Lecture 3

N EWTON ’ S L AWS
 Lecture 3

N EWTON ’ S L AWS

1 Newton’s Laws

2 Solving Problems
 Lecture 3

N EWTON ’ S L AWS

1 Newton’s Laws

2 Solving Problems

3 Examples
 Newton’s Laws: First Law

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 2/9

 Newton’s Laws: First Law

I Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of

uniform motion in a right line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
impressed thereon.

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 2/9

Newton’s Laws: First Law

I Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of

uniform motion in a right line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
impressed thereon.

Law of Inertia
Definition of an Inertial Frame:
Frame in which a free body (not acted upon by
net external force) has a constant velocity
(could be zero)
 Newton’s Laws: First Law

I Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of

uniform motion in a right line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
impressed thereon.

Law of Inertia
Definition of an Inertial Frame:
Frame in which a free body (not acted upon by
net external force) has a constant velocity
(could be zero)
Inertial Frames Exist.

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 2/9

 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res
i=1
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res = m~
a
i=1
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res = m~
a
i=1

CAUSE
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res = m~
a
i=1

CAUSE EFFECT
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res = m~
a
i=1
−
→
F causes change in motion:
 Newton’s Laws: Second Law
II The alteration of the quantity of motion is ever
proportional to the motive force impressed and
is made in the direction of the right line in
which that force is impressed.

The net force on a body is the rate of change of

its momentum:
−
→ d~ p
F = where p ~ ≡ m~ v.
dt
d~
p
For a point particle, = m~ a.
dt
N
X −
→ −
→
F i = F res = m~
a
i=1
−
→
F causes change in motion: m~
a is NOT a force!

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 3/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III To every action there is always an equal

reaction – or – the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal & directed to
contrary parts.

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III To every action there is always an equal

reaction – or – the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal & directed to
contrary parts.
−
→ −
→
F 12 = − F 21

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III To every action there is always an equal

reaction – or – the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal & directed to
contrary parts.
−
→ −
→
F 12 = − F 21
Mutual forces generally along the line joining the
particles but not always

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III To every action there is always an equal

reaction – or – the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal & directed to
contrary parts.
−
→ −
→
F 12 = − F 21
Mutual forces generally along the line joining the
particles but not always
XX− →
F ij = 0
i j6=i

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Newton’s Laws: Third Law

III To every action there is always an equal

reaction – or – the mutual actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal & directed to
contrary parts.
−
→ −
→
F 12 = − F 21
Mutual forces generally along the line joining the
particles but not always
XX− →
F ij = 0
i j6=i
Mutual (internal) Forces in a system of particles
cancel

Newton’s Laws Newton’s Laws 4/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass
I Resolve along frame axis directions

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass
I Resolve along frame axis directions

Write Newton’s IInd law for each mass in each direction

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass
I Resolve along frame axis directions

Write Newton’s IInd law for each mass in each direction

Note Constraint equations if any

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass
I Resolve along frame axis directions

Write Newton’s IInd law for each mass in each direction

Note Constraint equations if any
Should be as many eqns as unknowns

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Solving Problems involving Newton’s Laws
Decide and fix Reference Frame
I Lab Frame: Inertial
I Frame fixed to a moving body (could be accelerating!): Non-inertial
Newton’s II law not valid in NI frames!
Draw Free Body Diagrams (FBD) for each mass
I Identify forces on each mass
I Resolve along frame axis directions

Write Newton’s IInd law for each mass in each direction

Note Constraint equations if any
Should be as many eqns as unknowns
Algebraic soln of unknowns

Newton’s Laws Solving Problems 5/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks

