ARTICLE IN PRESS

Advances in Mathematics 188 (2004) 51–68

http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aim

Interpolation sets and the Bohr topology of

locally compact groups$
Jorge Galindo and Salvador Hernández

Departamento de Matemáticas, Área Cientı´fico-Técnica, Universidad Jaume I, 8029 - AP Castellón, Spain
Received 26 June 2003; accepted 24 September 2003

Communicated by R.D. Mauldin

Abstract

Rosenthal’s theorem describing those Banach spaces containing no copy of c1 is extended to

topological groups replacing c1 -basis by interpolation sets in the sense of Hartman and Ryll-
Nardzewsky (Colloq. Math. 12 (1964) 23–39). This extension provides a characterization of
those locally compact groups containing no interpolation sets and of those locally compact
groups which respect compactness, i.e, such that every Bohr compact subset is compact. The
approach followed in this paper sheds some light on other questions related to the duality
theory of non-Abelian locally compact groups.
r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

MSC: primary 22D05; 43A46; secondary 22D10; 22D35; 43A40; 54H11

Keywords: Locally compact group; I0 -set; Interpolation set; Bohr compactification

1. Introduction

A well-known result of Rosenthal establishes that if fxn gnoo is a bounded

sequence in a Banach space X ; then either fxn gnoo has a weak Cauchy subsequence,
or fxn gnoo has a subsequence equivalent to the usual l 1 -basis (and X contains a copy
of c1 ).

$
Research partially supported by Spanish DGES, Grant BFM2000-0913, and Fundació Caixa Castelló,
Grant P11B2001-08


Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: jgalindo@mat.uji.es (J. Galindo), hernande@mat.uji.es (S. Hernández).

0001-8708/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.aim.2003.09.006
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J. Galindo, S. Hernandez / Advances in Mathematics 188 (2004) 51–68

In this paper we undertake a generalization of this result to topological groups. It

seems adequate in this generalization to replace the weak topology by the Bohr
topology as both topologies may ultimately be characterized through the topology of
pointwise convergence on certain families of mappings (linear functionals in one
case, group homomorphisms in the other). Once the topological setting for this
research is fixed, it is necessary to find a substitute for the notion of l 1 -basis within
topological groups. Here, we have chosen that of I0 -set or interpolation set in the
sense of Hartman and Ryll-Nardzewski [16] as a suitable one. A subset S of a
topological group G is an I0 -set when it is a set of interpolation for the almost
periodic functions defined on G or, equivalently, when S is discrete and C
-
embedded in bG; the Bohr compactification of G: As it is shown in [18] both notions
are equivalent for a bounded sequence in a Banach space, although the latter makes
sense also for unbounded sequences. An appropriate framework for this task should
finally be set. The class of all topological groups being too wide, we have restricted
our work to the class of locally compact groups even if most of our results also hold
for a wider class of topological groups.
This approach is related and may be applied to some problems concerning the
Bohr topology of a topological group. Before describing these relations, we shall
proceed to fix some terminology and basic facts concerning the Bohr topology. The
Bohr compactification of an arbitrary topological group can be defined as a pair
ðbG; bÞ where bG is a compact Hausdorff group and b is a continuous
homomorphism from G onto a dense subgroup of bG with the following universal
property: for every continuous homomorphism h from G into a compact group K
there is a continuous homomorphism hb from bG into K extending h in the sense that
h ¼ hb 3 b; that is, making the following diagram commutative:

b
G bG
h hb

The group bG is essentially unique and is also referred to as the Bohr

compactification of G; Heyer [20, V, Section 14] contains a careful examination of
bG and its properties. We are interested in the topological properties of G when it is
equipped with the topology induced by the above homomorphism b—that is, with its
Bohr topology. The Bohr topology is Hausdorff precisely when b is one-to-one and
we shall restrict our attention to such groups; these turn out to be exactly the groups
whose finite-dimensional representations separate points of G; the maximally almost
periodic (MAP) groups. An MAP G group equipped with its Bohr topology will be
denoted by G b :
In determining how useful the Bohr topology may be for describing a given
topological group, it is helpful to know which properties of the group are preserved
and which are lost after equipping the group with its Bohr topology. As a good way
to describe this situation we will use the terminology introduced by Trigos-Arrieta
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[31] and say that an MAP group G respects a topological property P if a subset A of
G has P as a subspace of G if and only if A has P as a subspace of Gb ;
The question of the disposition or placement of a LCA group G within its Bohr
compactification bG has been investigated by many workers. It is known for such G;
for example, that G b is sequentially closed in bG in the sense that no sequence from
G b can converge to a point of bG\G [25,9]. Glicksberg [11] has shown that LCA
groups respect compactness, generalizing an analogous theorem obtained earlier by
Leptin [23] for discrete groups. This result concerning LCA groups is one of the
pivotal results of the subject, often referred to as Glicksberg’s theorem. Hughes [21]
proved a generalization of Glicksberg’s theorem to (not necessarily Abelian) locally
compact groups by considering the weak topology generated by the continuous
irreducible unitary group representations. Several authors have achieved additional
results which continue the lines of investigation suggested above (see [3]). Many
questions concerning the Bohr topology of an MAP group remain nevertheless open
in their general form.
The Rosenthal-type results obtained here may be applied in several ways. They
provide, for instance, a characterization (following the approach of [18]) of those
locally compact groups whose Bohr compact subsets are necessarily compact. A
variation of the same ideas is also used in [17] to attack a kind of apparently
unrelated questions.
Our methods furnish in addition a link between the property of respecting
compactness and that of strongly respecting compactness introduced in [4]. A group
strongly respects compactness if compact subsets in some compactifications of G
weaker than bG (namely those of the form bG=N with metrizable N) are necessarily
compact in G:
After proving in Section 2 the Rosenthal-type theorems referred to at the
beginning of this introduction, we provide in Section 3 a characterization in these
terms of those locally compact groups which respect compactness. This character-
ization encompasses as well the property of strongly respecting compactness and
proves that, for locally compact groups, respecting compactness is the same that
strongly respecting compactness. It is shown moreover that when dealing with
sequences both properties are indeed equivalent (for every complete group)
providing a direct hint on why they are so often equivalent.
Section 4 finally characterizes those groups admitting no interpolation set at all
and provides some examples of groups without interpolation sets. The characteriza-
tion is remarkably simple in the case of second countable groups: a second countable
group has no I0 -set exactly when the set of equivalence classes of finite-dimensional
irreducible representations is countable.

