Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-3 , 2016
ISSN : 2454-1362 , http://www.onlinejournal.in
Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural-
Disaster Management Cycle
Natarajan Krishnamoorthi
Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology (SET),
Periyar ManiammaiUuniversity, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract : Disasters are inevitable in nature, and
recouping of damage is almost impossible. The main
objective of this study is to assess and review the
current applications of Remote Sensing (RE) and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in disaster
management cycle. It provides the fascinated
researchers a starting point to identify prospective
research directions in the field of disaster
management and help to revive relevant issues
concerning about disaster risk. RE and GIS is
potentially applicable to address various issue and
manage policies for all phases in disaster
management cycle. Visualization capabilities,
generation of real-time data of these technologies
have increased the attention and utility of these
systems by experts of various committees. These
systems generate data over a large area anywhere in
the earth, irrespective of the nature of the locality
and provide precise, regular and almost
instantaneous information. Integration of GIS with
Remote Sensing technology acts as a tool to solve
complex planning and management problems and
support decision making in disaster management
cycle.
1. Introduction
Throughout the World in the recent past, whether it is
a natural hazard or by the intervention of human
activities, disasters have become an issue of rising
alarm [11]. Natural disasters are intense events within
our global system, which brings forth major changes
in the environment over a short period of time. The
outcome of which leads to injury or death of living
organisms, smash up of expensive properties such as
communication system, physical infrastructure and
loss of natural wealth such as agricultural land,
environment, forests, etc [14]. They have a profound
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impact on the socio-economic system of a Nation.
Depending on the nature of the disaster, the impacts
may be swift or slow as in case of earthquake and
drought respectively [1]. According to the frequency
and magnitude of occurrence, disaster may vary in
their trigger, duration, scale and necessary actions.
Natural disasters arise in many parts of the earth, and
each type of disasters is confined to particular
regions. It have been estimated that more than 95
percent of all deaths in developing countries were
due to natural disasters. These places are particularly
vulnerable to disasters because of densely packed
population and poor infrastructures which gets
coupled with unbalanced landforms and continuous
exposure to severe weather changes.
For the past four decades, disaster events such as
floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storms, etc,
have caused a great havoc to livelihoods and brought
down the socio-economic status of a country apart
from severe damage to the environment. These
catastrophic events clearly swab out years of urban
development by demolishing the buildings and other
infrastructures and killing thousands to millions of
people (Raheem et al.,2000). One such example
which caused an immense loss to lives and properties
is the 2011 Tsunami in Japan.
2. Classification of Disasters
It is very essential to get insight knowledge on the
differences between the terms disaster and hazard.
Hazard is defined as a potentially damaging
phenomenon. For example when earthquake occurs
in abandoned places, it is not considered as a disaster.
Instead if it occurs in a inhabited area and brings
greatloss, damage or destruction, then it is called a
disaster. There are several ways used to classify the
different types of disaster. One such possible
classification is between:
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Vol-2, Issue-3 , 2016
ISSN : 2454-1362 , http://www.onlinejournal.in
Natural Disasters are the events which takes place
purely by natural phenomena and results in heavy
loss to livelihoods and societies (example:
earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic
eruptions,etc). Man-made disasters are the events
which occur due to human activities such as
pollution, nuclear accidents, industrial chemical
accidents, oil spills, major armed conflicts, etc.
2.1. Cataloging of Natural Disasters
However the researchers [8], classified the natural
disasters into 5 major and 30 sub-types. They are
shown below. Major disasters definitions are
mentioned as follows: Geophysical events are the
Figure 1. Classification of Disasters
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events originating from solid earth.Meteorological
events caused by short-lived/small to meso-scale
atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes
to days). Hydrological Events caused by deviations in
the normal water cycle and/or overflow of bodies of
water caused by wind set-up. Climatological Events
caused by long-lived/meso- to macro-scale processes
(in the spectrum from intraseasonal to multi-decadal
climate variability). Biological Disaster caused by the
exposure of living organisms to germs and toxic
substances.
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Vol-2, Issue-3 , 2016
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Table 1. Classification of Major and Subcategories of Natural Disaster

