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In this paper, we consider the differential transform method (DTM) for finding approximate and exact
solutions of some partial differential equations with variable coefficients. The efficiency of the
considered method is illustrated by some examples. The results reveal that the proposed method is very
effective and simple and can be applied for other linear and nonlinear problems in mathematical physics.
Key words: Differential transform method; partial differential equations variable coefficients.
INTRODUCTION
Up to now, more and more nonlinear equations were pick up singular soliton solutions with no extra effort (Fan
presented, which described the motion of the isolated and Zhang, 1998; Hirota and Satsuma, 1981; Malfliet,
waves, localized in a small part of space, in many fields 1992; Satsuma and Hirota, 1982; Wu et al., 1999). The
such as hydrodynamic, plasma physics, nonlinear optic, numerical solution of Burger’s equation is of great
and others. The investigation of exact solutions of these importance due to the equation’s application in the
nonlinear equations is interesting and important. In the approximate theory of flow through a shock wave
past several decades, many authors mainly had paid traveling in a viscous fluid (Cole, 1951) and in the
attention to study solutions of nonlinear equations by Burger’s model of turbulence (Burgers, 1948). It is solved
using various methods, such as Backlund transformation analytically for arbitrary initial conditions (Hopf, 1950).
(Ablowitz and Clarkson, 1991; Coely, 2001), Darboux Finite element methods have been applied to fluid
transformation (Wadati et al., 1975), inverse scattering problems, Galerkin and Petrov-Galerkin finite element
method (Gardner et al., 1967), Hirota’s bilinear method methods involving a time-dependent grid (Caldwell et al.,
(Hirota, 1971), the tanh method (Malfeit, 1992), the sine- 1981; Herbst et al., 1982). Numerical solution using cubic
cosine method (Yan, 1996; Yan and Zhang, 2000), the spline global functions were developed in (Rubin and
homogeneous balance method (Wang, 1996; Yan and Graves, 1975) to obtain two systems or diagonally
Zhang, 2001), and the Riccati expansion method with dominant equations which are solved to determine the
constant coefficients (Yan, 2001). Recently, an extended evolution of the system. A collocation solution with cubic
tanh–function method and symbolic computation are spline interpolation functions used to produce three
suggested in Fan (2001) for solving the new coupled coupled sets of equations for the dependent variable and
modified KdV equations to obtain four kinds of soliton its two first derivatives (Caldwell and Hinton, 1987). Ali et
solutions. This method has some merits in contrast with al (1992) applied finite element methods to the solution of
the tanh-function method. It not only uses a simpler Burger’s equation. The finite element approach is applied
algorithm to produce an algebric system, but also can with collocation method over a constant grid of cubic
spline element. Cubic spline had a resulting matrix
system which is tri-diagonal and so solved by the
Thomas algorithm. Soliman (2000) used the similarity
*Corresponding author. E-mail: biswas.anjan@gmail.com. reductions for the partial differential equations to develop
Raslan et al. 1413
METHODOLOGY
m w( x, t )
u ( x, t ) ,
To illustrate the basic idea of the DTM, we considered u ( x, t ) is tm
analytic and differentiated continuously in the domain of interest, Theorem 3: If the original function is then
then let
(k m)!
U k ( x) Wk ( x)
1 k u ( x, t ) k!
U k ( x) , (1)
the transformed function is .
k! t k t t
0 w( x, t )
u ( x, t ) ,
U k (x) x
where the spectrum is the transformed function, which is Theorem 4: If the original function is then
called T-function in brief. The differential inverse transform of
U k (x)
is defined as follows: U k ( x) Wk ( x)
x
the transformed function is .
u ( x, t ) U k ( x)( t t0 ) ,
k
w( x, y, t )
k 0 (2) u ( x, y , t ) ,
y
Combining (1) and (2), it can be obtained that Theorem 5: If the original function is
1414 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
x 2 2U k ( x)
U k ( x, y ) Wk ( x, y ) ( k 1) U k ( x ) ,
x 2 x2
then the transformed function is . (9)
Theorem 6: If the original function is
using the initial condition, Equation (8), we have
w( x, y, z, t )
u ( x, y, z, t ) ,
z U 0 ( x) x 2 .
then the transformed function is (10)
U k ( x, y, z ) Wk ( x, y, z )
z Now, substituting Equation (10) into (9), we obtain the
. U k (x )
following values successively
APPLICATIONS
Example 2
Here, the extended differential transformation method
(DTM) is used to find the solutions of the PDEs in one, Consider the two-dimensional heat equation with variable
two and three dimensions with variable coefficients, and coefficients as
compared with that obtained by other methods.
y2 x2
Example 1 ut ( x, y, t ) u xx ( x, y, t ) u yy ( x, y, t ) 0
2 2 (14)
Consider the one-dimensional heat equation with variable
coefficients in the form
where the initial condition is
2
x
ut ( x, t ) uxx ( x, t ) 0 u ( x, y,0) y 2 .
