Complex Numbers

1. The complex number system

There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x 2 + 1 = 0. To permit solutions of this
and similar equations, the set of complex numbers is introduced.
We can consider a complex number as having the form a + bi where a and b are real number and i,
which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that i 2 = – 1.
It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z which is denoted by (Re z) and ‘b’ is called
as imaginary part of z which is denoted by (Im z).
Any complex number is :
(i) Purely real, if b = 0 ; (ii) Purely imaginary, if a = 0
(iii) Imaginary, if b  0.
NOTE : (a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the complete
number system is N  W  I  Q  R  C.
(b) Zero is purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i = 1 is called the imaginary unit.
Also i² =  1; i 3 =  i ; i 4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of a or b is non - negative.
(e) z = a + ib, then a – ib is called complex conjugate of z and written as z = a – ib
(f ) Natural power of iota i.e. in.
If n=4k form then in=i4k=(i4)r=(1)k=1=i0 . If n=4k+1 form then in=i4k+1=(i4)k.i1=(1)r.i=i1
n
If n=4k+2 form then i =i 4k+2 4 r 2 2
=(i ) .i =(i) =-1 If n=4r+3 form then in=i4r+3=(i4)r.i3=(i)3=-i
n r
Hence i = i where r is the remainder when n is divided by 4.
Self Practice Problems
1. Write the following as complex number
(i)  16 (ii) x , (x > 0)
(iii) –b +  4ac , (a, c> 0)
Ans. (i) 0 + i 16 (ii) x + 0i (iii) –b + i 4ac
2. Write the following as complex number
(i) x (x < 0) (ii) roots of x 2 – (2 cos)x + 1 = 0
2. Algebraic Operations:
Fundamental operations with complex numbers
In performing operations with complex numbers we can proceed as in the algebra of real numbers,
replacing i 2 by – 1 when it occurs.
1. Addition (a + bi) + (c + di) = a + bi + c + di = (a + c) + (b + d) i
2. Subtraction (a + bi) – c + di) = a + bi – c – di = (a – c) + (b – d) i
3. Multiplication (a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi 2 = (ac – bd) + (ad+ bc)i
a  bi a  bi c  bi ac  adi  bci  bdi 2
4. Division = . =
c  di c  di c  di c 2  d2i2
ac  bd  (bc  ad)i ac  bd bc  ad
= 2 2 = 2 2 +
i
c d c d c 2  d2
Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex number is
positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless.
In real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b however in complex numbers,
z12 + z 22 = 0 does not imply z 1 = z2 = 0.
Example : Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.
Solution Let z be the multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i. then
 z . (3 + 2i) = 1
1 3  2i
 z= = 
3  2i 3  2i 3  2i
3 2
 z= – i
13 13
 3 2 
  i Ans.
 13 13 
Self Practice Problem
1. Simplify i n+100 + i n+50 + i n+48 + i n+46 , n  .
Ans. 0

3. Equality In Complex Number:

Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts
are equal respectively
i.e. z1 = z 2  Re(z1) = Re(z2) and m (z1) = m (z2).
Example: Find the value of x and y for which (2 + 3i) x 2 – (3 – 2i) y = 2x – 3y + 5i where x, y  R.
Solution (z + 3i)x 2 – (3 – 2i)y = 2x – 3y + 5i
 2x 2 – 3y = 2x – 3y
 x2 – x = 0
 x = 0, 1 and 3x 2 + 2y = 5
5
 if x = 0,y = and if x = 1, y = 1
2
5
 x = 0, y = and x = 1, y = 1
2
 5
are two solutions of the given equation which can also be represented as  0,  & (1, 1)
 2
 5
 0,  , (1, 1) Ans.
 2
Example: Find the value of expression x 4 – 4x 3 + 3x 2 – 2x + 1 when x = 1 + i is a factor of expression.
Solution. x=1+i
 x–1=i
 (x – 1)2 = –1
 x 2 – 2x + 2 = 0
Now x 4 – 4x 3 + 3x 2 – 2x + 1
= (x 2 – 2x + 2) (x 2 – 3x – 3) – 4x + 7
 when x = 1 + i i.e. x 2 – 2x + 2 = 0
x 4 – 4x 3 + 3x 2 – 2x + 1 = 0 – 4 (1 + i) + 7
= –4 + 7 – 4i
= 3 – 4i Ans.
Example: Solve for z if z 2 + |z| = 0
Solution. Let z= x + iy
 (x + iy)2 + x2  y2 = 0

 x 2 – y2 + x 2  y 2 = 0 and 2xy = 0
 x = 0 or y = 0
when x =0 – y2 + | y | = 0
 y = 0, 1, –1
 z = 0, i, –i
when y =0 x2 + | x | = 0
 x=0  z = 0 Ans. z = 0, z = i, z = – i
Example: Find square root of 9 + 40i
Solution. Let (x + iy) 2 = 9 + 40i
 x 2 – y2 = 9 ................(i)
and xy = 20 ................(ii)
squing (i) and adding with 4 times the square of (ii)
we get x 4 + y4 – 2x 2 y2 + 4x 2 y2 = 81 + 1600
 (x 2 + y2)2 = 168
 x 2 + y2 = 4 ...............(iii)
from (i) + (iii) we get x 2 = 25  x=±5
and y = 16  y=±4
from equation (ii) we can see that
x & y are of same sign
 x + iy = +(5 + 4i) or = (5 + 4i)
 sq. roots of a + 40i = ± (5 + 4i) Ans. ± (5 + 4i)
Self Practice Prob-
lem
2
3 1
1. Solve for z : z = i z Ans. ±
2
– i, 0, i
2
4. Representation Of A Complex Number:
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane
known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (x, y).

Length OP is called modulus of the complex number which is denoted by z &  is called the
argument or amplitude.
y
z = x 2  y 2 &  = tan1 (angle made by OP with positive x axis)
x
NOTE : (i) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function. If  is the argument of a complex
number then 2 n+ ; n  I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of
a complex number differ by 2n
(ii) The unique value of  such that   <   is called the principal value of the argument.
Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(iii) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex
number 0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is only
given by its modulus.
(b) Trignometric/Polar Representation :
z = r (cos  + i sin ) where z = r; arg z = ; z = r (cos  i sin )

NOTE : cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS or ei .

eix e ix eix e ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
(c) Euler's Representation :
z = rei ; z = r; arg z = ; z = re i 
(d) Vectorial Representation :
Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of a point. If
the point P represents the complex numberz then, 
OP = z &  OP  = z
Example: Express the complex number z = – 1 + 2 i in polar form.
Solution. z = –1 + i 2
|z|= ( 1)2   2 2
= 1 2 = 3
 2
 
Arg z =  – tan–1  1  =  – tan–1 2 =  (say)
 
 z = 3 (cos  + i sin  ) where  =  – tan–1 2
Self Practice Problems
1. Find the principal argument and |z|
1 (9  i)
z=
2i
17 82
Ans. – tan–1 ,
11 5
2. Find the |z| and principal argument of the complex number z = 6(cos 310º – i sin 310°)
Ans. 6, 50°
5. Modulus of a Complex Number :
If z = a + ib, then it's modulus is denoted and defined by |z| = a 2  b 2 . Infact |z| is the distance
of z from origin. Hence |z 1 – z2| is the distance between the points represented by z 1 and z2.
Properties of modulus
z1 z1
(i) |z1z2| = |z1| . |z2| (ii) z2 = z2 (provided z2  0)
(iii) |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2| (iv) |z1 – z2|  ||z1| – |z2||

(Equality in (iii) and (iv) holds if and only if origin, z1 and z2 are collinear with z1 and z2 on the same side
of origin).
Example: If |z – 5 – 7i| = 9, then find the greatest and least values of |z – 2 – 3i|.
Solution. We have 9 = |z – (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i.
Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we
have to find its greatest and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4.
Example: Find the minimum value of |1 + z| + |1 – z|.
Solution |1 + z| + |1 – z|  |1 + z + 1 – z| (triangle inequality)
 |1 + z | + |1 – z|  2
 minimum value of (|1 + z| + |1 – z|) = 2
Geometrically |z + 1| + |1 – 2| = |z + 1| + |z – 1| which represents sum of distances of z from
1 and – 1
it can be seen easily that minimu (PA + PB) = AB = 2
 
1  n  
Ans. 21 / 4 e 8 
Example: 2
z = 1 then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|
z
2 2 2 2
Solution. z =1 |z|  z |z|+ 
z z 2 z
Let | z | = r
2 2
 2 r 1  r+
r R+ . . . ..............................(i)
1r  r

r+
r
and r  2 2
r  1 –1  r – 1
r
 r  (1, 2) .............(ii)
 from (i) and (ii) r  (1, 2)
Ans. r  (1, 2)
Self Practice Problem

1. |z – 3| < 1 and |z – 4i| > M then find the positive real value of M for which these exist at least one
complex number z satisfy both the equation.
Ans. M  (0, 6)

6. Agrument of a Complex Number :

Argument of a non-zero complex number P(z) is denoted and defined by arg(z) = angle which OP
makes with the positive direction of real axis.
If OP = |z| = r and arg(z) = , then obviously z = r(cos + isin), called the polar form of z. In what
follows, 'argument of z' would mean principal argument of z(i.e. argument lying in (–, ] unless the
context requires otherwise. Thus argument of a complex number z = a + ib = r(cos + isin) is the value
of  satisfying rcos = a and rsin = b.
b
Thus the argument of z = ,  – , –  + , – ,  = tan–1 , according as z = a + ib lies in , , 
a
or Vth quadrant.
Properties of arguments
(i) arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2) + 2m for some integer m.
(ii) arg(z1/z2) = arg (z1) – arg(z2) + 2m for some integer m.
(iii) arg (z2) = 2arg(z) + 2m for some integer m.
(iv) arg(z) = 0  z is real, for any complex number z  0
(v) arg(z) = ± /2  z is purely imaginary, for any complex number z  0
(vi) arg(z2 – z1) = angle of the line segment
PQ || PQ, where P lies on real axis, with the real axis.

 2
Example: Solve for z, which satisfy Arg (z – 3 – 2i) = and Arg (z – 3 – 4i) = .
6 3
Solution From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray

Example: Sketch the region given by

(i) Arg (z – 1 – i) /3
(ii) |z| =  5 & Arg (z – i – 1) >/3
Solution (i) (ii)

Self Practice Problems

1. Sketch the region given by
(i) |Arg (z – i – 2)| < /4 (ii) Arg (z + 1 – i) /6
2. Consider the region |z – 15i|  10. Find the point in the region which has
(i) max |z| (ii) min |z|
(iii) max arg (z) (iv) min arg (z)

7. Conjugate of a complex Number

Conjugate of a complex number z = a + b is denoted and defined by z = a – ib.
In a complex number if we replace i by – i, we get conjugate of the complex number. z is the mirror
image of z about real axis on Argand's Plane.