2. Interpolation sets

If G is a topological group, the symbol Repn ðGÞ denotes the set of all n-dimensional
representations of G; i.e., the set of all homomorphisms of G into the unitary group
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J. Galindo, S. Hernandez / Advances in Mathematics 188 (2004) 51–68

UðnÞ; equipped with the compact-open topology. It follows from a result due to Goto
[12] that Repn ðGÞ is a locally compact and uniformizable space. The space RepðGÞ ¼
Tnoo Repn ðGÞ (as a topological sum) is called the Chu dual of G [1].
If H is a closed subgroup of the locally compact group G; we define Repn ðG=HÞ to
be the subspace of Repn ðGÞ consisting of all representations, D; such that DjH ¼ In :
Each representation DARepn ðG=HÞ defines then a continuous mapping, D of G=H
(the homogeneous space of left cosets defined by H) into UðnÞ by the rule DðxHÞ ¼
DðxÞ; for each xHAG=H: We define analogously RepðG=HÞ ¼ Tnoo Repn ðG=HÞ:
It is clear that every point xHAG=H defines a continuous function of Repn ðG=HÞ
into UðnÞ for all noo: Therefore, G=H embeds canonically into the product
Q Repn ðG=HÞ
noo UðnÞ :
Q Repn ðG=HÞ
The coset space G=H inherits a uniformity from noo UðnÞ (the
uniformity of pointwise convergence on RepðG=HÞ) which is called Bohr uniformity.
The symbolism ðG=HÞb denotes to G=H equipped with the Bohr uniformity. In like
manner, bðG=HÞ denotes to the completion of ðG=HÞb and is referred to as the Bohr
compactification of G=H: See [14] to find a more general formulation of this notion.
Clearly, each member of RepðG=HÞ defines a continuous mapping on ðG=HÞb that
extends to bðG=HÞ: Most concepts introduced for the spaces G b can be carried out to
ðG=HÞb automatically and, among them, the notion of I0 -set. This and several other
concepts should be understood in this more general context here on.

Lemma 2.1. Let H be a closed subgroup of the locally compact group G: If G=H is
metrizable then RepðG=HÞ is s-compact.

Proof. Obviously, it suffices to prove that Repm ðG=HÞ is s-compact for any moo:
Now, since G=H is metrizable, there is a countable family of open subsets of G;
fUn gnoo ; satisfying: ðiÞ -fUn gnoo ¼ H; and ðiiÞ for every open neighbourhood V
of the identity of the form V ¼ AH with ADG; there is noo such that Un CV : Now,
let O be a closed neighbourhood of Im in UðmÞ such that O contains no non-trivial
subgroup. For any subset S of G; let PðS; OÞ denote the subset of all DARepm ðG=HÞ
with DðSÞCO: Applying the results given by Goto (cf. [12,1]), it follows that PðS; OÞ
is compact in Repm ðG=HÞ for each open neighbourhood
S S of the identity of G: On
the other hand, it is easily verified that noo PðU n ; OÞ ¼ Repm ðG=HÞ: This
completes the proof. &

We are now in position of presenting the extension of Rosenthal’s theorem mentioned

at the Introduction. We shall make extensive use of Lemma 2.2 below. Here on, C
denotes the set of all complex numbers and Cp ðX ; CÞ is the space of all complex-valued
continuous functions on X provided with the topology of pointwise convergence.

Lemma 2.2 (Rosenthal [29], Dor [7]). Let K be a compact Hausdorff space and
consider a sequence ffn gnoo in Cp ðK; CÞ containing no subsequence pointwise
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convergent in CK : Then, there are an infinite set MDo and two disjoint disks in C; I1
and I2 ; such that for each subsequence ffn : nAJg of ffn : nAMg there is xAK with
fn ðxÞAI1 ; for all nAJ; and fn ðxÞAI2 for all nAM\J:

Theorem 2.3. Let H be a closed subgroup of an MAPLC group G such that the coset
space G=H is metrizable. If fxn gnoo is a sequence in G=H; then either fxn gnoo has a
Cauchy subsequence in ðG=HÞb ; or fxn gnoo has an I0 -set as a subsequence.