Geophysical Hydrological Meteorological Climatological Biological

 Earthquake  Flood  Convective  Drought  Animal

storm stampede
 Volcanic Activity  Landslide  Glacial
 Extra- Lake  Epidemic
 Mass movement  Wave tropical Outburst
action Cyclone i. Viral
i. Rockfall  Wildfire infectious
 Fog disease
ii. Landslide  Extreme
 Tropical temperat ii. Bacterial
iii. Avalanche
Cyclone ure infectious
iv. subsidence disease
i. Heat
wave iii. Parasitic
infectious
ii. Cold disease
wave
iv. Fungal
infectious
disease

v. Prion
infectious
disease

 Insect
Infestatio
n

3. Remote Sensing Technology and

GIS Technology
Earth Observation System (EOS) otherwise known
as Remote Sensing (RE) and GIS assist
professionals of disaster management in a very
effective manner and provides more precise data’s.
With this technology it is ease to obtain
homogeneous data covering the entire world over a
short period of time. Remote Sensing involves in
assessing the extent of damage incurred during the
time of disaster, identification of possible escape
routes and location of areas for storage of
temporary housing.
Diverged Array of spectral bands in visible (VIS),
near infrared (NIR), short wave infrared (SWIR),
thermal infrared (TIR) and synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) provide sufficient spectral coverage for
observing natural hazards and also aids in computer
enhancement of the acquired data (tab.2) . Each
sensor provides distinctive information about
different properties of surface objects or the
shallow layers of the earth. For instant to measure
surface temperature thermal sensors are employed,
microwave sensors used to detect dielectric
properties. This in turn reveals the moisture content
of surface soil or of snow.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-3 , 2016
ISSN : 2454-1362 , http://www.onlinejournal.in

Table 2. EMR Wavelengths and Sensors

Wavelength Waveband Applicable for Sensors example

Visible (VIS) 0.4-0.7mm Vegetation mapping SPOT; Landsat TM
Building stock assessment AVHRR; MODIS; IKONOS
Population density IKONOS; MODIS
Digital elevation model ASTER; PRISM
Near infrared (NIR) 0.7-1.0mm Vegetation mapping SPOT; Landsat TM; AVHRR;
MODIS
Flood mapping MODIS
Shortwave infrared 0.7-3.0mm Water vapour AIRS
(SWIR)
Thermal infrared (TIR) 3.0-14mm Active fire detection MODIS
Burn scar mapping MODIS
Hotspots MODIS; AVHRR
Volcanic activity Hyperion
Microwave (Radar) 0.1-100cm Earth deformation and ground Radarsat SAR; PALSAR
movement
Rainfall Meteosat; Microwave Imager
(aboard TRMM)
River discharge and volume AMSR-E
Flood mapping and forecasting AMSR-E
Surface winds QuikScat radar
3D storm structure Precipitation radar (aboard
TRMM)

4. Disaster Management Cycle recovery and response (fig.2). Mitigation and

The intensification and severities of calamities have
been raised in the past years. This is primarily due to
increased population pressure and various factors
contributed by natural or human interventions.
Therefore a complete strategies necessarily required
for effective mitigation of the impacts of the
disasters, which is known disaster management cycle
. There are different components in the disaster
management cycle such as mitigation, preparedness,
preparedness are the pre-disaster phase primarily
concerned about the strategies to reduce the potential
risks for material, living organisms or environment
issues caused by the events (disasters). Emergency
phase comprises of relief and rescue operations that
include checking up of Epidemic spread of diseases
and assessments of loss. Basically it aims in ensuring
the victims that their needs and provisions are met to
alleviate and reduce suffering [5].

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-2, Issue-3 , 2016
ISSN : 2454-1362 , http://www.onlinejournal.in
Figure 2- Disaster Management Cycle
5. Role of Remote Sensing in Disaster
Management Cycle
In the current scenario owing to the increasing
efficient quality of the sensor technology and
increase in number of operational satellites that are
launched by many space research organizations and
firms around the world, the field of remote sensing
or earth observation has made a remarkable
development and achievement in all fields of life.
Technological innovations in the field of science and
engineering in the last few years made it easier in
reducing the disaster risks and helps in planning for
the future. The combination of internet along with
technologies such as Geographic Information system
(GIS) renders possible knowledge in understanding
and communicating the socio-economic and physical
complexities of disasters.
GIS technology predicts disaster places which are
vulnerable and most probable to occur [6]. So by
understanding and knowing the areas where the
disaster happens, it is ease for the international
organizations to develop a new, more effective and
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efficient methods to mitigate further risks. The extent
of damage is dependent on the density of the
population, physical infrastructure and means
accessible for mitigation purposes such as evacuation
site, flood control dams, etc. GIS synthesize
information from a vast number of different data
resources and helps in assessing disaster impact, plan
response and relief strategies. Remote sensing and
Geographic Information system plays a vital role to
evolve suitable and sustainable strategies for
assessing, managing and mitigating the disasters and
also provides an occupational framework to indentify
and fill the gaps.
Remotely sensed data’s helps rapidly in identifying
hardest-hit areas, manipulates population density in
disaster-prone areas, monitors rehabilitation or
reconstruction after a major havoc. During a crisis, it
facilitates plan for timely evacuation and recovery
operations.Remote sensing is the only way to
overview the disaster events happening on the earth’s
crust. Remote sensing plays a vital role in many
aspects of disaster management, ranging from risk
modeling and vulnerability analysis to early warning
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and damage assessment. Some of the functions of remote sensing are listed below in table 3.