Properties of conjugate

(i) |z| = | z | (ii) z z = |z|2

(iii) ( z 1  z 2 ) = ( z1 ) + ( z 2 ) (iv) ( z 1  z 2 ) = ( z1 ) – ( z 2 )
 z1  ( z1 )
(v) ( z 1 z 2 ) = z1 z 2 (vi)   = (z  0)
z
 2 ( z2 ) 2
(vii) |z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) (z1  z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z2
(viii) ( z1 ) = z (ix) If w = f(z), then w = f( z )
(x) arg(z) + arg( z ) = 0
z 1
Example: If is purely imaginary, then prove that | z | = 1
z 1
 z  1
Solution. Re   =0
 z  1
z 1  z  1 z 1 z 1
 +   =0
  + =0
z 1  z  1  z  1 z 1
 zz – z + z – 1 + zz – z + z – 1 = 0
 zz = 1  | z |2 = 1
 |z|=1 Hence proved
Self Practice Problem
z1  2z 2
1. If is unmodulus and z2 is not unimodulus then find |z 1|.
2  z1z 2
Ans. |z1| = 2
8. Rotation theorem
(i) If P(z1) and Q(zz) are two complex numbers such that |z 1| = |z2|, then z2 = z1 eiwhere  = POQ
(ii) If P(z1), Q(z2) and R(z3) are three complex numbers and PQR = , then

 z3  z2  z3  z2
  i
 z z  = z1  z 2 e
 1 2 
(iii) If P(z1), Q(z2), R(z3) and S(z4) are four complex numbers and STQ = , then

z3  z2 z3  z 4
= i
z1  z 2 z1  z 2 e

 z  1 
Example: If arg   = then interrupter the locus.
 zi  3
 z  1 
Solution arg   =
 z  i  3
 1 z  
 arg   =
  1  z  3
 1 z 
Here arg   represents the angle between lines joining –1 and z and 1 + z. As this angle
  1 z 
is constant, the locus of z will be a of a circle segment. (angle in a segment is count). It can be
 1 z  2
seen that locus is not the complete side as in the major are arg   will be equal to – .
  1 z  3
Now try to geometrically find out radius and centre of this circle.
 1  2
centre   0, 
 Radius  Ans.
 3 3
Example: If A(z + 3i) and B(3 + 4i) are two vertices of a square ABCD (take in anticlock wise order) then
find C and D.
Solution. Let affix of C and D are z3 + z4 respectively
Considering DAB = 90º + AD = AB
z  (2  3 i) (3  4 i)  (2  3 i) i
we get 4 = e
AD AB 2
 z4 – (2 + 3i) = (1 + i) i
 Z4 = 2 + 3i+ i – 1 = 1 + zi
z 3  (3  4i) (z  3i)  (3  4i) i
and = e–
CB AB 2
 z3 = 3 + 4i – (1 + i) (–i)
z3 = 3 + 4i + i – 1 = z + 5i
Self Practice Problems
1. z1, z2, z3, z4 are the vertices of a square taken in anticlockwise order then prove that
2z2 = (1 + i) z 1 + (1 – i) z 3
Ans. (1 + i) z1 + (1 – i)z3
2. Check that z1z2 and z3z4 are parallel or, not
where, z1 = 1 + i z3 = 4 + 2i
z2 = 2 – i z4 = 1 – i
Ans. Hence, z1z2 and z3z4 are not parallel.
3. P is a point on the argand diagram on the circle with OP as diameter “two point Q and R are taken such
that POQ = QOR
If O is the origin and P, Q, R are represented by complex z 1, z2, z3 respectively then show that
z22 cos 2 = z1z3cos2
Ans. z1z3 cos2

9. Demoivre’s Theorem:
Case 
Statement :
If n is any integer
then
(i) (cos  + i sin  )n = cos n + i sin n
(ii) (cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2) + i sin 2) (cos3 + i sin 2) (cos 3 + i sin 3) . ....(cos n + i sin n)
= cos (1 + 2 + 3 + ... n) + i sin (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)
Case 
Statement : If p, q  Z and q  0 then
 2k  p   2k  p 
 + i sin  
 q  q 
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ..., q – 1
(cos  + i sin )p/q = cos 

NOTE : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined using theory of equations.

1 0 . Cube Root Of Unity :

(i) The cube roots of unity are 1,  1  i 3 ,  1  i 3 .
2 2
(ii) If  is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +  + ² = 0. In general 1 + r + 2r = 0;
where r  I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an
equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
a3  b3 = (a  b) (a  b) (a  ²b) ; x 2 + x + 1 = (x  ) (x  2) ;
a + b = (a + b) (a + b) (a +  b)
3 3 2 ; a2 + ab + b2 = (a – bw) (a – bw2)
a + b + c  3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)
3 3 3

Example: Find the value of 192 + 194

Solution. 192 + 194
= 1 + 2 =–
Ans. – 
Example: If 1, , 2 are cube roots of unity prove (i) (1 –  + 2) (1 +  –
2 2 5 2 5
 ) = 4 (ii) (1 –  +  ) + (1 +  –  ) = 32 (iii) (1 – ) (1 –
2) (1 –4) (1 – 8) = 9 (iv) (1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8).
...................................................................................... to 2n factors = 2 2n
Solution.
(1 –  + 2) (1 +  – 2)
(i)
= ( – 2) ( – 22)
=4
Self Practice Problem
10
r 2r
1. Find  (1     )
r 0
Ans. 12
11. nth Roots of Unity :
If 1, 1, 2, 3. ... n  1 are the n, nth root of unity then :

(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n) &

p p p
(ii) 1p +  1 +  2 +.... +  n  1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1  1) (1  2). . ... (1  n  1) = n &
(1 + 1) (1 + 2). . .... (1 + n  1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv) 1. 1. 2. 3. ........ n  1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
Example: Find the roots of the equation z 6 + 64 = 0 where real part is positive.
Solution. z6 = – 64
z6 = z6 . e+ i(2n + 1) xz

i( 2n 1)
 z=z e 6

   5 7 3 11
i i i i i i i
6 2 6 6 2 2
 z=2 e , 2e , ze 2 , ze = e , ze , ze
i 11
i
 roots with +ve real part are = e 6 + e 6

 
i 
2e  6 Ans.
 6
 2k 2k 
Example: Find the value   sin 7
 cos
7 

k 1
6 6
 2k   2k 
Solution.   sin
k 1
7 
 –   cos
k 1
7 


6 6
2k 2k
= 
k
0
sin
7 –  cos
k
0 7 +1
6

= 
k 0
(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)

– 
k 0
(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) + 1
= 0–0+1=1
i Ans.
Self Practice Problems
1. Resolve z7 – 1 into linear and quadratic factor with real coefficient.
 2 2   4   6 
Ans. (z – 1)  z  2 cos z  1 .  z 2  2 cos z  1 .  z 2  2 cos z  1
 7   7   7 
2 4 6
2. Find the value of cos + cos + cos .
7 7 7
1
Ans. –
2
1 2 . The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered :
sin  n / 2  n  1
(i) cos  + cos 2  + cos 3  +. .... + cos n  = cos   
sin  / 2  2 

sin  n / 2  n  1
sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  +. .... + sin n  =
(ii)
sin  / 2 sin  2  
NOTE : If  = (2 /n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.

1 3 . Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

1  1  
(i) Loge (+ i  ) = Loge (² +  ²) + i  2 n   tan  where n  .
2  
 
 2 n   
(ii) i i represents a set of positive real numbers given by e  2
, n  .

Example: Find the value of


(i) log (1 + 3 i) Ans. log2 + i(2n + )
3
(ii) log(–1) Ans. i
(iii) zi Ans. cos(ln2) + i sin(ln2) = ei(ln2)

( 4n1).
(iv) ii Ans. e 2


( 8n 1).
(v) |(1 + i)i | Ans. e 4

1
(vi) arg ((1 + i)i) Ans. n(2).
2
 i   2n  
 
Solution. (i) log (1 + 3 i) = log  2 e  3 

 
 
 
= log 2 + i   2n 
3 
(iii) 2i = ein 2 = cos (n 2) cos (n 2) + i sin (n 2) ]
Self Practice Problem
1. Find the real part of cos (1 + i)
1  e2
Ans.
2ei

1 4 . Geometrical Properties :
Distance formula :
If z1 and z2 are affixies of the two points P and Q respectively then distance between P + Q is given
by |z1 – z2|.
Section formula
If z1 and z2 are affixes of the two points P and Q respectively and point C devides the line joining P and
Q internally in the ratio m : n then affix z of C is given by
mz 2  nz 1
z=
mn
If C devides PQ in the ratio m : n externally then
mz 2  nz1
z=
m n
(b) If a, b, c are three real numbers such that az 1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c
are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z 1, z2 & z3 are collinear.
(1) If the vertices A, B, C of a  represent the complex nos. z 1, z2, z3 respectively and
a, b, c are the length of sides then,
z1  z 2  z 3
(i) Centroid of the  ABC = :
3
(ii) Orthocentre of the  ABC =
asec A z1  b sec Bz 2  c secCz 3 z1 tan A  z 2 tanB  z 3 tan C
or
asec A  bsec B  csecC tanA  tan B  tanC
(iii) Incentre of the  ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3)  (a + b + c).
(iv) Circumcentre of the  ABC = :
(Z 1 sin 2A + Z 2 sin 2B + Z 3 sin 2C)  (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C).
(2) amp(z) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the x axis.
(3) z  a = z  b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(4) The equation of a line joining z 1 & z2 is given by, z = z1 + t (z1  z2) where t is a real parameter.
(5) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z 1 & perpendicular to the
line joining z 1 to the origin.
(6) The equation of a line passing through z 1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear.. The above
z2 z2 1
equation on manipulating, takes the form  z   z  r = 0 where r is real and  is a non zero
complex constant.

NOTE : If we replace z by zei and z by ze – i then we get equation of a straight line which. Passes through the
foot of the perpendicular from origin to given straight line and makes an angle with the given straightl
line.
(7) The equation of circle having centre z 0 & radius  is :
z  z0 =  or z z  z0 z  z0 z + z0 z0  ² = 0 which is of the form
z z   z   z + k = 0, k is real. Centre is  & radius =    k .
Circle will be real if    k  0..
(8) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z 1 & z2 as diameter is
z  z2 
arg =± or (z  z1) ( z  z 2) + (z  z2) ( z  z 1) = 0.
z  z1 2
(9) Condition for four given points z 1, z2, z3 & z4 to be concyclic is the number
z 3  z1 z 4  z 2
. should be real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear
z 3  z 2 z 4  z1
  z  z 2   z 3  z1 
points z1, z2 & z3 can be taken as is real
 z  z1   z 3  z 2 
 z  z 2   z 3  z1   z  z 2   z 3  z1 
 = .
 z  z1   z 3  z 2   z  z1   z 3  z 2 
 z  z1 
(10) Arg  z  z  = represent (i) a line segment if  = 
 2

(ii) Pair of ray if  = 0 (iii) a part of circle, if 0 <  < 

z1 z1 1
1
(11) Area of triangle formed by the points z 1, z2 & z3 is z2 z2 1
4i
z3 z3 1
|  z 0  z 0  r |
(12) Perpendicular distance of a point z 0 from the line  z  z  r  0 is
2||

(13) (i) Complex slope of a line  z  z  r  0 is  = – .

z1  z 2
(ii) Complex slope of a line joining by the points z 1 & z2 is  = z  z
1 2
(iii) Complex slope of a line making  angle with real axis = e2i
(14) 1 & 2 are the compelx slopes of two lines.
(i) If lines are parallel then 1 = 2 (ii) If lines are
perpendicular then 1 + 2 = 0
(15) If |z – z1| + |z – z2| = K > |z1 – z2| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z 1 & z2

(16) If |z – z0| =  z  z  r
2| | then locus of z is parabola whose focus is z 0 and directrix is the

line  z 0 +  z 0 + r = 0
z  z1
(17) If z  z2 = k  1, 0, then locus of z is circle.