2 , (7) (15)
and the initial condition Taking differential transform of Equation (14) and the
initial condition Equation (15) respectively,
u ( x,0) x 2 , (8)
2 2 2
2
( k 1)U ( x, y ) y U ( x , y ) x U ( x, y )
u u( x, t ) is a function of the variables x and t .
k x 2 k y 2 k
where , (16)
y2 x2 y2 x2
U 1 ( x , y ) x 2 , U 2 ( x, y ) , U 3 ( x, y ) , U 4 ( x, y ) , U 5 ( x, y )
2 6 24 120
x 2
y 2
y 2 k! k is odd (18)
U 6 ( x, y ) , U 7 ( x, y ) ,...., U k ( x, y ) 2
720 5040 y k is even
k!
U k ( x, y ) tk tk
Finally the differential inverse transform of u( x, y, t ) U k ( x, y) t k x 2 y2
gives: k 0 k 0 k! k 0 k! (19)
t3 t5 t 2 n1 t2 t4 t 2n
u( x, y, t ) x 2 ( t ..... ) y 2 (1 ..... )
3! 5! (2n 1)! 2! 4! (2n )!
sinh t cosht
x sinht y cosht
2 2
(20)
which is the exact solution of Equation (14) . initial condition Equation (22) respectively,
2
2
1
Example 3 (k 1) U k 1 ( x, y, z ) ( xyz) 4 (x U ( x, y , z )
36 x 2 k
Considering three-dimensional heat equation with
2 2 2
2
variable coefficient as y U ( x , y , z ) z U ( x, y , z ) 0
y 2 k z 2 k , (23)
1
ut ( xyz) ( x 2uxx y 2u yy z 2uzz ) 0
4
Using the initial condition Equation (22), we have
36 , (21)
u( x, y, z,0) 0 . (22)
Now, substituting Equation (24) into (23), we obtain the
following Uk (x, y,z) values successively
Taking differential transform of Equation (21) and the
1 4 4 4 1
U1 ( x, y, z ) x4 y 4 z 4 , U 2 ( x, y, z ) x y z , U 3 ( x, y, z ) x 4 y 4 z 4 ,
2 6
1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4
U 4 ( x, y , z ) x y z , U 5 ( x, y , z ) x y z , U 6 ( x, y , z ) x y z
24 120 720
1
, ....,U k ( x, y, z ) x 4 y 4 z 4 .
k! (25)
1416 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
U k ( x, y , z , ) U k ( x) 0 , k 2,4,6,
Finally the differential inverse transform of
gives: 1 1 2 1 2
U 3 ( x) x 2 , U 5 ( x) x , U 7 ( x) x ,
6 120 5040 (33)
u ( x, y, z, t ) U k t ( U 0 U 1 t U 2 t ..U k t )
k 2 k
U k (x )
k 0 , (26) Finally the differential inverse transform of gives:
t2 tk
u( x, t ) U k t k x 2 ( 1 t
Then the exact solution is given by
)
k 0 2 k! , (34)
t2 t3 t4 t5 tk
u( x, y, z, t ) x y z (t ..... )
4 4 4
u ( x, t ) x 2 e t .
u( x, y, z, t ) x 4 y 4 z 4 (e t 1 ) , (28)
(35)
Example 5
Example 4
Considering the two-dimensional wave equation with
Considering the one-dimensional wave equation with variable coefficient as
variable coefficient as
x2 y2
x 2 utt ( x, y, t ) uxx ( x, y, t ) u yy ( x, y, t ) 0
utt u xx ( x, t ) 0 12 12 , (36)
2 , (29)
with the initial condition
with an initial condition
u( x, y,0) x 2 , ut ( x, y,0) y 4 , (37)
u(x,0) x, ut (x,0) x2 , (30) Taking differential transform of Equation (36) and the
initial condition Equation (37) respectively,
Taking differential transform of Equation (29)
x2 2 y2 2
(k 1) U ( x, y) U ( x, y) U ( x, y) 0
x2 2 k 1 12 x 2 k 12 y 2 k
(k 1)(k 2) U ( x) U ( x) 0 (38)
k 2 x 2 k
, (31)
using the initial condition, Equation (37), we have
using the initial condition, Equation (30), we have
U0 (x, y) x2 ,U1 (x, y) y4 . (39)
U0 ( x) x, U1 ( x) x 2 . (32) Now, substituting Equation (39) into (38), we obtain the
U k (x )
Now, substituting Equation (32) into (31), we obtain the following values successively
U k (x )
following values successively
1 1 1 1 1 4
U 2 ( x, y ) x 4 U 3 ( x, y ) x 4 , U 4 ( x, y ) x 4 , U 5 ( x, y ) y 4 , U 6 ( x , y ) y ,....