Proof. Assume that fxn gnoo has no Cauchy subsequence in ðG=HÞb : From the
meltrizability of G=H; it follows that Repq ðG=HÞ is s-compact and, therefore, there
S
is sequence of compact subsets fKpq gpoo such that Repq ðG=HÞ ¼ poo Kpq ; where we
q
may assume without any loss of generality that Kpq CKpþ1 for all p; qoo: Regarding
the sequence fxn gnoo as a sequence of functions of Repq ðG=HÞ into UðqÞ; we next
establish the following:

Fact. There exist a pair of indices p and q, and a subsequence fxnðmÞ gmoo of fxn gnoo
such that no subsequence of fxnðmÞ gmoo converges pointwise on Kpq :

ðpÞ
Otherwise, we can define inductively a family of subsequences fxm gmoo of fxm gmoo
such that
ðpþ1Þ ðpÞ
(1) fxm gmoo is a subsequence of fxm gmoo :
Kpq
(2) The sequence fxðpÞ q ðqÞ
m gmoo converges pointwise on Kp to fp AUðqÞ for all q with
1pqpp:
ðqÞ ðqÞ
(3) ðfpþ1 ÞjKpq ¼ fp for all p; q with 1pqpp; poo:

ðnÞ
Consider now the diagonal subsequence fxn gnoo : This sequence is convergent to
ðqÞ
fp in the topology of pointwise convergence on Kpq for all p; q with 1pqpp; poo:
Define then the sequence of sets

Aqp ¼ ff AUðqÞRepq ðG=HÞ : fjKpq ¼ fpðqÞ gðp; qooÞ:

It is readily seen that every Aqp is a non-empty closed subset of the compact space
UðqÞRepq ðG=HÞ and Aqpþ1 CAqp for all poo: Hence, there is some yq AUðqÞRepq ðG=HÞ
T
such that yq A poo Aqp : Now, we define an element yAbðG=HÞ by yjRepq ðG=HÞ ¼ yq :
ðnÞ
From this definition, it follows that the diagonal subsequence fxn gnoo converges
ðnÞ
pointwise to y on Repq ðG=HÞ for all index qoo: Thus, the sequence fxn gnoo
ðnÞ
converges to y in bðG=HÞ: That is to say, the sequence fxn gnoo is Cauchy
in ðG=HÞb : A contradiction with our initial assumption that completes the proof of
the fact.
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So, let K be a compact subset of Repq ðGÞ for some fixed index q; and let
fxnðmÞ gmoo a subsequence of fxn gnoo such that no subsequence of fxnðmÞ gmoo
converges pointwise on UðqÞK : By considering the projections pij : UðqÞ-C;
1pi; jpq; we may assume again without loss of generality that for some index
ði0 ; j0 Þ no subsequence of the sequence fpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ gmoo converges in CK : Hence, we
are in position of applying Lemma 2.2 to the sequence fpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ gmoo (regarded as
a set of continuous functions on K), to obtain an infinite subset MCo and two
disjoint disks in C; I1 and I2 ; such that for each subsequence fpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ gmAJ of
fpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ gmAM there is DAK with ðpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ ÞðDÞAI1 ; for all mAJ; and
ðpi0 j0 3 xnðmÞ ÞðDÞAI2 for all mAM\J: Now, taking into account the duality existent
between G=H and the spaces Repq ðG=HÞ; we have that ðpi0 j0 3 xÞðDÞ ¼ ðpi0 j0 3 DÞðxÞ
for all xAG=H and DARepq ðG=HÞ: This means that the set of mappings
fpi0 j0 3 D: DAKg completely separates the sequence fxnðmÞ gmAM : Since every
representation D can be extended canonically to a continuous representation, Db ;
of bðG=HÞ into UðqÞ; we obtain that fpi0 j0 3 Db : DAKg is contained in CðbðG=HÞÞ:
Hence the sequence fxnðmÞ gmAM is completely separated in bðG=HÞ by CðbðG=HÞÞ:
From this fact, it follows immediately that fxnðmÞ gmAM is an I0 -set in G: &

A simplified version of the proof of Theorem 2.3 yields the following variation of
Rosenthal’s theorem for arbitrary (not necessarily bounded) sequences in Banach
spaces.

Corollary 2.4. Let fxn gnoo be a sequence in a Banach space E: Either fxn gnoo has a
weak Cauchy subsequence, or fxn gnoo has a subsequence which is an I0 -set.

Remark 2.5. Theorem 2.3 cannot be extended to arbitrary locally compact

groups (even compact and Abelian). Indeed, it is enough to consider a compact
space K without convergent sequences of cardinality c (see [8]). If we take G to be
the Bohr compactification of AðKÞ; the free Abelian topological group generated
by K; then the thesis of Theorem 2.3 fails for each sequence fxn gnoo which is
contained in K:

3. Compact subsets of Bohr compactifications

The above theorem on the existence of I0 -sets is applied in this section to obtain a
characterization of those locally compact groups whose Bohr compact subsets are
compact in the locally compact topology or, using the terminology introduced in the
introduction, that respect compactness.
After Glicksberg’s well-known theorem [11], we have that all locally compact
Abelian groups respect compactness (see [24,33] for other proofs of the same fact)
but little is known regarding the non-Abelian case (Moran [24] extends Glicksberg’s
theorem for the case of sequences and Remus and Trigos-Arrieta have obtained the
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last result in this direction by proving that Moore groups respect compactness [26]).
Trying to translate these results to smaller compactifications Comfort et al. [4]
proved the following extension of Glicksberg’s theorem: let G be a locally compact
Abelian group and let N be any metrizable closed subgroup of the Bohr
compactification bG: For each subset A of G; the subset A  ðN-GÞ is compact in
G if and only if the set A  N is compact in bG: Motivated by this result, the authors
of [4] defined a group that strongly respects compactness to be a group which satisfies
the assertion above. They also raised the question of characterizing such groups. Our
characterization of locally compact groups respecting compactness can now be
stated as follows.