(18) If z – z1  – z – z2 = K < z1 – z2 then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are
z1 & z2.
Match the following columns :
Column -  Column - 
(i) If | z – 3+2i | – | z + i | = 0, (i) circle
then locus of z represents . .........
 z  1 
(ii) If arg   = , (ii) Straight line
 z  1 4
then locus of z represents...
(iii) if | z – 8 – 2i | + | z – 5 – 6i | = 5 (iii) Ellipse
then locus of z represents . . ....
 z  3  4i  5
(iv) If arg  z  2  5i  = , (iv) Hyperbola
  6
then locus of z represents . . ....
(v) If | z – 1 | + | z + i | = 10 (v) Major Arc
then locus of z represents . . .....
(vi) |z–3+i|–|z+2–i|=1 (vi) Minor arc
then locus of z represents . ...
(vii) | z – 3i | = 25 (vii) Perpendicular bisector of a line segment
 z  3  5i 
(viii) arg  z  i  =  (viii) Line segment
 
Ans.  (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
 (vii) (v) (viii) (vi) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
 15. (a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is
the
right bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex
numbers z1 & z2 will be the reflection points for the straight line  z   z  r  0 if and only if;
 z1   z 2  r  0 , where r is real and is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius r if:
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and P, Q are on the same side of O.
(ii) OP. OQ = r 2.
Note : that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle z z   z   z  r  0 if and only
if z1 z 2   z1   z 2  r  0 .
1 6 . Ptolemy’s Theorem:
It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
is equal to the sum of the products of lengths of the two pairs of its opposite sides.
i.e. z1  z3 z2  z4 = z1  z2 z3  z4 + z1  z4 z2  z3
Example: If cos  + cos  + cos  = 0 and also sin  + sin  + sin  = 0, then prove that
(i) cos 2 + cos2 + cos2 = sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
(ii) sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3 sin ()
(iii) cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 = 3 cos (    )
Solution. Let z1 = cos  + i sin , z2 = cos  + i sin ,
z3 = cos + i sin 
 z1 + z 2 + z 3 = (cos  + cos  + cos ) + i (sin  + sin  + sin )
=0+i.0=0 (1)
1
(i) Also = (cos  + i sin )–1 = cos  – i sin 
z1
1 1
= cos  – i sin , – cos  – sin 
z2 z3
1 1 1
 + z + z = (cos  + cos  + cos ) – i (sin  + sin  + sin ) (2)
z1 2 3
= 0–i.0=0
Now z1 + z2 + z3 = (z1 + z2 + z 3)2 – 2 (z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 )
2 2 3

= 0 – 2z 1z2z3  1  1  1 
z 3 z1 z 2 

= 0 – 2z 1 z2 z3. 0 = 0, using (1) and (2)
2 
or (cos  + i sin ) + (cos  + i sin )2 + (cos  + i sin )2 = 0
or cos 2 + i sin 2)2 + cos 2 + i sin 2 + cos 2 + i sin 2 = 0 + i.0
Equation real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 0 and
sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
(ii) z 13 + z 23 + z 33 = (z1 + z2)3 – 3z1z2(z1 + z2) + z33
= (–z3)3 – 3z1z2 (– z 3) + z33, using (1)
= 3z1z2z3
 (cos  + i sin )3 + (cos  + i sin )3 + (cos  + i sin )3
= 3 (cos  + i sin ) (cos  + i sin ) (cos  + i sin )
or cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3
= 3{cos( +  + ) + i sin ( +  + )
Equation imaginary parts on both sides, sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3 sin ( +  + )
Alternative method
Let C  cos  + cos  + cos  = 0
S  sin  + sin  + sin  = 0
C + iS = ei + ei + ei = 0 (1)
C – iS = e–i + e–i + e–i = 0 (2)
From (1)  (e–i)2 + (e–i )2 + (e–i)2 = (ei) (ei ) + (ei ) (ei) + (ei) (ei)
 ei2 + ei2 + ei2 = ei ei ei (e–2 + e–i + ei )
 ei(2) + ei2 + ei2 = 0 (from 2)
Comparing the real and imaginary parts we
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 – sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
Also from (1) (ei)3 + (ei )3 + (ei)3 = 3ei ei ei
 ei3 + ei3 + ei3 = 3ei()
Comparing the real and imaginary parts we obtain the results.
Example: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and c > 0, then prove that
 |z1 + z2|2  (I + C) |z1|2 + (I +C–1) |z2|2
Solution. We have to prove :
|z1 + z2|2  (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 + c–1) |z2|2
i.e. |z1|3 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z 2z2  (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 +c–1) |z2|3
1
or z1 z 2 + z 2z2  c|z1|2 + c–1|z2|2 or c|z 1|2 + |z |2 – z1 z 2 – z 2 z2  0
c 2
(using Re (z1 z 2)  |z1 z 2|)
2
 1 
or  c z1  | z2 |   0 which is always true.
 c
 
Example: If ,  [/6, /3], i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and z4 cos 1 + z3 cos 2 + z3 cos 3. + z cos 4 + cos5 = 2 3 ,
3
then show that |z| >
4
Solution. Given that
cos1 . z4 + cos2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5 = 23
or |cos1 . z4 + cos2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5| = 23
23  |cos1 . z4 | + |cos2 . z3 | + |cos3 . z2 | + cos4 . z| + |cos5 |
 i  [/6, /3]
1 3
  cosi 
2 2
3 3 3 3 3
2 3  |z|4 + |z|3 + |z|2 + |z| +
2 2 2 2 2
3  |z|4 + |z| 3 + |z| 2 + |z|
3 < |z| + |z| 2 + |z|3 + |z|4 +|z| 5 + ..........
|z|
3< 3 – e |z| < |z|
1 | z |
3
4|z| > 3  |z| >
4
Example: Two different non parallel lines cut the circle |z| = r in point a, b, c, d respectively. Prove that
a 1  b 1  c 1  d1
these lines meet in the point z given by z =
a 1b 1  c 1d1
Solution. Since point P, A, B are collinear

z z 1
a a 1
 =0   
z a  b – z (a – b) + a b  a b = 0   (i)
b b 1
Similarlym, since points P, C, D are collinear
      
z a  b (c – d) – z c  d (a – b) = c d  cd (a – b) – a b  a b (c – d)   (iii)
k k k
 2
zz = r = k (say)  a = a , b = b , c = c etc.
From equation (iii) we get
k k k k   ck kd   ak bk 
z    (c – d) – z    (a – b) =    (a – b) –    (c – d)
 a b   c d   d c   b a 
a 1  b 1  c 1  d1
 z=
a 1b 1  c 1d1
 Short Revision
1. DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are definited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b R & i = 1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. ‘a’ is called as real part of z (Re z) and ‘b’ is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS

Purely real Purely imaginary Imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0 if b  0
Note :
(a) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
system is N  W  I  Q  R  C.
(b) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c) i = 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i² =  l ; i3 = i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d) a b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.
2. CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a  ib.
Note that :
(i) z + z = 2 Re(z) (ii) z  z = 2i Im(z) (iii) z z = a² + b² which is real
(iv) If z lies in the 1st quadrant then z lies in the 4th quadrant and  z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
3. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
z12 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
4. EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER :
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
parts coincide.
5. REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a) Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the
ordered pair (x, y).
length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z &
 is called the argument or amplitude .
eg. z = x 2  y 2 & 
y
 = tan1
x
(angle made by OP with positive xaxis)
 z if z  0
NOTE :(i) z is always non negative . Unlike real numbers z =  is not correct
  z if z  0
(ii) Argument of a complex number is a many valued function . If  is the argument of a complex number
then 2 n+  ; n  I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2n.
(iii) The unique value of  such that –  <   is called the principal value of the argument.
(iv) Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
(v) By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
(vi) There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
(b) Trignometric / Polar Representation :
z = r (cos  + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = r (cos  i sin )
Note: cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS .
eix  e  ix eix  e  ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Euler's identities.
2 2
(c) Exponential Representation :
z = rei ; | z | = r ; arg z =  ; z = re i
6. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :
If z , z1 , z2  C then ;
(a) z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z  z = 2 i Im (z) ; ( z ) = z ; z1  z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;
 z1 
z1  z 2 = z1  z 2 ; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2   = z1 ; z2  0
z  z2
 2
2
(b) | z |  0 ; | z |  Re (z) ; | z |  Im (z) ; | z | = | z | = | – z | ; z z = | z | ;
z1 |z |
 z1 z2  =  z1 | .  z2  ; = 1 , z2  0 , | zn | = | z |n ;
z2 | z2 |
| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 – z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 ]
z1 z2  z1 + z2  z1+ z2 [ TRIANGLE INEQUALITY ]
(c) (i) amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k. kI
z 
(ii) amp  1  = amp z1  amp z2 + 2 k; k  I
 z2 
(iii) amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k .
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in (, ].
(7) VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :
Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point. If the point P
 
represents the complex number z then, OP = z &  OP  = z
NOTE :
   
(i) If OP = z = r ei  then OQ = z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . e i. If OP and OQ are
 
of unequal magnitude then OQ  OP ei
(ii) If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex numbers
z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
z z z4  z3
AB  CD if 4 3 is purely real ; AB  CD if z  z is purely imaginary ]
z  z1 2 1
(iii) If z1, z2, z3 are the2 vertices of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre then
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 23  z1 z2  z2 z3  z3 z1 = 0 (b) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
8. DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM : Statement : cos n  + i sin n  is the value or one of the values
of (cos + i sin )n ¥ n  Q. The theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex
quantity Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
 1 i 3  1 i 3
9. CUBE ROOT OF UNITY : (i) The cube roots of unity are 1 , , .
2 2
(ii) If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w² = 0. In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r  I but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos + i sin , cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
 a3  b3 = (a  b) (a  b) (a  ²b) ; x2 + x + 1 = (x  ) (x  2) ;
3 3
a + b = (a + b) (a + b) (a +  b) ; 2
a3 + b3 + c3  3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)
10. nth ROOTS OF UNITY :
If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ..... n  1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n) &
(ii) 1p +  1p +  2p + .... + pn  1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii) (1  1) (1  2) ...... (1  n  1) = n &
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) ....... (1 + n  1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv) 1 . 1 . 2 . 3 . ........ n  1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
11. THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin n 2   n 1
(i) cos  + cos 2  + cos 3  + ..... + cos n  =
sin  2 
cos   
 2 
sin n 2   n  1 
(ii) sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  + ..... + sin n  = sin   
sin  2   2 
Note : If  = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
12. STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES IN TERMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS :
nz  mz 2
(A) If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = 1 divides the joins of z1
mn
& z2 in the ratio m : n.
Note:(i) If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ;
where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3
are collinear.
(ii) If the vertices A, B, C of a  represent the complex nos. z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1  z 2  z 3
(a) Centroid of the  ABC = :
3
(b) Orthocentre of the  ABC =
a sec A z1  b sec Bz 2  c sec C z 3 z tan A  z 2 tan B  z 3 tan C
OR 1
a sec A  b sec B  c sec C tan A  tan B  tan C
(c) Incentre of the  ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3)  (a + b + c) .
(d) Circumcentre of the  ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C)  (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) .
(B) amp(z) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the x axis.
(C) z  a = z  b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(D) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by ;
z = z1 + t (z1  z2) where t is a perameter.
(E) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to oz1.
(F) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear..
z2 z2 1
(G) Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 & z2 can be written as
z z1  z 2   z z1  z 2   z1z 2  z1z 2  = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as  z   z  r = 0
where r is real and  is a non zero complex constant.
(H) The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius  is :
z  z0 =  or z z  z0 z  z 0 z + z 0 z0  ² = 0 which is of the form
zz  z z  r = 0 , r is real centre  & radius  r .
Circle will be real if    r  0 .
(I) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is :
z  z2 
(i) arg = ± or (z  z1) ( z  z 2) + (z  z2) ( z  z 1) = 0
z  z1 2
(J) Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
 z 3  z1 z 4  z 2
. is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be
z 3  z 2 z 4  z1
z  z 2  z3  z1  z  z 2 z3  z1  z  z2 z3  z1 
taken as is real 
z  z1 z 3  z 2  z  z1 z3  z 2  = z  z1 z3  z 2 
13.(a) Reflection points for a straight line :
Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the right
bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 & z2 will be
the reflection points for the straight line  z   z  r  0 if and only if ;  z   z  r  0 , where r is
1 2
real and is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius , if :
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and on the same side of O. (ii) OP . OQ = 2.
Note that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle
zz  z z  r 0 if and only if z1z 2   z1 z 2  r 0 .
14. PTOLEMY’S THEOREM : It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a
convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two pairs of
its opposite sides. i.e. z1  z3 z2  z4 = z1  z2 z3  z4 + z1  z4 z2  z3.
15. LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX QUANTITY :
1  
(i) Loge (+ i ) = Loge (² + ²) + i  2n  tan 1  where n  I.
2  
 
