Two stroke engine Four stroke engine Petrol engine Diesel engine

It has one power It has one power The petrol engine The diesel engine
stroke for each stroke for every two works on Otto cycle works on diesel cycle
revolution of the revolutions of the i.e. on constant i.e. on constant
crankshaft. crankshaft. volume. pressure.
Lighter flywheel is Heavy flywheel is The air and petrol are The fuel is fed into the
required and engine required and engine mixed in the cylinder by a fuel
runs balanced runs unbalanced carburetor before injector and is mixed
because turning because turning they enter into with air inside the
moment is more even moment on the the cylinder. cylinder.
due to one power crankshaft is not even
stroke for each due to one power
revolution of the stroke for every two
crankshaft. revolutions of the
crankshaft.
Engine is light Engine is heavy The petrol engine The diesel engine
compresses a mixture compresses only a
of air and petrol which charge of air and
is ignited by an ignition is
electric spark. done by the heat of
compression.
Engine design is Engine design is Compression ratio is Compression ratio is
simple due to absence complicated due to low. higher in diesel
of valve mechanism. valve mechanism. engine.
Less cost than 4 More cost. Less power is Due to higher
stroke. produced due to compression ratio
lower compression more power is
ratio. produced.
More mechanical Less mechanical Petrol engine is fitted It is fitted with a fuel
efficiency due to less efficiency due to more with a spark plug injector.
friction on a few parts. friction on many parts.
Less output due to More output due to Burns fuel that has Burns fuel that has
mixing of fresh charge full fresh charge high volatility. low volatility.
with the hot burnt intake and full burnt
gases. gases
exhaust.
Engine runs hotter. Engine runs cooler. Fuel consumption in Fuel consumption in
petrol engine is high. diesel engine is less.
More noise is created Less noise is created Lighter Heavier
by engine. by engine.
Engine consists of Engine consists of Lower maintenance Higher maintenance
inlet and exhaust inlet and exhaust cost. cost.
ports. valve.
Used in mopeds, Used in cars, buses, Lesser starting Greater starting
scooters, motorcycles trucks etc. problem. problem.
etc.

Micro hydropower can be one of the most simple and consistent forms or renewable energy on your
property.
How a Micro hydropower System Works
Hydropower systems use the energy in flowing water to produce electricity or mechanical energy.
Although there are several ways to harness the moving water to produce energy, run-of-the-river
systems, which do not require large storage reservoirs, are often used for micro hydropower systems.
1. For run-of-the-river micro hydropower systems, a portion of a river's water is diverted to a water
conveyance -- channel, pipeline, or pressurized pipeline (penstock) -- that delivers it to a turbine or
waterwheel.
2. The moving water rotates the wheel or turbine, which spins a shaft. The motion of the shaft can be
used for mechanical processes, such as pumping water, or it can be used to power an alternator or
generator to generate electricity.
3. A micro hydropower system can be connected to an electric distribution system (grid-connected),
or it can stand alone (off-grid).

Micro hydropower System Components

Run-of-the-river micro hydropower systems consist of these basic components:

 Water conveyance -- channel, pipeline, or pressurized pipeline (penstock) that delivers the
water
 Turbine, pump, or waterwheel -- transforms the energy of flowing water into rotational
energy
 Alternator or generator -- transforms the rotational energy into electricity
 Regulator -- controls the generator
 Wiring -- delivers the electricity.

Micro hydropower System Turbines

Turbines are commonly used today to power micro hydropower systems. The moving water strikes
the turbine blades, much like a waterwheel, to spin a shaft. There are two general types of turbines:
impulse and reaction.
Impulse turbines, which have the least complex design, are most commonly used for high-head micro
hydro systems. They rely on the velocity of water to move the turbine wheel, which is called the
runner. Reaction turbines, which are highly efficient, depend on pressure rather than velocity to
produce energy. All blades of the reaction turbine maintain constant contact with the water. These
turbines are often used in large-scale hydropower sites.

Pumps and Waterwheels

Conventional pumps can be used as substitutes for hydraulic turbines. When the action of a pump is
reversed, it operates like a turbine. Pumps are also less efficient and more prone to damage.
The waterwheel is the oldest hydropower system component. Waterwheels are still available, but
they aren't very practical for generating electricity because of their slow speed and bulky structure.