Theorem 3.1. Let G be a locally compact MAP group. The following statements are
equivalent

(1) G respects compactness.

(2) G strongly respects compactness;
(3) Each non-totally bounded subset of G contains an I0 -set.

Our proof of Theorem 3.1 will have three basic ingredients: the Rosenthal-type
theorem proved in the preceding section, a theorem of Varopoulos concerning the
lifting of convergent sequences in locally compact groups and a technical result on
the cardinality of Bohr-separable subsets allowing to deal with big cardinals. We
now proceed to develop the two latter tools.
It is well-known that the topology of a locally compact group is completely
determined by its convergent sequences [34]. One of the essential tools for the proof
of this deep result is the following result about the lifting of sequences in locally
compact groups.

Theorem 3.2 (Varopoulos). Let G be a locally compact group and H a closed

subgroup of G: If p : G-G=H denotes the natural projection onto the homogeneous
space G=H; then every convergent sequence fpðxn Þgnoo in G=H can be lifted to a
convergent sequence fyn gnoo in G with pðyn Þ ¼ pðxn Þ for all noo:

Theorem 3.2 will allow to reduce to the metrizable case one direction of the proof
of Theorem 3.1. This is done by means of the following lemma.

Lemma 3.3. Let G be a complete MAP group and let K be a compact subgroup of G
such that the homogeneous space G=K is metrizable. Denote by p : bG-bG=K the
canonical quotient mapping. If fgn gnoo is a sequence of G such that fpðgn Þgnoo is
bG=K-Cauchy, then fgn gnoo DX  K for some G b -Cauchy sequence X ¼ fxn gnoo :

Proof. By Varopoulos Theorem 3.2, the sequence fpðgn Þgnoo ; can be lifted to a
convergent sequence X ¼ fxn gnoo DbG with pðxn Þ ¼ pðgn Þ: Now, since K is a
subgroup of G; it follows that X DG: Hence, X is a G b -Cauchy sequence in G
satisfying the desired properties. &
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For groups G of cardinal jGjpc; the upward direction 3 implies 2 of Theorem 3.1
is immediate: every Bohr compact subset of G containing an I0 -set must be of
cardinality at least 2c : We use the following technical lemma to deal with larger
groups. The argument turns out to be similar to the proof of the fact that not every
countable space may be embedded in Cp ðX Þ when X is compact (see [32]).

Lemma 3.4. If X and Y are topological spaces with X s-compact and Y metrizable
then every separable subset S of Cp ðX ; Y Þ has cardinality jSjpmaxðc; jY jÞ:

Proof. Let F be a countable subset of Cp ðX ; Y Þ: We should prove that the inequality

jclCp ðX ;Y Þ F jpmaxðc; jY jÞ holds.
First, we S show that it suffices to prove the lemma for a compact X :
If X ¼ noo Kn with Kn compact for every noo; there is a natural topological
embedding
Y
j : Cp ðX ; Y Þ- Cp ðKn ; Y Þ
n

showing that it is enough to deal with each factor separately.

We assume therefore that X is compact. Denote by E the evaluation mapping on
Cp ðF ; Y Þ; i. e., the mapping E : X -Cp ðF ; Y Þ defined by

EðxÞf ¼ f ðxÞ for all xAX and f AF :

We are interested in the subset EðX Þ of Cp ðF ; Y Þ which we shall denote by K: E is a

quotient mapping of X onto K and since F is countable, K is metrizable and,
therefore, separable. Let D be a countable dense subset of K:
Each f AclCp ðX ;Y Þ F defines a continuous (note that E is a quotient mapping and
therefore that Eðf
1 ðV Þ Þ is open in K for every open subset V of Y ) function
Cf : K-Y given by

Cf ðEðxÞÞ ¼ f ðxÞ:

This mapping Cf is well defined exactly when f AclCp ðX ;Y Þ F : Since different f ’s

produce different Cf ’s (i.e the mapping f /Cf is injective) we conclude that
jclCp ðX ;Y Þ F jpjCðK; Y ÞjpjCðD; Y ÞjpjY j@0 pmaxðc; jY jÞ: &

Lemma 3.4 has the following consequence.

Corollary 3.5. Let G be an MAP locally compact group and K a compact subgroup of
G with G=K is metrizable. The cardinality of any separable subset S of ðG=KÞb is less
or equal than c:
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Proof. It suffices to apply Lemma 3.4 with X ¼ RepðG=KÞ (which is s-compact by

Lemma 2.1) and Y ¼ U (the topological sum Tn UðnÞ), taking into account that
ðG=KÞb DCðX ; Y Þ: &

To apply the techniques developed up to the present moment to the property of

strongly respecting compactness we need an additional lemma. It can be proved
exactly as Lemma 4.11 of [10].

Lemma 3.6. Let G be an MAPLC group, A a subset of G and N subset of bG,

containing the identity, such that A  N is compact in bG. If F is an arbitrary subset of
A, then there exists A0 DA with jA0 jpjNj such that

clbG F DclGb ðF  F
1 Þ  A0  N:

Proof of Theorem 3.1. Obviously 2 implies 1.