  2 n  
 2
(ii) ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e , n  I.
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi
2 2
 1  2i  1

 4i 3
 i 
 3  2i 3  2i 2  i 2 2  i 2
(a)   (b) i (9 + 6 i) (2  i) (c)  
(d)  (e) 
 2i   2i  1  2  5i 2  5i 2i 2i
Q.2 Given that x , y  R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x  3y) = 5  4i (b) (x + iy) + (7  5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x²  y²  i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x²  (3  2i) y = 2x  3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy  3x²)i = 4y²  (x2/2) + (3xy  2y²)i
Q.3 Find the square root of : (a) 9 + 40 i (b) 11  60 i (c) 50 i
Q.4 (a) If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2  x + 4, find f ( – 5 + 4i)
(b) If g (x) = x4  x3 + x2 + 3x  5, find g(2 + 3i)
Q.5 Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z  3  3 i  3 , find the number having the
least positive argument.
Q.6 Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b  R.
(a) ix2  3x  2i = 0 (b) 2 (1 + i) x2  4 (2  i) x  5  3 i = 0
Q.7 Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
2 2 z3
(a) z + 1  2i = 7 ; (b) z  1  z  1 = 4 ; (c) = 3 ; (d) z  3 = z  6
z3
Q.8 If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi & z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
Q.9 For what real values of x & y are the numbers  3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
Q.10 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
2i
(i) 6 (cos 310°  i sin 310°) (ii) 2 (cos 30° + i sin 30°) (iii)
4 i  (1  i) 2
x y
Q.11 If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi ; prove that 4 (a2  b2) =  .
a b
a  ib a 2  b2
Q.12(a) If = p + qi , prove that p2 + q2 = 2 2 .
c  id c d
(b) Let z1, z2, z3 be the complex numbers such that
z1 + z2 + z3 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0. Prove that | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |.
1  z  z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z  c\R and R, then prove that | z | =1.
1 z  z2
 
Q.14 Prove the identity, | 1  z1z 2 |  | z1  z 2 |  1 | z1 | 1 | z 2 |2
2 2 2

 2 2
Q.15 For any two complex numbers, prove that z1  z 2  z1  z 2 = 2 z1  z 2 . Also give the  2 2

geometrical interpretation of this identity.
Q.16 (a) Find all nonzero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z².
(b) If the complex numbers z1, z2, zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
|z1 + z2 + . . . .......................................................+zn| = |z1–1+ z2–1+. .+zn–1| .
Q.17 Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z – 4 | + z + 4 | = 16.
Q.18 If  is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 +   ²)3  (1  + ²)3 = 0 (b) (1   + ²)5 + (1+   ²)5 = 32
(c) If  is the cube root of unity, Find the value of, (1 + 52 + 4) (1 + 54 + 2) (53 +  + 2).
Q.19 If  is a cube root of unity, prove that ; (i) (1 +   2)3  (1   + 2)3
a  b  c  2
(ii) = 2 (iii) (1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8) = 9
c  a  b 2
Q.20 If x = a + b ; y = a + b2 ; z = a2 + b, show that
(i) xyz = a3 + b3 (ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (iii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)

1 1 i  w2 w2
Q.21 If (w  1) is a cube root of unity then 1  i 1 w 2 1 =
 i  i  w 1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) i (D) w
7
Q.22(a) (1 + w) = A + Bw where w is the imaginary cube root of a unity and A, B  R, find the ordered pair
(A, B).
(b) The value of the expression ;
1. (2  w) (2  w²) + 2. (3  w) (3  w²) + . ............ + (n  1) . (n  w) (n  w²), where w is an
imaginary cube root of unity is ________.
n 1 n
Q.23 If n  N, prove that (1 + i)n + (1  i)n = 2 2 . cos .
2n
4
 2k 2k 
Q.24 Show that the sum    sin  i cos  simplifies to a pure imaginary number..
k 1  2n  1 2n  1
a n
Q.25 If x = cos  + i sin  & 1 + 1  a 2 = na, prove that 1 + a cos  = (1 + nx) 1   .
2n  x
Q.26 The number t is real and not an integral multiple of /2. The complex number x1 and x2 are the roots of
the equation, tan2(t) · x2 + tan (t) · x + 1 = 0
 2n 
Show that (x1)n + (x2)n = 2 cos  cotn(t).
 3 

EXERCISE-1
Q.1 Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi :
2
 4i3  i  3  2i 3  2i
(a) i (9 + 6 i) (2  i)1 (b)  
 (c) 
 2 i  1  2  5i 2  5i
(d)
2  i 2 
2  i 2 (e) i   i
2i 2i
Q.2 Find the modulus , argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
 10   10 
(i) z = 1 + cos   + i sin  9  (ii) (tan1 – i)2
 9   
i 1
(iii) z = 5  12i  5  12i (iv)  2  2
5  12i  5  12i i 1  cos   sin
 5  5
Q.3 Given that x, y  R, solve :
x y 5  6i
(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x  3y) = 5  4i (b)  
1  2i 3  2i 8i  1
(c) x²  y²  i (2x + y) = 2i (d) (2 + 3i) x²  (3  2i) y = 2x  3y + 5i
(e) 4x² + 3xy + (2xy  3x²)i = 4y²  (x2/2) + (3xy  2y²)i
Q.4(a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z2 – (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m  R.
 Suppose the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z4 + aZ3 + bZ2 + cZ + 3
If two roots of the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.
Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z1 = 9y2  4  10 i x and
z2 = 8y2  20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4  x3 + x2 + 3x  5 if x = 2 + 3i
Q . 6 S o l v e
t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r z : ( a ) z
2 – (3 – 2 i)z = (5i – 5) (b) z+ z = 2 + i
Q.7(a) If 3 2
i Z + Z  Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.
z1  2z 2
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that = 1 and | z2 |  1, find | z1 |.
2  z1z 2
z  z1 
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of, is , then
z  z2 4
prove that z  7  9i= 3 2 .
Q.8 Show that the product,
22 2n
  1i    1i     1i     1i  
2
 
1 2  1 2   1 2   ......1 2   is equal to  1  1n  (1+ i) where n  2 .
       


 
 
  22 
Q.9 Let a & b be complex numbers (which may be real) and let,
Z = z3 + (a + b + 3i) z2 + (ab + 3 ia + 2 ib  2) z + 2 abi  2a.
(i) Show that Z is divisible by, z + b + i. (ii) Find all complex numbers z for which Z = 0.
(iii) Find all purely imaginary numbers a & b when z = 1 + i and Z is a real number.
Q.10 Interpret the following locii in z  C.
 z  2i 
(a) 1 < z  2i < 3 (b) Re    4 (z  2i)
iz 2
(c) Arg (z + i)  Arg (z  i) = /2 (d) Arg (z  a) = /3 where a = 3 + 4i.
Q.11 Prove that the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2/3 if z12  z 22  z1 z 2  0 .
Q.12 P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that  POQ =  QOR = . If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2  = Z1 . Z3 cos².
Q.13 Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t1, t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
Q.14 If a CiS  , b CiS  , c CiS  represent three distinct collinear points in an Argand's plane, then prove
the following :
(i)  ab sin () = 0.
(ii) b 2  c 2  2bc cos(   ) ± (b CiS ) a 2  c 2  2ac cos(   )
(a CiS )
 (c CiS ) a 2  b 2  2ab cos(  ) = 0.
Q.15 Find all real values of the parameter a for which the equation
(a  1)z4  4z2 + a + 2 = 0 has only pure imaginary roots.
Q.16 Let A  z1 ; B  z2; C  z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
If the origin ‘O’ is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z1 z2 + z1 z2 = z2 z3 + z2 z3 = z3 z1 + z3 z1
hence show that the  ABC is a right angled triangle  z1 z2 + z1 z2 = z2 z3 + z2 z3 = z3 z1 + z3 z1 = 0
Q.17 If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w – c)–1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
Q.18(a) Without expanding the determinant at any stage , find K R such that
4i 8  i 4  3i
 8  i 16i i has purely imaginary value.
 4  Ki i 8i
(b) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle
 e 2iA eiC e iB
iC  2iB
D= e e eiA where i = 1 then find the value of D.
eiB e iA e  2iC
Q.19 If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that : (a) (1 
w + w2) (1  w2 + w4) (1  w4 + w8) . ....................... to 2n factors = 22n .
(b) If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the value of
(1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) ..... to n factors .
n
 1  sin   i cos    n   n 
Q.20 Prove that   = cos  2  n  + i sin  2  n  . Hence deduce that
 1  sin   i cos      
5 5
     
 1  sin  i cos  + i 1  sin  i cos  = 0
 5 5  5 5
Q.21 If cos (  ) + cos (  ) + cos (  ) =  3/2 then prove that :
(a)  cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2 (b)  sin (+ ) = 0 =  cos (+ ) (c)  sin2  =  cos2  = 3/2
(d)  sin 3 = 3 sin (+ + ) (e)  cos 3 = 3 cos (+ + )
(f) cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) + cos3 (+ ) = 3 cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) . cos (+ ) where R.

Q.22 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4·sin  ·cos = 1.
10 5
Q.23 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1  i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.
Q.24 If the expression z5 – 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
(z5 – 32) = (z – 2)(z2 – pz + 4)(z2 – qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.25(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets defined by
A = {z | | z |  2} and B = {z | (1 – i)z + (1 + i) z  4}. Find the area of the region A  B.
1
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) = , where i =  1 . If there exist real number
x i
a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b), f (c) and f (d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.