.Table 3. Role of remote sensing in Disaster Management

Disaster Response Preparedness Mitigation Recovery

cyclone Impact Early warning Vulnerability Damage

Assessment, signs, long range Analysis and Risk assessment;
identifying routes climate modeling Modeling
to escape, Crisis spatial planning.
Mapping, Regular
monitoring of
cyclones and Storm
surge predictions.

Drought Assessing the Weather Risk modeling; Informing

extent of damage, forecasting; drought
monitoring vulnerability mitigation.
vegetation vegetation analysis;
monitoring;
land and water
crop water management
requirement planning
mapping;

early warning.

Earthquake Identifying escape Measuring strain Hazard mapping Damage

routes, planning accumulation. and assessment of assessment;
routes for search building stock
and rescue identifying sites
for
rehabilitation.

fire Coordinating fire Fire detection; Identifying and Damage

fighting efforts mapping fire-prone assessment.
predicting areas, monitoring
spread/direction of fuel load, risk
fire; modelling

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ISSN : 2454-1362 , http://www.onlinejournal.in

early warning

Flood Flood mapping; Flood detection; Identifying and Damage

mapping flood- assessment.
evacuation early warning; prone areas,
planning; delineating flood- Spatial planning
rainfall mapping. plains, land-use
damage assessment mapping

landslide Mapping the Monitoring the Risk modelling; Damage

affected area amount of rainfall assessment,
and stability of hazard mapping; spatial planning,
slopes and suggesting
digital elevation management
models. practices.

Volcano Mapping lava Monitoring Hazard mapping, Damage

flows, emissions and risk modeling and assessment,
thermal alerts digital elevation spatial planning.
model.