1 implies 3. Suppose that G respects compactness and consider a subset A of G
which is not totally bounded. Then we can obtain a sequence fgn gnoo in A and an
open neighbourhood of the identity U in G such that

ðgm  UÞ-ðgn  UÞ ¼ | for all namoo: ð
Þ

Take now a compact subgroup K of G such that KDU and the homogeneous
space G=K is metrizable and denote by p : bG-bG=K the canonical quotient
mapping. Applying Theorem 2.3 we have that either fpðgn Þgnoo has a Cauchy
subsequence in ðG=KÞb ; or fpðgn Þgnoo has a subsequence which is an I0 -set. In the
former case let fpðgnðmÞ Þgmoo be the Cauchy subsequence and apply Lemma 3.3 to
obtain a G b -Cauchy sequence X ¼ fxm gmoo with fgnðmÞ gmoo DX  K: Since G is
complete, it is easy to see that (see anyway Proposition 3.7 below to this effect) that
fxm gmoo converges in G b and, as a consequence, in G: That is, X converges to a
point x0 AG: This means that the sequence fgnðmÞ gmoo is contained in the compact
subset ðX ,fx0 gÞ  K which is a contradiction with ð
Þ:
The sequence fpðgn Þgnoo must therefore contain a subsequence fpðgnðmÞ Þgmoo
which is an I0 -set in ðG=KÞb : The sequence fgnðmÞ gmoo will have the same property
(as is readily seen) and this yields 3.
3 implies 2. Let N be a metrizable subgroup of bG and let A subset of G with A  N
compact in bG: Since A  ðN-GÞ is closed in G; it will suffice to prove that it is
totally bounded. Suppose it is not. Then we may find a neighbourhood U of the
identity and a sequence L0 ¼ fgn gnoo DA  ðN-GÞ with the above property (
).
Now choose a compact subgroup K of G such that KDU and the homogeneous
space G=K of right cosets is metrizable. We remark that in this case we have
switched, by technical reasons, from the space of left cosets to the space of right
cosets. If p denotes the usual projection p : bG-bG=K we have that pðL0 Þ is not
totally bounded in G=K:
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Again by Theorem 2.3, we have that either fpðgn Þgnoo has a Cauchy subsequence
in ðG=KÞb or fpðgn Þgnoo has a subsequence which is an I0 -set. In the first case, we let
fpðgnðmÞ Þgmoo be the Cauchy subsequence and argue as in the paragraph above to
obtain a G b -Cauchy sequence X ¼ fxm gmoo with fgnðmÞ gmoo DK  X : Since
fgnðmÞ gmoo is not totally bounded, X cannot be either. This contradicts (3) because
no G b -Cauchy sequence may contain an I0 -set.
We conclude therefore that the sequence fpðgn Þgnoo contains a countable infinite
I0 -set, say fpðgnðmÞ Þgmoo :
If we denote by F the sequence fgnðmÞ gmoo ; Lemma 3.6 yields that, for some
A0 DA with jA0 jpjNj;

clbG F DclGb /F S  A0  N ð3:1Þ

where for simplicity we have chosen the subgroup generated by F instead of the
smaller set F  F
1 : Enumerating the set A0  N as faa gaoc we can rewrite (3.1) as
[
clbG F D clGb /F S  aa : ð3:2Þ
aoc

For each zAbG we take now into consideration the usual autohomeomorphism Tz of
bG=K (this is the homeomorphism making of bG=K a homogeneous space) defined
by Tz ðpðxÞÞ ¼ pðxzÞ; from (3.2) we deduce then
[
clðbG=KÞ pðF Þ ¼ pðclbG F ÞD Taa ðclðGb =KÞ pð/F SÞÞ: ð3:3Þ
aoc

The topology of G b =K is finer than that of ðG=KÞb ; and thus

ðclGb =K pð/F SÞÞDðclðG=KÞb pð/F SÞÞ: Since by Corollary 3.5 we have that
jðclðG=KÞb pð/F SÞÞjpc; it follows from (3.3) above that jclbG=K pðF Þjpc:
But pðF Þ is by construction an I0 -set and clbG=K pðF Þ is therefore canonically
homeomorphic to bN; the C̆ech–Stone compactification of N whose cardinality is 2c :
This contradiction proves (2). &

It is not difficult to find examples of groups that respect compactness but that do
not strongly respect compactness (see [10]). We do not know of any such example
that is a complete group. One simple reason accounting for this situation will be
proposed next. Let us say that a group G strongly respects the convergence of
sequences when for each metrizable closed subgroup N of the Bohr compactification
bG it holds that if fgn g is a sequence contained in G which converges inside the
homogeneous space bG=N; then the subset clGb fgn g is compact as a subspace of G:
Since we will need it in the following, we recall some basic facts about the bilateral
or two sided uniformity of a topological group. Any topological group G has
associated two standard uniformities. Namely, the left uniformity and the right
uniformity (cf. [28]). The left uniformity, UL ; has a neighbourhood base consisting of
sets of the form LU ¼ fðx; yÞAG  G : x
1 yAUg; for U any neighbourhood of the
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neutral element. The right uniformity, UR ; is defined similarly. Both uniformities are
compatible with the topology of G: As a consequence the bilateral uniformity, ULR ;
which is the supremum of the other two, is compatible as well. The completion of G
with respect to the bilateral uniformity is called the Raı¨kov completion of G: A
neighbourhood base for the bilateral uniformity consists of sets of the form
ðL3RÞU ¼ fðx; yÞAG  G: x
1 yAU and yx
1 AUg; for U any neighbourhood of
the identity.

Proposition 3.7. Let G be a topological group such that its Raı¨kov completion G is
MAP. If G is sequentially complete in G and respects the convergence of sequences then
G b also is sequentially complete.