EXERCISE-2
p q r
Q.1 If q r p  0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of nonzero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,,
r p q
2
w  w u
prove that, arg = arg   .
v  v u 
Q.2 The equation x3 = 9 + 46i where i =  1 has a solution of the form a + bi where a and b are integers.
Find the value of (a3 + b3).
Q.3 Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
 Im( z)
Argand’s plane. Further show that |z| =
2 Re(z) Im( z)  1
Q.4 If  is the fifth root of 2 and x =  +  , prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
2
Q.5 Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip) z + q + iq = 0
where p , p, q , q are all real.
(i) if the equation has one real root then q 2  pp  q + qp 2 = 0 .
(ii) if the equation has two equal roots then p2  p2 = 4q & pp = 2q .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
Q.6 If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
7 7
(a)  Re( Zr ) and (b)  Im( Zr )
r 1 r 1
Q.7 Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent them are collinear
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
2 2
 m  2  m 
 2 sin  Z +  2 sin  Z + 1 = 0.
 n   n 
Q.8 Dividing f(z) by z  i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
 1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z² + 1.
Q.9 Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :

z1 + z2 
1
 | z1 |  | z 2 |  z1  z 2 .
2 | z1 | | z 2 |
Q.10 If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, . ....... 2m, m  N are the roots of the equation
2m
1
Z2m Z2m-1 Z2m-2 + . + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that 
+ + r 1 Z r 1 =  m
Q.11 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² + .... + Cn xn (n  N), prove that :
 n 11 n 1 n
(a) C0 + C4 + C8 + .... = 2  2 n / 2 cos  (b) C1 + C5 + C9 + .... = 2 n 1  2 n / 2 sin 
 2 4  2  4 
1
(c) C2 + C6 + C10 + . ... = 2 n 1 n
2   2 n / 2 cos  (d) C3 + C7 + C11 + .... = 1 2 n 1  2 n / 2 sin n  
 4  2  4 
1
(e) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 + . ...... = 2 n n
3   2 cos
 3 
Q.12 Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the Argand diagram
taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3 & (ii) 2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
n

Q.13 Show that all the roots of the equation  1  i x   1  i a a  R are real and distinct.
1  ix 1  ia
Q.14 Prove that:
x  n  2
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + .... + nCn cos (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . cos  x
2  2 
x  n  2
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + .... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn . sin  x
2  2 
      2 n  
(c) cos  2   + cos  4   + cos  6  1
 + . + cos   =  When n  N.
 2 n  1  2 n  1  2n  1   2 n  1 2
Q.15 Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn – 1 + ...... + an – 1z + an = n,
n 1
where | ai |  1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius .
n
Q.16 The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to (  ) . Show that
2

(z2  z3)² = 4 (z3  z1) (z1  z2) sin2 .
2
2 2 2
A1 A2 An
Q.17 Show that the equation     = k has no imaginary root, given that:
x  a1 x  a 2 x an
a1 , a2 , a3 .... an & A1, A2, A3 ..... An, k are all real numbers.
a b c
Q.18 Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that = = = k. Find the value of k.
1 b 1 c 1 a
Q.19 Let ,  be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2 2
z   + z   = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
Q.20 C is the complex number. f : C  R is defined by f (z) = | z3 – z + 2|. What is the maximum value of f on
the unit circle | z | = 1?
Q.21 Let f (x) = log cos 3x (cos 2 i x ) if x  0 and f (0) = K (where i =  1 ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K. Use of L Hospital’s rule or series expansion not allowed.

Q.22 If z1 , z2 are the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0, with a, b, c > 0 ; 2b2 > 4ac > b2 ;
z1  third quadrant ; z2  second quadrant in the argand's plane then, show that
 1/ 2
 z1   b2 
arg  z  = 2cos–1  

 2  4 ac 
Q.23 Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i) z2 is positive where z = x + iy , x, y  R and i = 1 .
Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 – 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d  R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.

EXERCISE-3
p
32  10  2q 2q  
Q.1 Evaluate:  (3 p  2)    sin 11  i cos 11   . [REE '97, 6]
p 1  q 1 
Q.2(a) Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0 , where the coefficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If AOB =  0 and

OA = OB, where O is the origin . Prove that p2 = 4 q cos2   . [JEE '97 , 5]
 2
n 1
2k n
(b) Prove that  (n  k) cos
n
=
2
where n  3 is an integer . [JEE '97, 5]
k 1
Q.3(a) If  is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 +   2)7 equals
(A) 128 (B)  128 (C) 1282 (D)  1282
13
(b) The value of the sum  i n  i n 1  , where i = 1 , equals
n 1
(A) i (B) i  1 (C)  i (D) 0 [JEE' 98, 2 + 2 ]
Q.4 Find all the roots of the equation (3z  1)4 + (z  2)4 = 0 in the simplified form of a + ib.
[REE ’98, 6 ]
334 365
Q.5(a) If i = 1 , then 4 + 5   1  i 3   1 i 3
  + 3     is equal to :
 2 2   2 2 
(A) 1  i 3 (B)  1 + i 3 (C) i 3 (D)  i 3
2 2
(b) For complex numbers z & , prove that, z   z = z  if and only if,
z =  or z  = 1 [JEE '99, 2 + 10 (out of 200)]
2i 20
Q.6 If  = e 7 and f(x) = A0 +  Ak xk, then find the value of,
6k  1
 + . + f( x) independent of  .
f(x) + f(x) [REE '99, 6]
 1 1 1 
Q.7(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that z1 = z2 = z3 =     = 1, then
 z1 z 2 z 3 
z1 + z2 + z3 is :
(A) equal to 1 (B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3 (D) equal to 3

(b) If arg (z) < 0 , then arg ( z)  arg (z) =

 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)
2 2
[ JEE 2000 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
2 2
Q.8 Given , z = cos 2 n  1 + i sin , 'n' a positive integer, find the equation whose roots are, 
2n  1
=z+z +.3 +z 2n  1 &  = z2 + z4 + ... + z2n .
[ REE 2000 (Mains) 3 out of 100 ]
z1  z 3 1  i 3
Q.9(a) The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying  are the vertices of a triangle which is
z2  z3 2
(A) of area zero (B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral (D) obtuse – angled isosceles
 (b) Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1 (B) 4k + 2 (C) 4k + 3 (D) 4k
[ JEE 2001 (Scr) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
Q.10 Find all those roots of the equation z12 – 56z6 – 512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
[ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
1 1 1
1 3
. Then the value of the determinant 1 1    2 is
2
Q.11(a) Let     i
2 2
1 2 4
(A) 3 (B) 3 ( – 1) (C) 32 (D) 3(1 – )
(b) For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i| = 5, the minimum value of
|z1 – z2| is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 7 (D) 17
[JEE 2002 (Scr) 3+3]
(c) Let a complex number  ,   1, be a root of the equation
zp+q – zp – zq + 1 = 0 where p, q are distinct primes.
Show that either 1 +  + 2 + . ..... + p–1 = 0 or 1 +  + 2 + ...... + q–1 = 0 , but not both together.
[JEE 2002, (5) ]
1  z1 z 2
Q.12(a) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | < 1 < | z2 | then prove that  1.
z1  z 2
1 n
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z | <
3
and  ar zr = 1 where | ar | < 2.
r 1
[JEE-03, 2 + 2 out of 60]
Q.13(a)  is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + 2)m = (1 + 4)m , then least positive integral value of m is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
(z  )
(b) Find centre and radius of the circle determined by all complex numbers z = x + i y satisfying k,
(z   )
where   1  i 2 ,   1  i 2 are fixed complex and k  1. [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60 ]

Q.14(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by

(A) z : |z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /4
(B) z : |z - 1| > 2, |arg(z – 1)| < /4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /2
(D) z : |z - 1| < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < /2
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w  1), then the minimum value of
|a + bw + cw2| is
3 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3 + 3]
(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2  3 i . Find the other
vertices of square. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
w  wz
Q.15 If w =  + i where   0 and z  1, satisfies the condition that is purely real, then the set of
1 z
values of z is
(A) {z : | z | = 1} (B) {z : z = z ) (C) {z : z  1} (D) {z : | z | = 1, z  1}
[JEE 2006, 3]
ANSWER KEY
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
7 24 21 12 22
Q.1 (a)  i; (b)  i; (c) 3 + 4i; (d)  8 + 0i; (e) i
25 25 5 5 29 5
 2 2  5 3K
Q.2 (a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2, 9); (c) (2 , 2) or   3 ,  3  ; (d) (1 ,1)  0 ,  (e) x = K, y = , KR
 2 2
Q.3 (a) ± (5 + 4i) ; (b) ± (5  6i) (c) ± 5(1 + i) Q.4 (a) 160 ; (b)  (77 +108 i)
3 3 3 3  5i 1 i
Q.5 –  i Q.6 (a)  i ,  2i (b) or 
2 2 2 2
Q.7 (a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre (1, 2) ; (b) on a unit circle with centre at origin
(c) on a circle with centre (15/4, 0) & radius 9/4 ; (d) a straight line
Q.8 a = b = 2  3 ; Q.9 x = 1, y =  4 or x =  1, y =  4
5 5
Q.10 (i) Modulus = 6 , Arg = 2 k  + (K  I) , Principal Arg = (K  I)
18 18
7 5
(ii) Modulus = 2 , Arg = 2 k  + , Principal Arg = 
6 6
5
(iii) Modulus = , Arg = 2 k  tan1 2 (K  I) , Principal Arg =  tan12
6
3 i 3 i x 2 y2
Q.16 (a)  ,   ,i ; Q.17   1 ; Q.18 (c) 64 ; Q.21 A
2 2 2 2 64 48
2
 n  n  1 
Q.22 (a) (1, 1) ; (b)   n
 2 

EXERCISE-1
21 12 8 22
Q.1 (a)  i (b) 3 + 4 i (c)  +0i (d) i (e) + 2  0 i or 0 2 i
5 5 29 5
4 4 4
Q.2 (i) Principal Arg z =  ; z = 2 cos ; Arg z = 2 k  kI
2
9 9 9
(ii) Modulus = sec 1 , Arg = 2 n (2 –  ) , Principal Arg = (2 –  )
 3  2
(iii) Principal value of Agr z =  & z = ; Principal value of Arg z = & z =
2 2 2 3
1  11 11
(iv) Modulus = cos ec , Arg z = 2n  , Principal Arg =
2 5 20 20
 2 2  5 3K
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y = 2 ; (c) (2 , 2) or   3 ,  3  ; (d) (1 ,1)  0 ,  ; (e) x =K, y = KR
 2 2
Q.4 (a) 2, (b) – 11/2 Q.5 (a) [( 2, 2) ; ( 2,  2)] (b)  (77 +108 i)
3  4i
Q.6 (a) z = (2 + i) or (1 – 3i); (b) z =
4
Q.7 (b) 2
 2ti   5
Q.9 (ii) z =  (b + i) ;  2 i ,  a 
(iii) , ti  where t  R   
 3t  5   3
Q.10 (a) The region between the co encentric circles with centre at (0 , 2) & radii 1 & 3 units
1 1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
2 2
(c) semi circle (in the 1st & 4th quadrant) x² + y² = 1 (d) a ray emanating from the point
(3 + 4i) directed away from the origin & having equation 3 x  y  4  3 3  0
Q.15 [3 , 2] Q.17 (1 – c2) | z |2 – 2(a + bc) (Re z) + a2 – b2 = 0
Q.18 (a) K = 3 , (b) – 4 Q.19 (b) one if n is even ;  w² if n is odd
Q.22 (Z + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 36° + 1) (Z²  2Z cos 108° + 1) Q.24 4
Q.25 (a)  – 2 ; (b) 1/2

EXERCISE-2
7 iz 1
Q.2 35 Q.6 (a) – , (b) zero Q.8  i Q.18 –  or – 2
2 2 2
1 2
Q.19 k >    Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where  is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
2
4
Q.21 K = –
9
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = ( 2 1) x and y + ( 2  1) x = 0 containing the x  axis
Q.24 198 Q.25 51

EXERCISE-3
Q.1 48(1  i) Q.3 (a) D (b) B
(29  20 2 )  i(15  25 2 ) (29  20 2 )  i(15  25 2 )
Q.4 Z= , Q.5 (a) C
82 82
sin 2 n  2
Q.6 7 A0 + 7 A7 x7 + 7 A14 x14 Q.7 (a) A (b) A Q.8 z2 +z+ = 0, where  =
sin 2  2n  1

Q.9 (a) C, (b) D Q.10 +1 + i 3 ,

 3i , 2i Q.11 (a) B ; (b) B
2
k 2   1
Q.13 (a) D ; (b) Centre  2
k 1
, Radius = 2
(k  1)
|   k 2 |2  k 2 . |  |2  |  |2 . k 2  1   
Q.14 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = – 3 i ; z3 = 1  3  i ; z4 = 1  3  i  Q.15 D  
EXERCISE-4
Part : (A) Only one correct option
z 1
1. If |z| = 1 and  = (where z  –1), the Re() is [IIT – 2003, 3]
z 1
1 z 1 2
(A) 0 (B)  2 (C) z  1 . 2 (D)
| z  1| | z  1| | z  1 |2
2. The locus of z which lies in shaded region (excluding the boundaries) is best represented by

