to five hours.
5. After five hours we get a gelatinous precipitate and get
suspended.
6. Separate the suspension and purified water.
Experiment: 3
Filtration by Filter paper
1. Fold the filter paper in half, and then in half again. You
should end up with a cone shape. Place inside the funnel.

2. Put the other glass onto a flat surface and hold the funnel over
it. Fill the cone filter paper(inside the funnel) halfway full of
dirty water.

3. Watch it drip through the filter paper and funnel. Your other
glass should be filling up with clean water.

4. Once that has finished filtering, repeat steps 3 & 4, but using
the other piece of filter paper. Wrince out the leftover dirty
water and switch it with the glass full of dirty water, so that the
glass of filtrated water is in your hand, and the other is
underneath the funnel.
5. Re-pour the filtrated water into the funnel and watch it drip
into the clean glass.

6. When done, add 2 drops of bleach (which contains chlorine)

to your filtrated water. Stir for 1 minute.

Step 7: Analysis
When we poured the dirty water into the filter paper, the dirt
didn't go through the filter, but the water did. This is because of
the tiny holes in the filter paper.
Experiment : 4
1. Raw charcoal is dirty and not suited for boiling. Wash them
under running water. You can use a scrub brush to help in
the process. Do not use any detergent! It will destroy the
beneficial effects of the charcoal and will spoil the water.
2. Sterilize it in boiling water. Use a large uncovered pot. Boil
for about 10 minutes.
3. Put the charcoal into a colander to squeeze out the water
and let it cool down. Gently submerge the charcoal in a
container poured with tap water or well water. Use about
100 grams of charcoal for every 1 liter of water.
4. In order to prevent dust from entering, cover it with a
dishcloth and let it sit for 1 – 2 days. It is recommended to
use a container made of stainless steel, porcelain enamel,
ceramic, or glass.
5. Pour this water into a vessel and use it for cooking or put it
in the refrigerator as a drinking water. This is your
sterilized water! Refill the container containing the
charcoal with water to make more purified water. You can
repeat this process for one week.
6. Clean the dirt off the charcoal once a week. The method is:
boil, let it cool down, and dry it for one week. To use the
charcoal again, simply start from number 1 method. It is
best to prepare two sets of charcoal and rotate them weekly.
In this way, the charcoal can be used for 6 months! But
take note that the mineral amount of the charcoal will
gradually deplete after 10 days of use.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHEMISTRY N.C.E.R.T

COMPREHENSIVE CHEMISTRY LAB

MANUAL

WIKIPEDIA

INSTRUCTORS.COM

SCIENCE ENCYCLOPEDIA