Proof. Assume that fgn g is a Cauchy sequence in G b : If fgn g were not totally
bounded in G with respect to the bilateral uniformity, there would be a
neighbourhood of the neutral element U and a subsequence fgnðmÞ g such that
either g
1
1
nðmÞ  gnðlÞ or gnðmÞ  gnðlÞ does not belong to U for each m; l with mal: On the
other hand, the sequences fg
1
1
nðmÞ  gnðmþ1Þ g and fgnðmþ1Þ  gnðmÞ g are both convergent
to the neutral element in G b since, in a totally bounded group, the left and right
uniform structures coincide. This takes us to a contradiction because the group G
respects the convergence of sequences.
Hence, we have that the sequence fgn g is a totally bounded subset of G with
respect to the bilateral uniformity. Let G be the Raı̈kov completion of G: Then, there
must be a point pAG which is a cluster point of fgn g: Since the Bohr topology is
always coarser than the original topology of the group and fgn g is a Cauchy
sequence in G b ; it follows that the sequence converges to p in Gb : As a consequence,
fgn g also converges to p in G: Indeed, observe that p is the unique cluster point of
fgn g; since, if q is any cluster point of fgn g; it follows as in the previous paragraph
that fgn g converges to q in G b : Therefore, we obtain that p ¼ q: By hypothesis, G is
sequentially complete and this yields that p belongs to G: &

The sequential completeness of G b had been previously proved by Reid (cf. [25])
when G is LCA and by Dikranjan and Tkachenko (cf. [5]) when G is the free Abelian
topological group on a Tikhonov space.

Theorem 3.8. Let G be a sequentially complete group such that its Raı¨kov completion
is MAP. If G respects the convergence of sequences then G also strongly respects the
convergence of sequences.

Proof. Let fgn g be a sequence in G converging to the identity in bG=N: If

p : bG-bG=N is the canonical quotient mapping, by Theorem 3.2, the sequence fgn g
can be lifted to a sequence fpn g in bG which converges to 1bG : Thus, for every noo;
there is an element kn Aker p such that pn ¼ gn  kn : Therefore, the sequence fgn g is
contained in the subset L ¼ ðfpn g,f1bG gÞ  ðker pÞ: Now, observe that L; being the
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product of two compact sets, is a compact subset of bG: Hence, we obtain that
clbG fgn g ¼ clL fgn g: On the other hand, it is readily seen that L is metrizable (indeed,
it contains a countable base for the open sets). This means that each point in clL fgn g
is a limit point of a sequence in fgn g: Since, by Proposition 3.7, G b is sequentially
complete, it follows that clL fgn gCG: As a consequence, it follows that clGb fgn g is a
compact metrizable subset of Gb : Now, this yields the compactness of clG fgn g taking
into account that G respects the convergence of sequences and is sequentially
complete. &

4. Groups without interpolation sets

The previous sections show that I0 -sets are often abundant in locally compact
groups. We will show in this section that this is not the case for all locally compact
groups. From Theorem 2.3 we know that metrizable groups without I0 sets must be
among those ones for which every sequence contains some Cauchy subsequence (in
the Bohr topology). Groups admitting only countably many irreducible representa-
tions are of this kind as we shall prove below. We next provide some examples of
such groups and finally prove that these are the only second countable groups
without I0 -sets.
Before elaborating on these assertions, it will be useful to introduce the rudiments
of what has been called Chu (or unitary) duality. Its main feature is the construction
of a bidual of G from the Chu dual RepðGÞ introduced in Section 2.
This bidual consists of the so-called continuous quasi-representations. A quasi-
representation of RepðGÞ is a mapping Q : Q-Tnoo UðnÞ conserving the
main operations between unitary representations: direct sums, tensor products
and unitary equivalence, see [1] or [20] for details. The set of all quasi-representations
of G equipped with the compact-open topology is a topological group with pointwise
multiplication, called the Chu quasi-dual group of G and denoted by RepðGÞ3 :
It is easily verified that the evaluation mapping e : G-RepðGÞ3 is a group
homomorphism which is a monomorphism if and only if G is MAP. We say that
the locally compact group G satisfies Chu duality when the evaluation mapping
e is an isomorphism of topological groups. In this terminology it is shown by
Chu, [1] that LCA groups and compact groups satisfy Chu duality (indeed Chu
duality reduces to Pontryagin duality and to Tannaka duality respectively for
such groups).
In addition to the unitary dual it will be useful to consider the set G bn of
equivalence classes of irreducible representations of dimension n: If Irrn ðGÞ denotes
the set of all irreducible representations of dimension n and Qn : Irrn ðGÞ-G bn is the
quotient mapping, we shall endow G bn with the quotient topology and uniformity
induced by Qn :
For each noo; we finally introduce the set of restrictions
Repn ðGÞ3 ¼ fTjRepn ðGÞ : TARepðGÞ3 gDCðRepn ðGÞ; UðnÞÞ:
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Chu [1] gives RepðGÞ3 the topology of uniform convergence on compact subsets of
RepðGÞ and accordingly we here equip each Repn ðGÞ3 with the topology of uniform
convergence on compact subsets of Repn ðGÞ; so that RepðGÞ3 embeds as a closed
Q
subgroup in n Repn ðGÞ3 :
Our first lemma points out the most immediate class of groups without I0 -sets.

bn for every noo: Then

Lemma 4.1. Let G be a locally compact group with countable G
bG is metrizable and G has no I0 -sets.

