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PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition, in Modules) ___________________________________
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
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Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University ___________________________________
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Worth Publishers, © 2007 1
“I have made a ceaseless effort not to ridicule, not to
bewail, not to scorn human actions, but to
understand them.”
The History and Scope Benedict Spinoza, A Political Treatise, 1677.
of Psychology ___________________________________
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Module 1
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2
OBJECTIVE 1‐1| Define psychology. To
The History and Scope of Psychology questions like, Who are we? From where come our
The Need for Psychological thoughts? Our feelings? Our actions? Discipline of
Science psychology comes to our aid. This discipline of
The limits of Intuition and psychology is defined as the scientific study of
Common Sense
The Scientific Attitude behavior and mental processes.
The Scientific Method ___________________________________
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3
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
OBJECTIVE 1‐2| Trace psychology’s
The History and Scope of Psychology prescientific roots from, from early
Description understandings of mind and body to the
The Case Study beginnings of modern science. Through out
The Survey human history thinkers have wondered: How
Naturalistic Observation
do our minds work? How do our bodies relate
to our minds? How much of what we know
comes built in? How much is acquired through
4 experience?
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Psychology’s Roots
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Prescientific Psychology
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www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg
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In India, the Buddha pondered how sensations
and perceptions combined to form ideas.
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5
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Prescientific Psychology
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Confucius (551‐479 BCE)
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home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg
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In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas
and of an educated mind.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
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Prescientific Psychology
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Hebrew Scriptures
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www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg
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Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the ___________________________________
body. 7
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Prescientific Psychology
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Socrates (469‐399 BCE) and Plato (428‐348 BCE)
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http://www.law.umkc.edu
http://www.law.umkc.edu
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Socrates
Plato
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Socrates and his student Plato believed that the mind
was separate from the body, that it continued to exist ___________________________________
after death, and that ideas were innate. 8
“The soul is not separable from the body and the same
Prescientific Psychology holds good of particular parts of the soul.” Aristotle,
Aristotle (384‐322 BCE)
De Anima, 350 B.C.
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http://faculty.washington.edu
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Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable ___________________________________
from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow
from experience. 9
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
Descartes like Plato believed the immaterial
Prescientific Psychology mind and physical body were separate but
Rene Descartes (1596‐1650)
communicated in the brain at pineal gland.
http://www.spacerad.com
Animal spirits moved from the brain to act on
the muscles and experiences lead the nerves to
http://ocw.mit.edu
open up “pores” in the brain to form memories.
Descartes was right about the nerves connecting
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind) body
separation but speculated on how the immaterial
the inside and the outside worlds but had no
mind and the physical body communicated. 10 notion of how these nerves functioned.
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Prescientific Psychology
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Francis Bacon (1561‐1626)
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http://www.iep.utm.edu
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Bacon was one of the founders of modern science,
especially the experimental method. ___________________________________
11
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Prescientific Psychology
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John Locke (1632‐1704)
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biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
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Locke held that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank
sheet at birth and experience writes on it. ___________________________________
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
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Prescientific Psychology
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What is the relation of the mind to the body?
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Mind and body are Mind and body are
connected distinct ___________________________________
The Hebrews Socrates ___________________________________
Aristotle Plato
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Augustine Descartes
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13
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Prescientific Psychology
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How are ideas formed?
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The mind is a blank
Some ideas are inborn ___________________________________
slate
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14
OBJECTIVE 1‐3| Explain how early
Psychological Science is Born psychologists sought to understand the mind’s
Structuralism
structure and functions, and identify some of
the leading psychologists who worked in these
Titchner (1867‐1927)
Wundt (1832‐1920)
areas. Structuralism: Wundt and his student
Titchner focused on the elements of mind, and
studied it by using introspection (self‐reflection).
Wundt and Titchner studied the elements (atoms) Wundt established the first laboratory of
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany in 1879. 15 psychology in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany, and
wrote the first textbook of psychology.
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
Functionalism: James suggested that it would
Psychological Science is Born be more fruitful to consider the evolved
Functionalism
functions of our thoughts and feelings than
simply studying the elements of mind. Based on
James (1842‐1910)
the theory of evolution, he suggested that the
function of these thoughts and feelings was
adaptive. James admitted the first woman
Influenced by Darwin, William James established student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored
the school of functionalism, opposing
structuralism. 16 her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain
her PhD from Harvard.