[IIT – 2005, 3]

(A) z : |z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /4 (B) z : |z – 1| > 2 and |arg (z – 1)| < /4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /2 (D) z : |z – 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /2
 w  wz 
3. If w = , + i, where   0 and z  1, satisfies the condition that   is purely real, then the set of
 1 z 
values of z is [IIT – 2006, (3, –1)]
(A) {z : |z| = 1} (B) {z : z = z } (C) {z : z 1} (D) {z : |z| = 1, z 1}
4. If ( 3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then b is equal to
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) none of these
 z  8i 
5. If Re   = 0, then z lies on the curve
 z6 
(A) x2 + y2 + 6x – 8y = 0 (B) 4x – 3y + 24 = 0 (C) 4ab (D) none of these
n1 3 n1 5 n2 7 n2
6. If n1, n2 are positive integers then : (1  i) + (1  i ) + (1  i ) + (1  i ) is a real number if and only if
(A) n1 = n2 + 1 (B) n1 + 1 = n2
(C) n1 = n2 (D) n1, n2 are any two positive integers
7. The three vertices of a triangle are represented by the complex numbers, 0, z1 and z2. If the triangle is
equilateral, then
(A) z12 – z22 = z1z2 (B) z22 – z12 = z1 z2 (C) z12 + z22 = z1z2 (D) z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0
5 2
 n 1 
8. 2
If x – x + 1 = 0 then the value of 
n 1
 x  n  is
 x 
(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) none of these
 5
9. If  is nonreal and  = 1 then the value of 2|1     2   2   1| is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) none of these
x y
10. If z = x + iy and z 1/3 = a  ib then
a b
 
  k a 2  b 2 where k =
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
6 6 5 5
 1  i 3   1  i 3   1  i 3   1  i 3 
11.         is equal to :
 2   2   2   2 
(A) 1 (B)  1 (C) 2 (D) none
12. Expressed in the form r (cos  + i sin ),  2 + 2i becomes :
        3   3  
(A) 2 2  cos     i sin     (B) 2 2  cos    i sin   
   
4  4   4   4 
  3  3      
(C) 2 2  cos     i sin     (D) 2  cos     i sin    
  4  4    4  4
13. The number of solutions of the equation in z, z z - (3 + i) z - (3 - i) z - 6 = 0 is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
14. If |z| = max {|z – 1|, |z + 1|} then
1
(A) |z + z | = (B) z + z = 1 (C) |z + z | = 1 (D) none of these
15. 2 the complex number z and its additive inverse respectively then the complex equation of
If P, P represent 1
the circle with PPas a diameter is
z  z1 
(A) =   (B) z z + z1 z1 = 0 (C) z z1 + z z1 = 0 (D) none of these
z1  z
16. The points z1 = 3 + 3 i and z2 = 2 3 + 6 i are given on a complex plane. The complex number lying
on the bisector of the angle formed by the vectors z 1 and z2 is :
(3  2 3 ) 3 2
(A) z =  i (B) z = 5 + 5 i
2 2
(C) z =  1  i (D) none
n
 1  i tan   1  i tan n 
17. The expression 
1  i tan    1  i tan n  when simplified reduces to :
 
(A) zero (B) 2 sin n  (C) 2 cos n  (D) none
18. All roots of the equation, (1 + + =0: z) 6 z6
(A) lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin (B)lie on a unit circle with centre at ( 1, 0)
(C) lie on the vertices of a regular polygon with centre at the origin (D) are collinear
19. Points z1 & z2 are adjacent vertices of a regular octagon. The vertex z 3 adjacent to z 2 (z3  z1) is
represented by :
1 1
(A) z2 + (1 ± i) (z1 + z2) (B) z2 + (1 ± i) (z1  z2)
2 2
1
(C) z2 + (1 ± i) (z2  z1) (D) none of these
2
20. If z = x + i y then the equation of a straight line Ax + By + C = 0 where A, B, C  R, can be written on
the complex plane in the form a z  a z  2 C = 0 where 'a' is equal to :
A  i B A  iB
(A) (B) (C) A + i B (D) none
2 2
21. The points of intersection of the two curves z  3 = 2 and z = 2 in an argand plane are:
1 1 3 7 7 3
(A)
2

7i 3  (B)
2

3i 7  (C)
2
±i
2
(D)
2
±i
2
22. The equation of the radical axis of the two circles represented by the equations,
z  2 = 3 and z  2  3 i = 4 on the complex plane is :
(A) 3iz – 3i z – 2 = 0 (B) 3iz – 3i z + 2 = 0 (C) iz – i z + 1 = 0 (D) 2iz – 2i z + 3 = 0
r
23. If  eip = 1 where  denotes the continued product, then the most general value of  is :
p1
2
(A) n 2n  4n  4n 
1 (B) (C) (D)
r (r  ) r (r  1) r (r  1) r (r  1)
24. The set of values of a  R for which x2 + i(a – 1) x + 5 = 0 will have a pair of conjugate imaginary roots is
(A) R (B) {1} (C) |a| a2 – 2a + 21 > 0} (D) none of these
25. If |z1 – 1| < 1, |z2 – 2| < 2, |z3 – 3| < 3 then |z1 + z2 + z3|
(A) is less than 6 (B) is more than 3
(C) is less than 12 (D) lies between 6 and 12
26. If z1, z2, z3, . ........, z n lie on the circle |z| = 2, then the value of
1 1 1
E = |z1 + z2 + . .... + z n| – 4 z  z  ......  z is
1 2 n
(A) 0 (B) n (C) –n (D) none of these
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
27. If z1 lies on |z| = 1 and z 2 lies on |z| = 2, then
(A) 3  |z1 – 2z2|  5 (B) 1  |z1 + z2|  3
(C) |z1 – 3z2|  5 (D) |z1 – z2|  1
28. If z1, z2, z3, z4 are root of the equation a0z4 + z1z3 + z2z2 + z3z + z4 = 0, where a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4 are real,
then
(A) z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 are also roots of the equation (B) z1 is equal to at least one of z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4
(C) – z1 ,– z 2 , – z 3 , – z 4 are also roots of the equation (D) none of these
29. If a3 + b3 + 6 abc = 8 c3 &  is a cube root of unity then :
(A) a, c, b are in A.P. (B) a, c, b are in H.P.
(C) a + b  2 c2 = 0 (D) a + b2  2 c = 0
30. The points z1, z2, z3 on the complex plane are the vertices of an equilateral triangle if and only if :
(A)  (z1  z2) (z2  z3) = 0 (B) z12 + z22 + z32 = 2 (z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1)
(C) z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1 (D) 2 (z12 + z22 + z32) = z1 z2 + z2 z3 + z3 z1
31. If |z1 + z2| = |z1 – z2| then

(A) |amp z1 – amp z2| = (B) | amp z1 – amp2| = 
2
z1 z1
(C) z is purely real (D) z is purely imaginary
2 2

EXERCISE-5
1. Given that x, y  R, solve : 4x² + 3xy + (2xy  3x²)i = 4y²  (x 2/2) + (3xy  2y²)i
2. If  &  are any two complex numbers, prove that :
  2  2    2  2         
3. If ,  are the numbers between 0 and 1, such that the points z1 =  + i, z2 = 1 + i and z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find  and .
4. ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. If the points D
and M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 - i respectively, then find the complex number corresponding
to A.
5. Show that the sum of the pth powers of nth roots of unity :
(a) is zero, when p is not a multiple of n. (b) is equal to n, when p is a multiple of n.
6. If (1 + x)n = p0 + p1 x + p2 x 2 + p3 x 3 +. . ...., then prove that : n
(b) p1  p3 + p5 . . .... = 2n/2 sin 
n 
(a) p0  p2 + p4 . . .... = 2n/2 cos 4
4
 1  1    
7. Prove that, loge   = loge  cosec  + i   
 2 2  2 2
 1  ei  
i ..... 
8. If i i = A + i B, principal values only being considered, prove that
1 B
(a) tan A = (b) A2 + B2 = e B
2 A
1  r 
9. Prove that the roots of the equation, (x - 1) n = x n are 1  i cot  , where
r = 0, 1, 2,. . .... (n  1) & n  N. 2  r 
10. If cos (   ) + cos (   ) + cos (  ) =  3/2 then prove that
:
(a)  cos 2 = 0 =  sin 2 (b)  sin ( + ) = 0 =  cos ( + )
(c)  sin 3 = 3 sin ( +  + ) (d)  cos 3  = 3 cos ( +  + )
(e)  sin  =  cos  = 3/2
2 2

(f) cos3 () + cos3 ( ) + cos3 ( ) = 3 cos ( + ). cos ( +  ). cos ( +  )
where  R.
11. If , ,  are roots of x 3  3 x 2 + 3 x + 7 = 0 (and  is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the value
 1  1  1
of + + .
1  1  1
z2
12. Given that,  z  1 = 1, where ' z ' is a point on the argand plane. Show that = i tan (arg z).
z
13. P is a point on the Argand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that  POQ =  QOR = . If ‘O’ is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z 1, Z 2 & Z 3 respectively, show that : Z 22. cos 2  = Z 1. Z 3 cos²
14. Find an expression f or tan 7  in terms of tan  , using complex numbers. By considering
tan 7 = 0, show that x = tan2 (3  /7) satisfies the cubic equation x 3  21x 2 + 35x  7 = 0.
1
 n 1 n
15. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x² +.... + Cn x n (n  N), prove that : C2 + C6 + C10 +. ... = 2  2 n / 2 cos
2
 4 
 2   4   6   2n  1
16. Prove that : cos   + cos   + cos   +. .... + cos   =  When n  N.
 2 n  1  2 n  1  2n  1   2 n  1 2
17. Show that all the roots of the equation a1z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 3, where |ai|  1, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 lie outside the
circle with centre origin and radius 2/3.
n1 n
k , where n  3 is an integer
18. Prove that  
k 1
( n  k ) cos 2
n = –
2
A2 2 2
19. Show that the equation 1 A2  An
x  
 a1 x  a2 x a n = k has no imaginary root, given that : 
a1, a2, a3.... an & A1, A2, A3. .... An, k are all real numbers.
20. Let z1, z2, z3 be three distinct complex numbers satisfying, ½z 1-1½ = ½z2-1½ = ½z3-1½. Let A, B & C
be the points represented in the Argand plane corresponding to z 1, z2 and z3 resp. Prove that z1 + z2 +
z3 = 3 if and only if D ABC is an equilateral triangle.
21. Let ,  be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2 2
z   + z   = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the
circle.
22. If 1, 1, 2, 3,, n  1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then prove that
(1 1) (1 2) (1 3). . ..... (1  n  1) = n.
 2 3 ( n)  1  n
Hence prove that sin . sin . sin .. sin = n1 .
n n n n 2
23. Find the real values of the parameter ‘a’ for which at least one complex number
z = x + iy satisfies both the equality z  ai  = a + 4 and the inequality z  2 < 1.
24. Prove that, with regard to the quadratic equation z 2 + (p + ip ) z + q + iq = 0; where p, p , q, q are all
real.
(a) if the equation has one real root then q  2  pp  q + qp  2 = 0.
(b) if the equation has two equal roots then p 2  p 2 = 4q & pp = 2q  .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
25. The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z 1, z2, z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to (  ) . Show that
2

(z2  z3)² = 4 (z3  z1) (z1  z2) sin2 .
2
26. If z 1, z 2 & z 3 are the affixes of three points A, B & C respectively and satisfy the condition |
z1 – z2| = |z1| + |z2| and |(2 - i) z1 + iz3 | = |z1| + |(1 – i) z1 + iz3| then prove that  ABC in a right angled.
27. If 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 be the roots of x 5  1 = 0, then prove that