Proof. It will suffice to observe that the topology of G b is (the initial topology)
induced by any set of representations obtained by choosing a representative of each
S b
equivalence class in n G n : The inverse image of an open subset of UðnÞ by an n-
dimensional representation p contains a finite intersection of inverse images of open
sets by the irreducible representations that reduce p (recall that every finite-
dimensional representation can be decomposed as the direct sum s1 "?"sn of
irreducible representations). Since the topology of Gb is certainly induced by the set
of all finite-dimensional representations of G; we conclude that the topology of Gb is
also
S induced by the set of irreducible finite-dimensional representations (the set
n Irrn ðGÞ in the terminology introduced above). Now, the unitary groups UðnÞ
contain neighbourhoods of In which are invariant under conjugation and the inverse
image of these neighbourhoods do not vary if we replace a representation by an
equivalent one. The topology of G b is consequently the topology induced by any set
of
S representations that contains a representative of each equivalence class in
n Irrn ðGÞ:
From the preceding paragraph we deduce that Gb must be first-countable when all
the G bn ’s are countable. The Bohr compactification bG; having Gb as a dense
subgroup, will as well be a compact metric group, and hence will have cardinality c:
We deduce that no I0 set can be found in bG: &

The discrete version G of a compact semisimple Lie group K provides an easy

example of a group satisfying the hypothesis of Lemma 4.1. This follows from a
classical theorem of van der Waerden stating that every unitary representation of G
is continuous (and therefore that G# n ¼ K
bn is finite). Groups with the above property
are sometimes called van der Waerden groups (vdW-groups). If now G denotes the
discretized version of an arbitrary vdW-group K; it is always true that bG ¼ K: The
following Lemma which follows from Theorem 2 of [24] shows that vdW-groups
satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.1.

bn is finite for every n. Thus, vdW-

Lemma 4.2 (Moran). If K is a vdW-group, then K
groups do not contain I0 -sets.

Another source for examples of groups with metrizable Bohr compactification is

provided by separable Kazhdan groups. A locally compact group satisfies Kazhdan’s
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property (T) (or is a Kazhdan group) if the trivial one-dimensional representation 1

b; when G
is an isolated point of G b is endowed with the Fell topology. For a definition
of the Fell topology we refer the reader to [6, Chapter 3] it suffices to note here that,
in any case, the topology on G bn induced by the quotient map Qn coincides with the
Fell topology. Property (T) was introduced by Kazhdan in [22] and provides a deep
insight into the geometric and algebraic structure of the groups involved. More
detailed information about Kazhdan groups can be found in [13]. Let us simply
mention that examples of locally compact MAP groups with property (T) are the
groups SLn ðZÞ with nX3 and, more generally, all lattices in connected semisimple
Lie groups of higher rank without compact factors.
That Kazhdan groups also satisfy the hypothesis of Lemma 4.4 is a consequence
of the following result of Wang, [35]:

Lemma 4.3 (Wang). If G satisfies property ðTÞ then all finite-dimensional representa-
bn : Consequently G
tions of G are isolated in G bn is discrete, and therefore countable if G
is metrizable.
Thus, metrizable Kazhdan groups do not contain infinite I0 -sets.

The examples provided by Lemmas 4.2 and 4.3 both consist of groups whose sets
bn are discrete. These are groups that, despite of being maximally
of representations G
almost periodic, are poorly described by their finite-dimensional representations. For
instance we find that, in these cases, the Chu quasi-dual never recovers the original
topology (unless the group is compact) as the next theorem will prove.

bn is discrete, then
Theorem 4.4. Let G be a locally compact group. If for every n, G
3
bG ¼ RepðGÞ :

Proof. The Bohr compactification bG of G can be realized [1] as the set of all
(continuous or not) quasi-representations of RepðGÞ endowed with the topology of
pointwise convergence. On the other hand, the space RepðGÞ3 is complete as a
uniform space [27] and there is a continuous isomorphism of RepðGÞ3 onto a dense
subgroup of bG: Hence, in order to prove that bG ¼ RepðGÞ3 it suffices to prove
that RepðGÞ3 is precompact.
Now, since G bm is a discrete space, it follows that the quotient uni-
formity canonically associated to G bm by the quotient mapping Qm is the discrete
uniformity. Hence, the subset Lm :¼ fsi giAIm CRepm ðGÞ; formed by choosing a
representative of each equivalence class, inherits the discrete uniformity from
Repm ðGÞ: We next show that the topology of uniform convergence on compact
subsets of Repm ðGÞ and the topology of pointwise convergence on Lm are in fact the
same. The proof is then completed by observing that the latter topology is trivially
precompact.
Choose an arbitrary compact subset KDRepn ðGÞ: Each element of K decomposes as
the direct sum of a finite number of irreducible subrepresentations, let’s denote by
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½Km DRepm ðGÞ the subset of all irreducible components of elements of K of dimension
m: It is easily checked that ½Km is a relatively compact subset of Repn ðGÞ; thus
Qm ð½Km Þ will be precompact in G bm and, as a consequence, necessarily finite for
1pmp n:SForm a finite subset fs1 ; y; sk g of L taking a representative of each element
in Fn ¼ nm¼1 Cm ð½Km Þ: Arguing as in the first paragraph of Theorem 4.1 we
conclude that pointwise convergence on the finite set Fn is the same as uniform
convergence on K: &

Corollary 4.5. Let G be a locally compact MAP group with G bn discrete for every n.
Then G satisfies Chu-duality if and only if it is compact.

