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Contents [hide]
1 Pharmacodynamics
2 Clinical uses: FDA-approved indications
3 Pharmacokinetics
4 Adverse effects
5 Prescribing information
6 References
Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat, Aropax) is an SSRI approved for major depressive disorder and
most anxiety disorders. In clinical practice, many clinicians use it for patients with anxious
depression. However, this observation hasn’t been specifically studied in randomized
controlled trials.
Regarding its side effects profile, important features include higher risk for sexual
dysfunction, discontinuation syndrome and weight gain.
Pharmacodynamics
Paroxetine inhibits the reuptake of serotonin by blocking the SERT transporter. The drug
also can inhibit the norepinephrine transporter, but this happens at high doses. So far, no
clear clinical implications for this noradrenergic feature have been described.
The other property paroxetine has is its ability to block muscarinic receptors, this causes
the drug to have anticholinergic effects. The importance for this in clinical practice is that
central anticholinergic effects can trigger cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Paroxetine is approved for major depressive disorder and most anxiety disorders.
Regarding anxiety disorders the two formulations are approved for the treatment of panic
disorder and social anxiety disorder. Paroxetine immediate release is approved for
obsessive compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress
disorder.
Pharmacokinetics
Among the SSRIs, paroxetine is one of the most potent CYP2D6 inhibitors. It is a substrate
for and an inhibitor of this isoenzyme.
Paroxetine has nonlinear pharmacokinetics, this means that higher doses can produce
disproportionately greater plasma drug concentrations as the enzyme becomes
saturated.
Adverse effects
• Nausea
• Headache
• Somnolence
• Dry mouth
• Sweating
Nausea can affect treatment adherence, we’ll see in a minute what the manufacturer did
to reduce this side effect.
All SSRIs can cause sexual dysfunction. However, it is more problematic with paroxetine
than with other SSRIS. This is a dose dependent side effect and we should consider it
before prescribing paroxetine.
The usual dosage range for depression is between 20 to 50 mg/day for the immediate
release formulation and between 25-62.5 mg/day for the controlled release formulation.
In this table we can see the most relevant differences between the two formulations.
The next question that you might be asking is: why was the CR version developed? One of
the most common side effects in clinical trials was nausea, this caused a dropout rate of
16%. So, the manufacturer came up with a polymeric matrix formulation that according
to two clinical trials had a lower incidence of nausea. This resulted in a dropout rate of 10
%. This formulation slows the dissolution rate to 4 to 5 hours and delays the release of
active paroxetine until the tablets have left the stomach.
Another difference is that the immediate release formulation is available as scored tablets.
This is important since paroxetine controlled release shouldn’t be chewed or cut in half,
as this can alter its properties.
Both formulations are dosed as single daily dose. The manufacturer recommends that
patients take the medication usually in the morning, but it can be given at the evening too.
Lastly, paroxetine is labeled as pregnancy risk category D (this means that there is
positive evidence or risk to human fetus).
Note: this article can also be found in Spanish “Paroxetina: farmacodinamia, indicaciones,
efectos adversos, farmacocinética y posología”
References
1. Bourin, M., Chue, P., & Guillon, Y. (2001). Paroxetine: a review. CNS drug
reviews, 7(1), 25-47.
2. Paxil CR (Paroxetine CR) [Prescribing Information]. Research Triangle Park, NC :
GlaxoSmithKline.
3. Paxil (Paroxetine CR) [Prescribing Information]. Research Triangle Park, NC :
GlaxoSmithKline.
4. Gibiino, S., & Serretti, A. (2012). Paroxetine for the treatment of depression: a
critical update. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 13(3), 421-431.
5. Dent, Robert, et al. “Changes in body weight and psychotropic drugs: a systematic
synthesis of the literature.” PloS one 7.6 (2012): e36889.
6. Schatzberg, Alan F., and Charles B. Nemeroff, eds. The American psychiatric
publishing textbook of psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub, 2009.