  1 .    2 .    3 .    4 = .
2 2
2 2
  1    2    3    4
28. If one the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z – 1| = 2 is 2 + 3 i. Find the other vertices of
the square. [IIT – 2005, 4]
 EXERCISE-4 EXERCISE-5
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. A

5. A 6. D 7. C 8. A 3K
1. x = K, y = KR 3. 2  3, 2  3
2
9. A 11. D 12. A 13. B
i 3
14. D 15. D 16. A 17. B 4. 3– or 1 – i 11. 3 2
2 2
18. A 19. D 20. C 21. C
1 2  21 5
21. k>  23.  ,  
22. B 23. B 24. D 25. B 2  10 6
26. C 27. A 28. ABCD29. AB
28. –i 3,1– 3 + i, 1 + 3 –i
30. ACD 31. AC 10. AD
 COM PLEX NUMBERS
Some questions (Assertion–Reason type) are given below. Each question contains Statement – 1 (Assertion) and
Statement – 2 (Reason). Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. So select
the correct choice :
Choices are :
(A) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
(B)Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True; Statement – 2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement – 1.
(C) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False.
(D) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True.
344. Let z = ei = cos + isin
Statement 1: Value of eiA .eiB . eiC = –1 if A + B + C = . Statement 2: arg(z) =  and |z| = 1.
345 Let a1, a2, .... , an R+
a1 a 2 a a
Statement–1 : Minimum value of   ....  n 1  n
a 2 a3 a n a1
Statement–2 : For positive real numbers, A.M  G.M.
 5c   3b   a 
346. Let log   , log   and log   then A.P., where a, b, c are in G.P. If a, b, c represents the sides of a
 a   5c   3b 
triangle. Then : Statement–1 : Triangle represented by the sides a, b, c will be an isosceles triangle
Statement–2 : b + c < a
347. Let Z1, Z2 be two complex numbers represented by points on the curves |z| = 2 and |z – 3 – 3i| = 2 2 . Then
Statement–1 : min |z1–z2| = 0 and max |z1 – z2| = 6 2
Statement–2 : Two curves |z| = 2 and |z – 3 –3i| = 2 2 touch each other externally
348. Statement–1 : If |z – i|  2 and z0 = 5 + 3i, then the maximum value of |iz + z0| is 7
Statement–2 : For the complex numbers z1 and z2 |z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2|
349. Let z1 and z2 be complex number such that z1  z 2 | z1 |  | z 2 |
z 
Statement–1 : arg  1   0
 z2 
Statement–2 : z1, z2 and origin are collinear and z1, z2 are on the same side of origin.
350. Let fourth roots of unity be z1, z2, z3 and z4 respectively
Statement–1 : z12  z 2 2  z 3 2  z 4 2  0 Statement–2 : z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 = 0.
n
351. Let z1, z2, . . . , zn be the roots of z = 1, n  N.
Statement–1 : z1. z2 . . . zn = (– 1)n Statement–2 : Product of the roots of the equation anxn + an – 1xn – 1
a0
+ an – 2 xn – 2 + . . . + a1x + a0 = 0, an  0, is (– 1)n. .
an
352. Let z1, z2, z3 and z4 be the complex numbers satisfying z1 – z2 = z4 – z3.
Statement–1 : z1, z2, z3, z4 are the vertices of a parallelogram
z1  z3 z2  z4
Statement–2 :  .
2 2
353. Statement–1 : The minimum value of | z |  | z  i | | is 0.
Statement–2 : For any two complex number z1 and z2, z1  z 2  z1  z 2 .
354. Statement–1 : Let z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1  z 2 || z1  z 2 | then the orthocenter
z1  z 2
of AOB is . (where O is the origin)
2
Statement–2 : In case of right angled triangle, orthocenter is that point at which triangle is right angled.
355. Statement–1 : If  is complex cube root of unity then (x – y) (x – y) (x2 – y) is equal to x3 + y2
Statement–2 : If  is complex cube root of unity then 1 +  + 2 = 0 and 3 = 1
356. Statement-1 : If |z|  4, then greatest value of |z + 3 – 4i| is 9.
Statement-2 : Z1, Z2 C, |Z 1 + Z 2|  |Z1| + |Z 2|

30 of 38
 2
357. Statement-1: The slope of line (2 – 3i) z + (2 + 3i) z  1 = 0 is
3
Re(a)
Statement-2:: The slope of line az  az  b  0 bR & a be any non-zero complex. Constant is 
Im(a)
6
 2k 2k 
358. Statement-1: The value of   sin
k 1 7
 i cos
7 
 is i
Statement-2: The roots of the equation zn = 1 are called the nth roots of unity where
 cos 2k   2k 
z=    i sin   where k = 0, 1, 2, ... (n  1)
 n   n 
359. Statement-1: |z1 – a| < a, |z2 – b| < b |z3 – c| < c, where a, b, c are +ve real nos, then |z1 + z2 + z3| is greater than 2|a
+ b + c| Statement-2: |z1  z2|  |z1| + |z2|
360. Statement-1: (cos2 + isin2) = 1
Statement-2: (cos +isin)n = cosn + isin n it is not true when n is irrational number.
361. Statement-1 : If 1, 2, 3 ….  8 be the 8th root of unity, then 116 + 216 + 316 + … + 816 = 8
Statement-2 : In case of sum of pth power of nth roots of unity sum = 0 if p  kn where p, k, n are integers sum =
n if p = kn.
362. Statement-1: Locus of z, satisfying the equation |z – 1| + |z – 8| = 16 is an ellipse of eccentricity 7/16
Statement-2:: Sum of focal distances of any point is constant for an ellipse
 z2  n 2 1
363. Statement-1: arg   = arg z2 – arg z1 & arg z = n(argz) Statement-2: If |z| = 1, then arg (z + z ) = arg z.
 z1  2
364. Statement-1: If |z  z + i|  2 then 5  2  | z |  5  2
Statement-2: If |z  2 + i|  2 the z lies inside or on the circle having centre (2, 1) & radius 2.
1 2
365. Statement-1: The area of the triangle on argand plane formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz is |z|
2

Statement-2: The angle between the two complex numbers z and iz is .
2
zz1  z 2
366. Statement-1: If  k, (z1, z2  0), then locus of z is circle.
zz1  z 2
z  z1
Statement-2 : As,   represents a circle if, {0, 1}
z  z2
 z1 
367. Statement-1: If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2| + |z1 – z2|, then Im  0 .
 z2 
Statement-2: arg (z) = 0  z is purely real.
 2   2  2 4 3 5 6
368. Statement-1: If  = cos    i sin   , p =  +  +  , q =  +  +  , then the equation whose roots
 7  7
are p and q is x2 + x + 2 = 0
Statement-2: If  is a root of z7 = 1, then 1 +  + 2 + …. + 6 = 0.
369. Statement-1: If |z| < 2  1 then |z2 + 2z cos| is less than one.
Statement-2: |z1 + z2| < |z1| + |z2| . Also |cos|  1.
370. Statement-1: The number of complex number satisfying the equation |z|2 + P|z| + q = 0 (p, q,  R) is atmost 2.
Statement-2 : A quadratic equation in which all the co-efficients are non-zero real can have exactly two roots.
1 5 1
371. Statement-1: If    1(  0) is a complex number, then the maximum value of || is .
 2
1 5 1
Statement-2 :: On the locus    1 the farthest distance from origin is .
 2

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 z2 
372. Statement-1: The locus of z moving in the Argand plane such that arg    is a circle.
z2 2
Statement-2: This is represent a circle, whose centre is origin and radius is 2.
ANSWER
344. B 345. A 346. D 347. A 348. A 349. A 350. B
351. D 352. A 353. D 354. D 355. D 356. A 357.. A
358. A 359. D 360. D 361. A 362. A 363. B 364. A
365. A 366. D 367. A 368. A 369. A 370. D 371. A
372. A
SOLUTION
1/ n
a a a a a a a  a1 a 2 a
345. Using AM  GM 1  2  ...  n 1  n  n  1 . 2 .... n     ...  n  n
a 2 a3 a n a1  a 2 a 3 a1  a 2 a3 a1
Hence (A) is correct option.
2
3b 5c a  3b  5c a
346. 2log  log  log     a . 3b  3b = 5c
5c a 3b  5c 
9a a b c
Also, b2 = ac  9ac = 25c2 or 9a = 25c   5c  3b    b +c<a
5 5 3 9/5
 (D) is the correct answer
347. From the diagram it is clear that both circles touch each other 
externally
 3)
(3,
 min |z1 – z2| = 0 (1, 1)
max |z1 – z2| = 36  36  6 2 ]
|z| = 2 2
Hence (A) is correct option.
|z| = 2

348. |iz + z0| = |i(z – i) – 1 + 5 + 3i| = |i (z–i) + 4 + 3i|

 |i| |z – i| + |4 + 3i|  7 Hence (A) is the correct option.
349. (A) arg (z1) = arg (z2)
 z1 
 arg    arg  z1   arg  z 2   0 .
 z2 
350. (B) Fourth roots of unity are – 1, 1, – i and i
 z12  z 2 2  z 3 2  z 4 2  0 and z1  z 2  z 3  z 4  0 .
351. Statement – II is true (a known fact).
 1 
Hence if z1, z2, . . . , zn are roots of zn – 1 = 0, then z1. z2 . . . zn = (– 1)n.  1n1 ,
1
which is never equal to (– 1)n Hence (d) is the correct answer.
352. Both statements – I and II are true and statement – II is the correct reasoning of statement – I, because
z1  z3 z2  z4
  mid point of join of z1, z3 and z2, z4 are same, which is the necessary and sufficient
2 2
condition for a quadrilateral ABCD, when A  A(z1), B  B(z2),
C  C(z3), D  D(z4) to be a parallelogram Hence (A) is the correct answer.
353. | z  i  z || z |  | i  z |  | z |  | z  i || i | 1
 Hence (d) is the correct answer.
354. | z1  z 2 |2 | z1  z 2 |2
2 2 2
 z1 z2  z1z 2  0  z1  z 2  z1  z 2
 AOB is right angled at O.
 orthocenter is the origin.  Hence (d) is the correct answer.
355. (D) (x – y) (x – y) (x2 – y)
= x3 2 – x2y – x2y2 + xy2 – x2 y + xy2 + xy22 – y3 = x3 – y3

32 of 38
356. Option (A) is correct
Since
|z + 3 – 4i|  |z| + |3-4i| = 9 ( |z|  4).
357. Option (A) is correct.
6
 2k 2k 
358.  (i)  cos
k 1 7
 i sin
7 

6
 z  z7 
=  i)   z k  (i)   [ z = 1]
7

k 1  1  z 
= (-i) (-1) = i Ans. (A)
359. |z1 + z2 + z3| = |z1 – a + z2 – b + z3 – c + (a + b + c)
 |z1 – a| + |z2 – b| + |z3 – c| + |a + b + c|  2|a + b + c| Ans. (D)
360. (cos2 + i sin2) can not be evaluated because demoviers theorem does not hold for irrational index.
‘d’ is correct.
361. 1, , 2, … 7 are 8, 8 th root of unity then after raising 16th power, we get 1, 16, 32, 48 … 112
1 + 16 + 32 + 48 + … + 112
Now 8 = 1
So 16 = 1
1+1+1+…+1=8
‘A’ is correct.
365. (A) z + iz
1
| z | | iz |
2
| z |2

2
iz z2

366. (D)
z2
z
zz1  z 2 z1
k  k
z1z  z 2 z2
z
z1
Clearly, if k  0, 1; then z would lie on a circle. If k = 1, z would lie on the perpendicular bisector of line segment
z2 z 2
joining and and represents a point, if k = 0.
z1 z1
367. We have, arg (z) = 0  z is purely real. R is true
Also, |z1| = |z2| + |z1 – z2|
 (|z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2|z1| |z2| cos (1 - 2)
= |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2|z1| |z2|
 cos(1 - 2) = 1  1 - 2 = 0
 z1  z1
 arg  0  is purely real.
 z2  z2
 z1 
Im  0 (A)
 z2 
368. (A)
 is seventh root of unity  1 +  + 2 + … + 6 = 0
 p + q = –1.
pq = 4 + 6 + 7 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 7 + 9 + 10 = 3 – 1 = 2.