µ
m1

F
m2 µ=0

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

µ
m1

F
m2 µ=0

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Step 1: Draw Free Body

Diagram
µ
m1

F
m2 µ=0

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

FBD for m1 Step 1: Draw Free Body

N Diagram

fs

m1 g

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

FBD for m2 Step 1: Draw Free Body

Diagram

fs

F N N′

m2 g

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

FBD for m2 Step 1: Draw Free Body

Diagram

Step 2: Apply II Law

fs
(horizontal direction)
F N N′

m2 g

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

FBD for m1 Step 1: Draw Free Body

N Diagram

Step 2: Apply II Law

fs (horizontal direction)
m1 g For m1 : fs = m1 a1

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

FBD for m2 Step 1: Draw Free Body

Diagram

Step 2: Apply II Law

fs
(horizontal direction)
F N N′ For m1 : fs = m1 a1

For m2 : F − fs = m2 a2

m2 g

Newton’s Laws Examples 6/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
F
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a =
m1 + m2

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
F
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a =
m1 + m2
m1
fs = m1 a = F
m1 + m2

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
F
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a =
m1 + m2
m1
fs = m1 a = F ≤ µN = µm1 g
m1 + m2

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
F
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a =
m1 + m2
m1
fs = m1 a = F ≤ µN = µm1 g
m1 + m2
=⇒
Fmax = µ(m1 + m2 )g

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 1: Sliding Blocks
What is the maximum force that can be applied on m2 so m1 does not
slide wrt m2 ?

Condition: No sliding:
F
=⇒ a1 = a2 = a =
m1 + m2
m1
fs = m1 a = F ≤ µN = µm1 g
m1 + m2
=⇒
Fmax = µ(m1 + m2 )g
Qn: What are a1 and a2 if F ≥ Fmax ?

Newton’s Laws Examples 7/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge

.
µ

h A
M

θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
µ

h A
M

θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
Solution 1: Inertial Frame

θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x

y h

X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
θ
µN
y h mg

X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y h mg

X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h

X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h
Note:
X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
I N 6= mg cos θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h
Note:
X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
I N 6= mg cos θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 I A does not figure in (1)
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
and (2).

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h
Note:
X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
I N 6= mg cos θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 I A does not figure in (1)
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
and (2).

Constraint: x − X = (h − y) cot θ

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h
Note:
X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
I N 6= mg cos θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 I A does not figure in (1)
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
and (2).

Constraint: x − X = (h − y) cot θ =⇒ ẍ − A = −ÿ cot θ (3) .

Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9

 Example 2: Block sliding down an accelerating wedge
45◦ wedge M is pushed along a table with acceleration A. Small block
m slides on wedge (friction µ). Find its acceleration.

.
N Solution 1: Inertial Frame
x
mẍ = N sin θ + µN cos θ (1)
θ
µN
y mg mÿ = N cos θ − µN sin θ − mg (2)
h
Note:
X
θ
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
I N 6= mg cos θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 I A does not figure in (1)
L
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
and (2).

Constraint: x − X = (h − y) cot θ =⇒ ẍ − A = −ÿ cot θ (3) .

1
Solving, ÿ = [(1 − µ)A − (1 + µ)g]
2
Newton’s Laws Examples 8/9
 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame

θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ
mA µN
 titious for e mg

θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ (No motion along vertical in this
mA µN frame)
 titious for e mg

θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ (No motion along vertical in this
mA µN frame)
 titious for e mg
ma = −mg sin θ − µN + mA cos θ
(up the incline)
θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ (No motion along vertical in this
mA µN frame)
 titious for e mg
ma = −mg sin θ − µN + mA cos θ
(up the incline)
θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
Use θ = 45◦
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ (No motion along vertical in this
mA µN frame)
 titious for e mg
ma = −mg sin θ − µN + mA cos θ
(up the incline)
θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
Use θ = 45◦
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

1
Solving, a = √ [−(1 + µ)g + (1 − µ)A]
2

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9

 Solution 2: Non-intertial Frame
N
N = mg cos θ + mA sin θ
θ (No motion along vertical in this
mA µN frame)
 titious for e mg
ma = −mg sin θ − µN + mA cos θ
(up the incline)
θ
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
Use θ = 45◦
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111

1
Solving, a = √ [−(1 + µ)g + (1 − µ)A]
2
ÿ = a sin θ, giving the same answer as before.

Newton’s Laws Examples 9/9