Corollary 4.6. If G is an infinite vdW-group, equipped with the discrete topology, then
G does not satisfy Chu-duality.

We note incidentally that Corollary 4.6 answers Question 3.6 of [3].

Corollary 4.7. A Kazhdan group satisfies Chu duality if and only if it is compact.

The preceding results describe some groups with countably many equivalence
classes of irreducible representations which as a consequence of Lemma 4.1 contain
no I0 -sets. To close this paper we show that under mild conditions these are the only
groups without I0 -sets. For this task we need the concept of Baire 1-function and a
suitable characterization of such functions.

Definition 4.8. Let X be a topological space. A Baire 1-function on X is a real valued

function which arises as the pointwise limit of a sequence continuous functions on X :
The set of all Baire 1-functions on X will be denoted by B1 ðX Þ:

Let S be a subset of a topological group G; we denote by H > to the set of all

RARepðGÞ such that RðsÞ ¼ I for all sAS: We shall make use of the following
characterization of Baire class 1 functions for a Polish (separable completely
metrizable) space X (see [30, Section 10, Theorem 2]).

Theorem 4.9. For a polish space X. If f eB1 ðX Þ then there is d4e and countable sets
D0 ; D1 CX such that

(1) D0 ¼ D1 ¼ P is a perfect subset of X (i.e., compact with no isolated points)

(2) f ðD0 ÞCð
N; e; f ðD1 ÞC½d; þNÞ:

Theorem 4.10. For any metrizable locally compact group, G; the following two
assertions are equivalent:

(1) G has no I0 -set.

(2) For each separable subgroup H of G it holds that clbG H is metrizable.
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Proof. That (2) implies (1) is clear since no compact metrizable group contains
I0 -sets.
Assume that (1) holds and let H be a separable subgroup of G: Obviously,
there is no loss of generality in assuming that H is countable. For any noo; we
denote by Xn to the quotient set Repn ðGÞ=ðRepn ðGÞ-H > Þ equipped with the
quotient topology inherited from Repn ðGÞ: The metrizability of G and the
separability of H yields
S that Xn is the countable union of metrizable compact
subspaces, say Xn ¼ joo Knj :
Let x be an arbitrary singleton of clbG H and let us consider it as an element of
UðnÞXn : Moreover, since UðnÞ is embedded in an Euclidean space Rk ; we look at the
mapping f 3 xARXn where f is a projection of Rk onto R: Now we define the map
Q
r : RXn - joo RKnj by the rule rðf Þ ¼ ðfj Þjoo ; where fj ¼ fjKnj for all joo: It is clear
that r is one-to-one.
Suppose that ðf 3 xÞj eB1 ðKnj Þ and apply the Theorem above to ðf 3 xÞj : Setting
D ¼ D0 ,D1 and taking into account that x belongs to the closure of H in bG; we
can find a sequence fhm gmoo CH such that fðhm ÞjD gmoo converges to xjD : Hence,
the sequence fððf 3 hm Þj ÞjD gmoo converges to ððf 3 xÞj ÞjD : On the other hand,
applying Theorem 2.3, there must be a subsequence fhmðkÞ gmoo converging to
qAclbG H: Thus, xjD ¼ qjD and as a consequence ððf 3 xÞj ÞjD ¼ ððf 3 qÞj ÞjD : This fact
implies that ðf 3 qÞj has no points of continuity relative to a closed subset P of Knj ;
a contradiction, since ðf 3 qÞj is obviously in B1 ðKnj Þ:
Hence ðf 3 xÞj AB1 ðKnj Þ for all n; joo and for all projections f of Rk onto R: Now,
since Knj is compact and metrizable, it follows that B1 ðKnj Þ has cardinality less or
equal than c for all n; joo: Now, observe that clbG H is a subspace of
Q Knj
n;joo UðnÞ : This and the fact that ðclbG HÞjKnj CB1 ðKnj ; UðnÞÞ (the set of all
pointwise limits of sequences in CðKnj ; UðnÞÞ) implies that clbG H also has the
cardinality of the continuum at most.
We observe now that, as Kunen [15, Lemma 3.3] points out, the weight
of clbG H is either countable or c: To see this, consider the restriction map
r : RepðGÞ-RepðHÞ: The weight of Sthe compact group clbG H will equal
jrðRepðGÞÞj: By Lemma 2.1, RepðGÞ ¼ noo Ln with Ln compact and thus rðLn Þ
will be a compact subspace of RepðHÞ: The topological space RepðHÞ; H being
separable, admits a coarser second countable topology and the cardinal of rðLn Þ
must be either @0 or c:
Denote by a the weight of clbG H; since clbG H is a compact group, we have that
jclbG Hj ¼ 2a (see [19, 28.58 (c)] or [2, Theorem 3.1]). Thus, the inequality jclbG Hjpc
and the observation above yield the metrizability of clbG H: &

Corollary 4.11. Let G be a second countable locally compact group. The following
assertions are equivalent:
(1) G has no I0 -set.
(2) bG is metrizable.
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bn is
(3) G has countably many equivalence classes of irreducible representations, i.e., G
countable for each n:

Remark 4.12. At the XVI Summer Topology Conference, New York, 2001, Kunen
posed the problem of finding out whether countable groups whose Bohr
compactification have weight 2@0 always contain some infinite I0 -set. Corollary
4.11 yields a positive answer to that question.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the referees for several useful remarks that have helped us
to improve the exposition of some parts of the paper.

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