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  x2 + x + 2 = 0 is the req. equation.
Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
369. (A)
|z2 + 2z cos| < |z2| + |2z cos| < |z2| + 2|z| |cos|
2
< ( 2  1)  2( 2  1)  1 .
( |cos|  1).

z  2 z  2 i / 2 z  2z  2
372.  e  i ... (i)
z2 z2
z2 z2 z2
therefore  (1)   i ... (ii)
z2 z2 z2
Then adding (i) & (ii)
z2 z2
 =0
z2 z2
i.e., (z – 2) z  2) + (z + 2) ( z - 2) = 0, 2z z - 8 = 0
|z|2 = 4  x2 + y2 = 4.
Ans. (a)
Imp. Que. From Competitive Exams
1. The number of real values of a satisfying the equation a 2  2a sin x  1  0 is
(a) Zero (b) One
(c) Two (d) Infinite
2. For positive integers n1 , n2 the value of the expression (1  i)n1  (1  i 3 )n1  (1  i 5 )n2  (1  i 7 )n2 where i   1 is a
real number if and only if [IIT 1996]
(a) n1  n 2  1 (b) n1  n2  1
(c) n1  n 2 (d) n1  0, n 2  0

3. Given that the equation z 2  (p  iq)z  r  i s  0, where p, q, r, s are real and non-zero has a real root, then

(a) pqr  r 2  p 2 s (b) prs  q 2  r 2 p

(c) qrs  p 2  s 2q (d) pqs  s 2  q 2r

4. If x  5  2  4 , then the value of the expression x 4  9 x 3  35 x 2  x  4 is [IIT 1972]

(a) 160 (b) 160
(c) 60 (d) 60
b d
5. If 3  i  (a  ib)(c  id) , then tan 1    tan 1   has the value
a c
 
(a)  2n , n  I (b) n  ,n I
3 6
 
(c) n  ,n  I (d) 2n  ,n  I
3 3
6. If a  cos   i sin  , b  cos   i sin  ,
b c a
c  cos   i sin  and    1, then cos(   )  cos(   )  cos(   ) is equal to [RPET 2001]
c a b
(a) 3/2 (b) – 3/2
(c) 0 (d) 1
7. If (1  i)(1  2i)(1  3i).....(1  ni)  a  ib , then 2.5.10.... (1  n2 ) is equal to
[Karnataka CET 2002; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]

34 of 38
 (a) a 2  b 2 (b) a 2  b 2

(c) a2  b2 (d) a2  b2
8. If z is a complex number, then the minimum value of | z |  | z  1| is [Roorkee 1992]
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1/2 (d) None of these
9. For any two complex numbers z1 and z 2 and any real numbers a and b; | (az1  bz 2 )|2  |(bz1  az 2 )|2 
[IIT 1988]
(a) (a 2  b 2 )(| z1 |  | z 2 |) (b) (a 2  b 2 )(| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 )
(c) (a 2  b2 )(| z1 |2  | z 2 |2 ) (d) None of these
10. The locus of z satisfying the inequality log 1 / 3 | z  1| log 1 / 3 | z  1| is
(a) R (z)  0 (b) R (z)  0
(c) I (z)  0 (d) None of these
11. If z1  a  ib and z 2  c  id are complex numbers such that | z1 || z 2 | 1 and R(z1 z 2 )  0, then the pair of
complex numbers w1  a  ic and w2  b  id satisfies
[IIT 1985]
(a) |w1 | 1 (b) | w2 | 1
(c) R(w1 w2 )  0, (d) All the above
12. Let z and w be two complex numbers such that | z | 1, | w | 1 and | z  iw || z  iw | 2 . Then z is equal to
[IIT 1995]
(a) 1 or i (b) i or i
(c) 1 or – 1 (d) i or –1
1
13. The maximum distance from the origin of coordinates to the point z satisfying the equation z   a is
z
1 1
(a) ( a 2  1  a) (b) ( a 2  2  a)
2 2
1
(c) ( a 2  4  a) (d) None of these
2
z  12 5 z  4
14. Find the complex number z satisfying the equations  , 1 [Roorkee 1993]
z  8i 3 z8
(a) 6 (b) 6  8i
(c) 6  8i, 6  17i (d) None of these
1 1 1
15. If z 1 , z 2 , z 3 are complex numbers such that | z1 || z 2 | | z 3 |    1, then | z 1  z 2  z 3 | is
z1 z 2 z 3
[MP PET 2004; IIT Screening 2000]
(a) Equal to 1 (b) Less than 1
(c) Greater than 3 (d) Equal to 3
 z  z1  
16. If z1  10  6i, z 2  4  6i and z is a complex number such that amp   , then the value of | z  7  9i | is

 z  z2  4
equal to [IIT 1990]
(a) 2 (b) 2 2
(c) 3 2 (d) 2 3
17. If z 1 , z 2 , z 3 be three non-zero complex number, such that z 2  z 1 , a | z 1 |, b | z 2 | and c | z 3 | suppose that
a b c
z 
b c a  0 , then arg  3  is equal to

c a b  z2 

35 of 38
 2
z z  z z 
(a) arg  2 1  (b) arg  2 1 
 z 3  z1   z 3  z1 
2
z z  z z 
(c) arg  3 1  (d) arg  3 1 
 z 2  z1   z 2  z1 
18. Let z and w be the two non-zero complex numbers such that | z || w | and arg z  arg w   . Then z is equal
to
[IIT 1995; AIEEE 2002]
(a) w (b) w
(c) w (d)  w
19. If | z  25i | 15 , then | max .amp(z)  min .amp(z) |
3 3
(a) cos 1   (b)   2 cos 1  
5 5
 3 3 3
(c)  cos 1   (d) sin 1    cos 1  
2 5 5 5
z  z 
20. If z 1 , z 2 and z 3 , z 4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg  1   arg  2  equals
 z4   z3 

(a) 0 (b)
2
3
(c) (d) 
2
21. Let z, w be complex numbers such that z  iw  0 and arg zw   . Then arg z equals [AIEEE 2004]
(a) 5 / 4 (b)  / 2
(c) 3 / 4 (d)  / 4
22. If (1  x)n  C 0  C1 x  C 2 x 2  .....  C n x n , then the value of C0  C2  C4  C6  ..... is
n
(a) 2n (b) 2n cos
2
n n
(c) 2n sin (d) 2n / 2 cos
2 4
23. If x  cos   i sin  and y  cos   i sin  , then x m y n  x  m y  n is equal to
(a) cos(m  n )
(b) cos(m  n )
(c) 2 cos(m  n )
(d) 2 cos(m  n )
8
2r 2r 
24. The value of   sin
r 1
9
 i cos
9 
 is

(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) i (d) i
25. If a, b, c and u, v, w are complex numbers representing the vertices of two triangles such that c  (1  r)a  rb and
w  (1  r)u  rv , where r is a complex number, then the two triangles
(a) Have the same area (b) Are similar
(c) Are congruent (d) None of these
26. Suppose z1 , z 2 , z 3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle | z | 2 . If z1  1  i 3 , then
values of z 3 and z 2 are respectively [IIT 1994]

(a)  2, 1  i 3 (b) 2, 1  i 3

(c) 1  i 3 ,2 (d) None of these

36 of 38
27. If the complex number z1, z 2 the origin form an equilateral triangle then z12  z 22  [IIT
1983]
(a) z1 z 2 (b) z1 z 2

(c) z 2 z1 (d) | z1 |2 | z 2 |2

28. If at least one value of the complex number z  x  iy satisfy the condition | z  2 | a 2  3a  2 and the
inequality | z  i 2 | a 2 , then
(a) a  2 (b) a  2
(c) a  2 (d) None of these
29. If z, iz and z  iz are the vertices of a triangle whose area is 2 units, then the value of | z | is
[RPET 2000]
(a) – 2 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8
30. If z 2  z | z |  | z |2  0 , then the locus of z is
(a) A circle (b) A straight line
(c) A pair of straight lines (d) None of these
31. If cos   cos   cos   sin   sin   sin   0 then cos 3  cos 3   cos 3 equals to [Kar. CET 2000]
(a) 0 (b) cos(     )
(c) 3 cos(     ) (d) 3 sin(     )
r r
32. If z r  cos  i sin , where r = 1, 2, 3,….,n, then lim z 1 z 2 z 3 ...z n is equal to
n2 n2 n

[UPSEAT 2001]
(a) cos   i sin  (b) cos( /2)  i sin( /2)

(c) e i / 2 (d) 3
e i
33. If the cube roots of unity be 1,  ,  2 , then the roots of the equation ( x  1)3  8  0 are
[IIT 1979; MNR 1986; DCE 2000; AIEEE 2005]
2
(a)  1, 1  2 , 1  2
(b)  1, 1  2 , 1  2 2
(c) 1,  1,  1
(d) None of these
34. If 1,  ,  2 ,  3 . .....,  n1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then (1   )(1   2 ).....(1   n1 ) equals
[MNR 1992; IIT 1984; DCE 2001; MP PET 2004]
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) n (d) n2
35. The value of the expression 1.(2   )(2   2 )  2.(3   )(3   2 )  .......
....  (n  1).(n   )(n   2 ),
where  is an imaginary cube root of unity, is[IIT 1996]
1
(a) (n  1)n(n 2  3n  4)
2
1
(b) (n  1)n(n 2  3n  4)
4
1
(c) (n  1)n(n 2  3n  4)
2
1
(d) (n  1)n(n 2  3n  4)
4

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 334 365
 1 i 3  1 i 3
36. If i   1, then 4  5     3    is equal to [IIT 1999]
 2 2   2 2 
 
(a) 1  i 3 (b)  1  i 3
(c) i 3 (d)  i 3
37. If a  cos(2 / 7)  i sin(2 / 7), then the quadratic equation whose roots are   a  a 2  a 4 and   a 3  a 5  a 6 is
[RPET 2000]
2 2
(a) x  x  2  0 (b) x  x  2  0
2
(c) x  x  2  0 (d) x 2  x  2  0
th
38. Let z 1 and z 2 be n roots of unity which are ends of a line segment that subtend a right angle at the origin.
Then n must be of the form [IIT Screening 2001; Karnataka 2002]
(a) 4k + 1 (b) 4k + 2
(c) 4k + 3 (d) 4k
39. Let  is an imaginary cube roots of unity then the value of
2(  1)( 2  1)  3(2  1)(2 2  1)  ....  (n  1)(n  1)(n 2  1) is [Orissa JEE 2002]
2 2
 n(n  1)   n(n  1) 
(a)   n (b)  
 2   2 
2
 n(n  1) 
(c)   n (d) None of these
 2 
40.  is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1   2 )m  (1   4 )m , then least positive integral value of m is
[IIT Screening 2004]
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 4 (d) 3
ANSWER
1 c 2 d 3 d 4 b 5 b
6 d 7 b 8 a 9 b 10 a
11 d 12 c 13 c 14 c 15 a
16 c 17 c 18 d 19 b 20 a
21 c 22 d 23 c 24 d 25 b
26 a 27 a 28 a 29 b 30 c
31 c 32 c 33 b 34 c 35 b
36 c 37 D 38 d 39 a 40 d

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