PART A

Substitution in differential equations is much like substitution in ordinary integrals.

Sometimes a well-chosen substitution allows us actually to solve an equation. Sometimes it
allows us to simplify an equation before we resort to numerical or qualitative techniques.

Question from Book Advanced Engineering Mathematics page 74 exercise 25 and 26.

Solve the given differential equation by using an appropriate substitution.

𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

Solution :

𝑢 =𝑥+𝑦

𝑦 =𝑢−𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
− 1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢 + 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑢 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (use pythagorean identities)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢

cos 2𝑢+1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 = 2

cos 2𝑢+1
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 integrate both side
2

1 1
∫ cos 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 sin 2𝑢 1
+ 𝑢 =𝑥+𝑐
2 2 2

Recall
𝒖=𝒙+𝒚
1 sin 2 (𝑥+𝑦) 1
+ (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 2
1 1
sin 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑐 multiply by 4
4 2

sin 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 4𝑥 + 4𝑐

sin 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 4𝑥 = 4𝑐

sin 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2(𝑦 − 𝑥) = 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = 4

 𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑢 =𝑥+𝑦

𝑦 =𝑢−𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
− 1 = sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sin 𝑢 + 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑢 + 1
1 − sin 𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
1 − sin 𝑢
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢
1 sin 𝑢
∫ − = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑢

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 − (sec 𝑢 𝑥 tan 𝑢) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥

tan 𝑢 − sec 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

Recall

u = (x + y)

tan( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − sec( 𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑥 + 𝑐

tan( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − sec( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − 𝑥 = 𝑐
PART B

Question from Book Advanced Engineering Mathematics page 91.

1. A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine containing
1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at a rate of 4 L/min; the well‐mixed
solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the number A(t) of grams of salt in the tank at
time t.

𝑑𝐴
= 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 − 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑇
1 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝐴 (𝑡) 4𝐿
= 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 200 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝐴 (𝑡)
=4- 50

1 1
𝑑𝐴 𝐴 (𝑡)
+ =4 integrating factor 𝑒 ∫50𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 50𝑡
𝑑𝑡 50

1 1
[𝑒 50𝑡 𝐴] = 4𝑒 50𝑡

1 1
𝑒 50𝑡 𝐴 = ∫ 4𝑒 50 𝑑𝑡

1 1
𝑒 50𝑡 𝐴 = 200 𝑒 50𝑡 + 𝐶
1
𝐴 (𝑡) = 200 + 𝐶𝑒 −50𝑡 𝐴(0) = 30
1
𝐴 (𝑡) = 200 − 170𝑒 −50𝑡
Reference

Dennis G. Zill and Warren S.Wright (2014). Engineering Mathematics Fifth Edition.
Burlington. World Haedquarter.