Experiment No.

5 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Experiment No. 5
1.0 TITLE :
To determine the Blood group of the subject by ABO system and rhesus system.

2.0 PRIOR CONCEPTS:

The blood contains various antigens.
Blood group : The type of blood according to different agglutinogen (antigens) present in R.B.C.

3.0 NEW CONCEPTS:

Proposition 1 :
RBCs of different individuals have the different types of Antigens. Depending on types of antigen
present or absent the four types of blood groups.
Blood group depends upon types of antigen present or absent in the blood.
There are four types of blood groups
Concept Structure :
Type of blood group depends on presents or absent of rhesus factor in blood cells

Proposition 2
ABO system of blood grouping is based on presence of agglutinogen (Antigen) and absence of
antigen in RBCs and clumping of RBC in Antiserum A and B and if no clumping of RBCs in
Antiserum.
Concept Structure :
Types of blood group based on presence or absence of rhesus factor in blood cells

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Experiment No. 5

4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

1 Intellectual skills :
1. To detect the agglutination or No agglutination of RBC with antiserum.
2. To correlate the data.
2 Motor Skills :
1. Ability in proper mixing of blood and antisera
2. To Observe the agglutination of blood cells.

5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS :

1 Apparatus :
1. Glass slides.
2. Glass marking pencil
3. Dropper
4. Special porcelain tile with 12 depressions.
5. Pricking needle.
6. Test Tube
7. Convex lens.
2 Chemicals :
1. Normal Saline
2. 1 % sodium citrate prepared in normal saline.
3. 70 % alcohol or spirit.
4. Anti-A , Anti-B, Anti-D Serum.

6.0 DIAGRAM :

Clumping of RBCs No Clumping of RBCs

Fig. 5.1 Fig 5.2

7.0 STEPWISE PROCEDURE :

1. 3-4 drop of sodium citrate solution are in one of the depressions on the porcelain tile .It is
labeled as .
2. With usual aseptic precaution finger is pricked with pricking needle, two drops of blood are
mixed with sodium citrate solution placed in depression. The RBCs suspension is obtained,
mix it well.
3. Two drops of Anti serum-A, Antiserum B and normal saline are put separately in three different
depressions and they are labeled as 'A' , 'B' and 'C'.
4. Two drops of cell suspension (from D) are put in each of these depression (A,B and C) It
ismixed well by blowing.
5. After 15 minutes A,B and C depression are observed for presence or absence of agglutination.
6. "C" depression acts as a control (for comparing between agglutination and no agglutination)
In depression "C" agglutination does not occur. If by any chance agglutination occurs in this
control. Whole procedure is to be repeated.

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Experiment No. 5 Human Anatomy and Physiology

7. Red blood cells of individuals have different types of antigens (Agglutinogens) depending on
the type of agglutination present there are four types of blood groups.
1. A- group ----------containing "A" agglutinogen
2. B- group --------- containing "B" agglutinogen
3. AB -group ------- containing AB agglutinogen
4. AB group containing both 'A' or 'B' agglutinogen
5. O group ---- not containing either 'A' or 'B' agglutinogen .
6. A group person's serum contains Anti B agglutinogen
7. B group person's serum contains Anti B agglutinogen
8. ' AB ' group person's serum does not contain any of the above agglutinins.
9. ' O' group person's serum contains both Anti-A & Anti- B agglutinins.
10. Agglutination is conformed by taking a drop from each depressions on the slide and
observing the slide under the microscope.
11. By usuing Ant - D serum Rh group of person is determined.

8.0 OBSERVATION TABLE :

Blood group determination parameter.

( + = Agglutination, - = No Agglutination )

9.0 OBSERVATIONS :

10.0 RESULT :
Blood group of subject (own) is ……………….

11.0 CONCLUSION :
1. If clumping of RBC in Antiserum A = A group
2. If clumping of RBC in Anti - B = B group
3. If clumping of RBC Anti A and Anti B = AB group.
4. If no clumping of RBC in Anti A and Anti B = O group.
5. If clumping of RBC in Antiserum D = Rh+ve.
6. If no clumping of RBC in Antiserum D = Rh-ve.

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Experiment No. 5

12.0 QUESTIONS :
(Note:- Student to answer Q…………, Q……………, Q…………… and the question numbers
shall be allotted by the teacher.)
1. State cross matching of blood.
2. State the basis of classification of blood group.
3. State the Landsteiner's law.
4. Why blood group AB is called universal recipient ? Give two reasons.
5. Why blood group O is called universal donor ? Give reason.
6. Give the importance of blood group ( 3 points).
7. State three the indications for blood transfusion.
8. State four complications of blood transfusion .
9. What are the mismatch blood transfusion?
10. Give three hazards of mismatch transfusion.
11. State three parameters for storage of blood.
12. State two precaution should be taken while selecting the donor .
13. State three precautions should be taken during blood transfusion .
14. Name various blood fractions used for transfusion.

Space for writing answers

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Experiment No. 5 Human Anatomy and Physiology

Space for writing answers

Remarks :

Signature of Teacher

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