The researchers [10] in their studies found the
application of remote sensing in the management of
oil spills. When compared to the Optical remote
sensing, radar and microwave remote sensing has the
capability to penetrate even the clouded sky and
5.1Mitigation
Mitigation of risk, and therefore reduction in the
likelihood of a disaster occurring, is an essential
measurement in disaster management cycle. Some
[7] proposed that knowledge on Remote sensing
helps in mitigation activities such as engineering
structures, hazard consequences modeling to detect
and determine the methods for sinking vulnerability,
and land use planning. Table 4 gives some Examples
of information and data requirements during the
reduction /mitigation phase. The researchers [3],
found that acquisition of remotely sensed data were
used to notify planning of land use, a key
instrumental tool which helps the authorities and
organizations to minimize or avoid hazard risk. For
the purpose of re-strengthening the affected area, it is
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deliver all relevant data for flood mapping,
monitoring and management. It helps to develop
flood hazard maps with indicating the regions prone
to high risk [4].
essential to identify the infrastructures and buildings
at the encountered region. Remotely sensed data is
very useful in collecting the asset data with high
precision and magnification [9]. High resolution
DEM data’s by airborne LiDAR, SAR is used for
land use planning around active faults to reduce risk
from future development in fault hazard locations.
Knowledge of fault displacement rates are used in
numerical models in order to forecast the magnitude
of possible earthquakes. Sensors such as ½,
ENVISAT ASAR, ALOS PALSAR aids in fault
displacement. Images supplemented by Airborne
LiDAR are very much useful in flood plan mapping
i.e., identification of flood plains which helps to
determine the changes in land use and identify areas
developing protective measures such as stopbanks.
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Baseline topographic data provided by AVNIR-2 aids
in hazard modeling. Very high resolution optical
images from Ikonos assist with hazard mapping to
identify key infrastructure at risk- the risk can then be
addressed through mitigation or built in redundancy.
It can also be used for later damage assessment for
post-disaster. Hazard mapping for infrastructure
planning, locating potential and actual unstable
slopes is an essential factor. For this DEM,
interferometric SAR, high resolution stereo optical
images from Airborne LiDAR, ENVISAT ASAR,
ALOS PALSAR, and aerial photography plays a vital
role. Images from ASTER sensors aids to determine
lahar and lava flow paths, locating of safety shelters,
etc. continuous time series of data by RADARSAT-2
is used to determine drought zones, create fire hazard
mapping, etc. optical and polarimetric SAR by
SPOT, ASTER RADARSAT-2 is used for catchment
management planning to reduce flood and landslide
risk.
5.2Preparedness
The identification and potential development of basic
systems, skills and resources before the advent of
disaster events is known as preparedness or
readiness. The readiness planning gives less strain to
the communities and reduces the recovery times [12].
The researchers [2] propose that personalization of
risk is a prime factor in the hazard management
practices. LiDAR images supplement high resolution
risk and hazards maps. These maps in turn provide a
clear knowledge to the authorities regarding the
location, nature and range of hazards threatening
their communities. In case of volcanic eruptions,
acquisition of images from aperture radar, OMI UV/
visible imagery and ASTER thermal imagery on a
routine basis helps to monitor deformation, gaseous
emissions and Crater Lake temperatures respectively
[9]. The table 5, provides information and data that
are required during the preparedness phase. Severe
weather warnings data’s given by sensors such as
GOES, NOAA, Metosat helps in providing valuable
advanced warning of severe events to the public and
emergency planners via meteorologists. Rate of
movement for slow moving landslides and early
detection of deformation in volcanic regions was for
forecasting of possible eruptions were provided by
sensors such as ALOS, PALSAR, and ENVISAT.A
SMAP sensor provides data’s pertaining to soil
moisture content. This in-turn helps to determine
drought and agricultural productivity decline, ability
of soils to retain water to indicate flood and landslide
potential. To understand pre-eruptive characteristics
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for forecasting purposes, ground temperature
variability is a necessary criterion. This is to monitor
heating and cooling cycles of volcanoes and thermal
images were provided by sensors such as AVHRR,
MODIS, ASTER, etc. LADS, Topex Poseidon helps
in Tsunami hazard modeling by providing data’s for
coastal and bathymetric mapping. For use in public
education about hazards and risks to foster greater
readiness of individuals, households and
organizations, Ikonos sensors provide moderate to
high resolution optical imagery often overlaying a
DEM to display and advertise of potential hazards. It
also provides realistic scenarios in civil defence
emergency management to exercise proper
development and planning. Broad scale thermal
imagery provided by sensors such as MODIS, GOES,
AVHRR helps in detecting sea temperature or
atmospheric pressure changes in cyclone or hurricane
or typhoon generating latitudes.
5.3Response
Protection of life and properties during the time of
disasters is the goal of the response phase. This phase
includes activities such as evacuating the affected
site, evaluating the building safety, search and rescue,
building sandbagging along the riverbanks, etc.
Remotely sensed data taken to assess the extent of
damage in response phase will be integrated with the
recovery phase. It is very crucial to have the current
and appropriate intelligence on the fire location, fuel
conditions and fire-front. So this near-real time data
allows the authorities to properly plan the fire attack,
thereby rescuing many lives, natural resources and
time. Radasat, ASTER, Quickbird, Ikonos are
example of some sensors which helps in determining
magnitude, location and duration of impacts in
widespread storm or earthquake induced landslides.
Data’s provided by GOES, TOMS, MODIS were
used by volcanic ash advisories to warn airlines of
hazardous flight paths. Terra SAR-X, Cosmo Sky-
Med sensors helps in locating the ships in the ocean
during storm. Co-seismic and Post-seismic
deformation data’s were rendered by sensors such as
ENVISAT, ALOS, PALSAR, etc. They assists in
confirming magnitude of earthquakes and forecasting
possible aftershocks.
5.4. Recovery
