Flight Stability and Dynamics

12.
FLIGHT
STABILITY AND
DYNAMICS
May 17, 2016

LEARNING OUTCOMES
On comple>on of this topic you should be able to:
•  Describe about flight stability and dynamics.
1.  Longitudinal, lateral and direc>onal stability
(ac>ve and passive).
Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

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12.1 LONGITUDINAL,
LATERAL, AND
DIRECTIONAL
STABILITY (ACTIVE
AND PASSIVE)
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AXES ON AN AIRCRAFT
¢ Aircra= is completely free to move in any direcCon.
¢ Manoeuvre à dive, climb, turn and roll, or perform

combinaCons of these.
¢ Whenever an aircra= changes its aHtude in flight, it must turn
about one or all of these axes.
¢ Axes – imaginary lines passing through the centre of the

aircra=.

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AXES ON AN AIRCRAFT

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Longitudinal Axis
o  Lengthwise from nose
to tail through center of
gravity.
o  RotaCon about this axis
is called roll.
o  Rolling is produced by
movement of ailerons.

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Lateral Axis
o  Spanwise from wingCp
to wingCp through
center of gravity.
o  RotaCon about this axis
is called pitch (nose up
or nose down).
o  Pitching is produced by
movement of the
elevators.

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Normal or VerCcal Axis
o  Passes from top to
boUom of the aircra=
through center of gravity.
o  Right angle to
longitudinal and lateral
axis.
o  RotaCon about this axis is
called yaw.
o  Yawing is produced by
movement of the rudder.

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AIRCRAFT FLIGHT CONTROL

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STABILITY & CONTROL
An aircra= is stable if it returns to its iniCal equilibrium
flight condiCons when it is perturbed. There are two main
types of aircra= instability:
An aircra= with staCc instability uniformly departs from
an equilibrium condiCon
An aircra= with dynamic instability oscillates about the

equilibrium condiCon with increasing amplitude.
There are two modes of aircra= control: one moves the aircra=
between equilibrium states, the other takes the aircra= into a
non-‐equilibrium (acceleraCng) state.
Control is directly opposed to stability.

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STATIC STABILITY
•  Stability can be defined as the ability of an
object to return to it's original posi>on aYer it
has been disturbed.
•  In general it is opposite to manoeuvrability.
•  If an aircraY is very stable then it is not very
manoeuvrable and vice versa.

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POSITIVE STATIC STABILITY

The disturbs object will goes back to

its original posi>on.

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NEUTRAL STATIC STABILITY
The disturbs object will

move to new posi>on and
maintain there aYer the
disturbance force is
removed.

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NEGATIVE STATIC STABILITY

The disturbs object will
con>nue to move even
though the disturbance
forces is removed.

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DYNAMIC STABILITY
•  Dynamic Stability describes the >me required
for an airplane to responds to its sta>c stability
following a displacement from a condi>on of
equilibrium.
•  It is determine by its tendency to oscillate and
damp out successive oscilla>ons aYer ini>al
displacement.

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DYNAMIC STABILITY
1.  An aircraY is said to be dynamically stable when it returns to it’s
original trimmed posi>on with no overshoot.
2.  It’s movement is said to be heavily damped. There are no
oscilla>ons and the aircraY returns steadily to it’s original flight
path.
3.  Dynamic Stability:
a)  Dynamic stability – heavy damping
b)  Dynamic stabiliy – some damping
c)  Neutral Dynamic stability
d)  Dynamically unstable

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POSITIVE DYNAMIC STABILITY

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•  Aircra= with posiCve dynamic stability have oscillaCons
that dampen out over Cme.
•  The Cessna 172 is a great example. If your 172 is
trimmed for level flight, and you pull back on the yoke
and then let go, the nose will immediately start
pitching down.
•  Depending on how much you pitched up iniCally, the
nose will pitch down slightly nose low, and then, over
Cme, pitch nose up again, but less than your iniCal
control input.
•  Over Cme, the pitching will stop, and your 172 will be
back to its original aHtude.

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NEGATIVE DYNAMIC STABILITY

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•  Aircra= with negaCve dynamic stability have
oscillaCons that get worse over Cme.
•  The diagram above preUy much sums it up.
•  Over Cme, the pitch oscillaCons get more and
more amplified.

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NEUTRAL DYNAMIC STABILITY

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•  Aircra= with neutral dynamic stability have
oscillaCons that never dampen out.
•  As you can see in the diagram above, if you
pitch up a trimmed, neutrally dynamic stable
aircra=, it will pitch nose low, then nose high
again, and the oscillaCons will conCnue, in
theory, forever.

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AIRCRAFT STABILITY
1.  Stability can be defined as the ability

of an object to return to it’s original
posi>on aYer it has been disturbed.
2.  Ac>ve stability – the aircraY is flown
back to its trimmed flight path
automa>cally by the controls. The
flying controls are powered and
controlled by the computers.
3.  Passive stability – the aircraY flies
itself back to its original path aYer
being disturbed because of the
aerodynamic design of the airframe.

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ACTIVE STABILITY
•  The aircraY is flown back to its trimmed flight path
automa>cally by the controls.
•  The flying controls are powered and controlled by
computers that note the aircraY's movement from gyros.
•  The computers compare the aircraY movement with the
pilot's input from the flight deck, and intervene if an un-‐
commanded movement occurs.
•  Used mostly on military aircraY, but also on some civil
aircraY -‐ for example the gust allevia>on spoilers of the
A320.