2 6 24 120 720 (40)
U k ( x, y )
Finally the differential inverse transform of u( x, y, t ) U k ( x, y) t k x 4 U (x, y) t k
k
y4 U (x, y) t
k
k
gives: k 0 k 0, 2, 4, k 1,3,5,
(41)
Raslan et al. 1417
1 2 2 2 1 1
U 2 ( x, y , z ) (x y z ), U 3 ( x, y, z ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) , U 4 ( x, y, z ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 ),
2 6 24
1 1
U 5 ( x, y , z ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 ), U 6 ( x, y, z ) (x 2 y 2 z 2 ) ,.....
120 720 (47)
U k ( x, y, z ) gives:
Finally the differential inverse transform of
u( x, y, z, t ) U k ( x, y, z ) t k
k 0
(x 2 y 2 z 2 ) U k ( x, y, z) t k (x 2 y 2 z 2 )
k 0, 2, 4,
U
k 1,3, 5,
k ( x, y, z ) t k
(48)
u( x, y, z, t ) ( x 2 y 2 ) et z 2 e t ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) (49). 2
(k 1)(k 2) U ( x) U ( x) U ( x) 0
k 2 k k
x , (52)
Example 7
using the initial condition, Equation (51), we have
Considering the linear Klein-Gordon equation in the form
U0(x) = 1 sin x , U1(x) = 0 (53)
utt ( x, t ) u xx ( x, t ) u( x, t ) 0
, (50)
U k (x )
substituting (53) into (52), we obtain the following
with an initial condition values successively
1418 Int. J. Phys. Sci.
U k ( x) 0 k 1,3,5,
1 t t2 t3 t4
u ( x, t ) U k ( x ) t k (1 2 3 )
1 1 1 2x 2 x 4 x 8 x 16x 4
U 2 ( x) , U 4 ( x) , U 6 ( x) , k 0
2 24 720 (54)
Then, the exact solution is given by
U k (x ) 1
Finally the differential inverse transform of gives: u( x, t )
2x t . (62)
u ( x, t ) U k ( x ) t k U k ( x) t k
k 0 k 0 Example 8b
Taking differential transform of Equation (57) and the Now, substituting Equation (66) into Equation (65), we
initial condition Equation (58) respectively, we have U k (x )
obtain the following values successively
U ( x) k 2 -4 8 - 16 32 - 64
k
(k 1) U ( x) U r ( x)U k r ( x) 0 U 1 (t ) , U 2 (t ) 3 , U 3 (t ) 4 , U 4 (t ) 5 , U 5 (t ) 6 , U 6 (t ) 7 ,
k 1 x t2 t t t t t
(67)
r 0 , (59)
Then, the exact solution is given by
using the initial condition Equation (59), we have
1 2 x 4 x 2 8x 3
1 u( x, t ) U k (t ) x k (1 2 3 )
k 0 t t t t
U0(x) = 2 x , (60) 1
Now, substituting Equation (60) into Equation (61), we 2x t (68)
U k (x )
obtain the following values successively Both operator yield distinct series which converge to the
same solution.
1 1 1 1 1
U1 (x) 2
, U2 (x) 3 ,U3 (x) 4 ,U4 (x) 5 , U5 (x) 6 ,..........
.......
4x 8x 16 x 32 x 64 x (61) Conclusion
Finally the differential inverse transform of Uk(x) gives: The differential transform method has been successfully
Raslan et al. 1419
applied for solving partial differential equations with Fan E (2001). Soliton solutions for a generalized Hirota-Satsuma
coupled KdV equation and a coupled MKdV equation. Phys. Lett. A,
variable coefficients. The solution obtained by differential
282: 18.
transform method is an infinite power series for Fan EG, Zhang HQ (1998). A note on the homogeneous balance
appropriate initial condition, which can in turn express the method. Phys. Lett. A., 246: 403.
exact solutions in a closed form. The results show that Gardner CS, Green JM, Kruskal MD, Miura RM (1967). Method for
solving the Korteweg-deVries equation. 19: 1095.
the differential transform method is a powerful
Hassan AH (2008). Comparison differential transformation technique
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with variable coefficients. The reliability of the differential value problems. Chaos, Solitons Fractals, 36(1): 53-65.
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Galerkin method for transport equations. J. Numer. Methods Eng.,
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Nee J, Duan J (1998). Limit set of trajectories of the coupled viscous
Burgers equations. Appl. Math, Lett., 11(1): 57-61.
Professor K. R. Raslan extend their appreciation to the Pukhov GE (1986), Differential transformations and mathematical
Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University modeling of physical processes. Kiev.
for funding the work through the research group project Rubin SG, Graves RA (1975). Computers and Fluids. Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 3: 136.
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