The recovery phase should deal with the assessment
of damage, rehabilitation, and restoration of pre-
disaster environment. For this purpose new thematic
maps need to be generated. Remotely sensed data
acquired after the disasters are incorporated with the
GIS technology and results in the creation of new
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thematic maps . Information pertaining to the rate of
recovery such as re-growth of vegetation,
reconstruction, debris removal can be obtained with
the aid of Aerial photography, Quickbird,
Worldview, Ikonos. These sensors helps in
comparing the effectiveness of erosion recovery
strategies, identifies areas of “eresidual risk”.
Eresidual risk areas are the places that are not
recovered and are more vulnerable to future events. It
also useful to determine if aid funding was been used
properly. To predict these information, the acquired
image data’s should be of moderate to very high
resolution in a continuous time series. It also enables
the researches to create a new baseline maps for
locating the infrastructure facilities. These data’s
assists in planning areas for fund allocation (Status
Quo). Revised DEM data’s are necessarily required
to know the local and regional elevation changes
after a drastic volcanic eruptions or earth quake.
Sensors such as ASAR, ALOS, PALSAR, ENVISAT
renders these kinds of elevation data.
7. Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge the support and help
offered by the staff members of Department of Civil
Engineering and Management at Periyar Maniammai
University, Thanjavur for granting me the permission
to write this review article. I am so grateful to my
friend Dharshana U. S., who encouraged me to
pursuit this topic and spent extra time helping me to
achieve a clearer structural concepts.
8. Glossary
Japanese Space Agency (JAXA)
Advanced Land Observing Satellite
ALOS
Advanced Visible and Near Infrared
AVNIR-2
sensor. Useful for local to regional
scale mapping and monitoring
Japanese Space Agency (JAXA)
Advanced Land Observing Satellite L
ALOS
Band SAR satellite. Useful for
PALSAR
deformation monitoring in regions of
dense vegetation
C Band Advanced Synthetic Aperture
ASAR
RADAR
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal
ASTER
Emission and Reflection Radiometer
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
6. Conclusions
This paper presents a general review on utilization of
remote sensing and GIS for natural disaster
management cycle. Remote sensing can be
potentially employed to address various aspects of
disaster management cycle. Rather focusing only on
emergency response, it is essential to consider all
facets of disaster management. Remotely sensed data
extend their support to disaster management
organizations via providing relevant and accurate
information in a temporally, spectrally and spatially
significant context. In addition to it, one should tailor
the technologies owing to remote sensing to fulfill
the desired requirements of the disaster organization.
It is necessary to examine and evaluate the so far
accomplished work in relevant fields of various
natural and manmade disasters. This could guide to
identify the thrust areas and pave necessary way for
future research.
on board NASA’s Terra satellite.
Useful for monitoring volcanic activity
Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (NOAA - National
AVHRR Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration). Useful for regional to
national scale applications
Colour Infrared - three band standard
display of green, red and near infrared
CIR
light displayed as blue, green and red
respectively
DEM Digital elevation model
Disaster Monitoring Constellation.
DMC
International collaboration between
space agencies in , , , and the for
regional scale mapping (optical)
European Space Agency Satellite with
ENVISAT
a suite of SAR and optical sensors
European Space Agency Satellite with
ERS
a suite of SAR and optical sensors
Geostationary Operational
GOES Environmental Satellites - used for
metrological applications
Very high spatial resolution
commercial satellite (GeoEye). Useful
Ikonos
for local scale mapping and
monitoring (e.g. buildings and assets)
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture
InSAR
RADAR - technique used for
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measuring surface deformation
Keyhole Markup Language - native
KML
language for Google Earth files
LADS Laser Airborne Depth Sounder
Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus.
Useful for long term regional scale
Landsat
mapping and monitoring, though
ETM+
technical malfunctioning limits data
coverage
Thematic Mapper. Useful for long
Landsat TM term regional scale mapping and
monitoring
Light Detection and Ranging. Used for
LiDAR creating very high spatial resolution
DEMs
European geostationary
Meteosat
meteorological satellite
Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectrometer. Used for hotspot
modis monitoring of fires and volcanic
activity on a regional to continental
scale
National Aeronautics and Space
NASA
Administration
Ozone Monitoring Instrument - used
OMI
for monitoring volcanic gas emissions
Polarimetric Interferometric Synthetic
POLInSAR
Aperture RADAR
Permanent Scatterers Interferometric
PS-InSAR
Synthetic Aperture RADAR
Very high spatial resolution
commercial satellite (Digital Globe).
Quickbird
Useful for local scale mapping and
monitoring (e.g. buildings and assets)
Canadian Space Agency C Band SAR
RADARSAT
satellite
Constellation of five high resolution
optical satellites, the combination of
RapidEye
which provides a daily revisit
capability
Synthetic Aperture RADAR. Active
SAR sensor capable of capturing data
through clouds, smoke and haze
Soil Moisture Active Passive -
SMAP
scheduled for launch in 2012
Satellite Pour l’Observation de la
SPOT Terre - French Space Agency (CNES -
Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales)
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
colour infrared and panchromatic earth
observation satellite
Short Wave Infrared. Used for
SWIR volcanic ash and gas monitoring and
also vegetation applications
Terra SAR-X X-band SAR satellite
Thermal Infrared, used for fire and
TIR
volcanic activity monitoring
Joint CNES / NASA satellite altimetry
Topex mission, used for studying sea level,
Poseidon ocean bathymetry, tides and ocean
currents (now succeeded by Jason)
UAS Unmanned Airborne System
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Ultra Violet - non-visible short
UV wavelength radiation, useful for
volcanic gas estimation
Very high spatial resolution
commercial satellite (Digital Globe).
Useful for local scale mapping and
Worldview
monitoring (e.g. buildings and assets).
Currently only panchromatic.
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