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PASSIVE STABILITY
1.  Almost all aircraY are designed to be passively stable so the pilot
need take licle or no ac>on to return the aircraY to its original
path aYer it has been disturbed.
2.  It is usual to consider stability in three separate forms:
a)  Lateral stability – about the longitudinal axis
b)  Direc>onal stability – about the normal axis
c)  Longitudinal stability – about the lateral axis

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LATERAL STABILITY
Passive Stability
a)  Lateral stability
i.  If the aircraY is disturbed about the
longitudinal axis the movement of the
centre of liY to one side of the centre of
gravity will cause a correc>ng movement
to help put the aircraY laterally level.
ii.  Design can could improve lateral stability:
a.  Wing Dihedral Angle
b.  Swept Wings
c.  Aerodynamic Shadow

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LATERAL STABILITY
Dihedral Sweepback

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DIHEDRAL
•  The most common procedure for producing
lateral stability is to build the wings with an angle
of one to three degrees above perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis.
•  The wings on either side of the aircraY join the
fuselage to form a slight V or angle called
“dihedral.” The amount of dihedral is measured
by the angle made by each wing above a line
parallel to the lateral axis.

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•  When the aircraY is banked without turning,
•  the tendency to sideslip or slide downward
toward the lowered wing occurs.

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•  Since the wings have dihedral, the air strikes the
lower wing at a much greater AOA than the
higher wing.
•  The increased AOA on the lower wing creates
more liY than the higher wing. Increased liY
causes the lower wing to begin to rise upward.
•  As the wings approach the level posi>on, the
AOA on both wings once again are equal, causing
the rolling tendency to subside.

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SWEEPBACK
•  Sweepback is an addi>on to the dihedral that
increases the liY created when a wing drops
from the level posi>on.
•  When a disturbance causes an aircraY with
sweepback to slip or drop a wing, the low wing
presents its leading edge at an angle that is
perpendicular to the rela>ve airflow.
•  As a result, the low wing acquires more liY, rises,
and the aircraY is restored to its original flight
agtude.
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Adolf Busemann, proposed the use
of swept-wings to reduce drag at
high speed, at the Volta Conference
in 1935. He noted that the airspeed
over the wing was dominated by the
normal component of the airflow, not
the free stream velocity, so by
setting the wing at an angle the
forward velocity at which the shock
waves would form would be higher.

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The de Havilland DH 108, a prototype
swept-wing aircraft, produced in 1944.
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DIRECTIONAL STABILITY
•  Stability about the ver>cal axis is called
direc>onal stability.

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Passive Stability
b)  Direc>onal Stability
i.  This is assisted by the fin and rudder and the side area of the
fuselage aY of the centre of gravity – taken all together called the
Effec>ve Keel Surface.
ii.  If the aircraY is caused to yaw, the airflow will blow it back to its
original posi>on.

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•  When an airplane is flying straight into rela>ve
airflow , air strikes both sides of the ver>cal fin
evenly and there is no side force.

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•  When a wind gust causes the nose to yaw to the
right, air strikes the leY side of the ver>cal fin to
create an
aerodynamic force
that yaws the tail
back to the right.

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DUTCH ROLL
•  Dutch Roll involves movement about the
longitudinal axis (roll) and movement about the
normal axis (yaw).

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•  If the aircraY is disturbed about the normal axis
(yaw) and the fin is moving to one side of it's normal
posi>on the wing on that side of the aircraY is going
faster than the wing on the other side.

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•  So the ini>al yaw to one side causes the wing on
that side to liY and cause a rolling moment.
•  In this example as the fin moves to the right, the
right wing
goes faster,
increasing the
liYs.

and the aircraft rolls
to the left.
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•  During this >me the airflow is ac>ng on the fin
and effec>ve keel surface to move the fin to the
leY, as it does so, it moves the leY wing
faster so increasing
it's liY.

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Dutch Roll

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LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
Passive Stability
c)  Longitudinal Stability
i.  This is normally associated with the tailplane or horizontal
stabiliser.
ii.  If a gust of wind causes the nose of the aircraY to be deflected up or
down then the tailplane will experience a change in AoA but the
aircraY’s momentum will keep the aircraY going in the original
direc>on for a short >me.

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LONGITUDINAL STABILITY
•  Longitudinal Stability is the stability of the
aircraY pitching mo>on.
•  A longitudinally unstable aircraY has a tendency
to dive or climb progressively into a very steep
dive or climb, or even a stall.
•  Thus, an aircraY with longitudinal instability
becomes difficult and some>mes dangerous to
fly.

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Sta>c longitudinal stability or instability in an
aircraY, is dependent upon three factors:
1. Loca>on of the wing with respect to the C of G
2. Loca>on of the horizontal tail surfaces with
respect to the C of G
3. Area or size of the tail surfaces

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•  To obtain sta>c longitudinal stability, the
rela>on of the wing and tail moments must be
such that, if the moments are ini>ally balanced.

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•  When the aircraY is suddenly nose up, the wing
moments and tail moments change so that the
sum of their forces provides an unbalanced but
restoring moment which, in turn,
brings the
nose down
again.

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•  Similarly, if the aircraY is nose down, the
resul>ng change in moments brings the nose
back up.

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Longitudinal Static Stability
cg
Time = 0.0
Tail Force
Aircraft encounters gust

Resulting Motion
Nose pitches up
Time = 1.0 Tail Force
Airflow Direction
Time = 2.0 Tail Force

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Flight Stability and Dynamics

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12.

May 17, 2016

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

¢ Manoeuvre à dive, climb, turn and roll, or perform

¢ Axes – imaginary lines passing through the centre of the

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

An aircra= with dynamic instability oscillates about the

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

The disturbs object will goes back to

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

The disturbs object will

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

1. Stability can be deﬁned as the ability

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

Aircraft encounters gust

Time = 1.0 Tail Force

Time = 2.0 Tail Force

Prepared By: Wan Nur Shaqella Bte Wan

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