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Psychological Science is Born
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The Unconscious Mind
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Freud (1856‐1939)
http://loeillet.chez-alice.fr
Jung (1875‐1961)
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http://ot.re.kr
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Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its effects ___________________________________
on human behavior. 17
OBJECTIVE 1‐4| Describe the evolution of
Psychological Science Develops psychology as defined from 1920s to through
Behaviorism
today. Ivan Pavlov a Russian Physiologist,
James Watson and Skinner were all instrumental
Skinner (1904‐1990)
Watson (1878‐1958)
in developing the science of psychology and
emphasized behavior instead of mind or mental
thoughts. From 1920 to 1960, psychology in the
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the US was heavily oriented towards behaviorism.
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
scientific psychology. 18
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
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Psychological Science Develops
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Humanistic Psychology
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Maslow (1908‐1970)
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http://facultyweb.cortland.edu
Rogers (1902‐1987)
http://www.carlrogers.dk
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Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential ___________________________________
and our needs for love and acceptance. 19
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Psychology Today
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We define psychology today as the scientific
study of behavior (what we do) and mental ___________________________________
processes (inner thoughts and feelings).
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20
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Psychological Associations &
Societies ___________________________________
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American Psychological Association is the largest
organization of psychology with 160,000 members ___________________________________
world‐wide, followed by The British Psychological
Society with 34,000 members. ___________________________________
21
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
OBJECTIVE 1‐5| Summarize the nature‐
Contemporary Psychology nurture debate in psychology, and describe the
Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature versus Nurture principle of natural selection.
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Darwin (1809‐1882)
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Darwin states that nature selects those traits that ___________________________________
best enable the organism to survive and reproduce
in a particular environment. 22
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OBJECTIVE 1‐6| Identify the three main levels
Contemporary Psychology of analysis in the biopsychosocial approach,
Psychology’s Three Main Level of Analysis
and explain why psychology’s varied
Biological influences Psychological Influences
• genetic predispositions • learned fears and other learnt
• genetic mutations expectations perspectives are complementary.
• natural selection of adaptive physiology • emotional responses
and behaviors • cognitive processing and perceptual
• genes responding to environment interpretations Biopsychosocial approach considers the
Behavior or mental
process
influence of biological, psychological, and socio‐
cultural factors on behavior. Each approach
Social-cultural Influences
• presence of others
• cultural, societal, and family expectations provides an incomplete explanation of
• peer and other group influences
behaviors.
• compelling models (such as media)
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Although debates arise among the psychologists
Psychology’s Current Perspectives working from differing perspectives, each point
Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Neuroscience How the body and brain How are messages
of view addresses important questions.
enables emotions. transmitted in the body? How
is blood chemistry linked with
moods and motives?
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Evolutionary How the natural selection How does evolution influence
of traits the promotes the behavior tendencies?
perpetuation of one’s
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genes.
Behavior genetics How much our genes and
our environments
To what extent are
psychological traits such as
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influence our individual intelligence, personality,
differences. sexual orientation, and
vulnerability to depression ___________________________________
attributable to our genes? To
our environment?
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
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Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Psychodynamic How behavior springs How can someone’s ___________________________________
from unconscious drives personality traits and
and conflicts. disorders be explained in
terms of sexual and
aggressive drives or as
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disguised effects of unfulfilled
wishes and childhood
traumas? ___________________________________
Behavioral How we learn observable How do we learn to fear
responses. particular objects or
situations? What is the most ___________________________________
effective way to alter our
behavior, say lose weight or
quit smoking? ___________________________________
25
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Psychology’s Current Perspectives
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Perspective Focus Sample Questions
Cognitive How we encode, process, How do we use information ___________________________________
store and retrieve in remembering? Reasoning?
information. Problem solving?
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Social‐cultural How behavior and How are we ‐‐‐ as Africans,
thinking vary across Asians, Australian or North
situations and cultures. American – alike as members
of human family? As products
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of different environmental
contexts, how do we differ?
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OBJECTIVE 1‐7| Identify some of the
Psychology’s Subfields psychology’s subfields, and explain the
Research
difference between clinical psychology and
Psychologist What s/he does
psychiatry.
Explores the links between brain and
Biological
mind.
Developmental
Studies changing abilities from womb to ___________________________________
tomb.
Studies how we perceive, think, and solve
Cognitive
problems.
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Personality Investigates our persistent traits.
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explore how we view and affect one
Social
another.
27 ___________________________________
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
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Psychology’s Subfields: Research ___________________________________
Biological
Other 11.5% 9.9% ___________________________________
Experimental
14.1% ___________________________________
Developmental
24.6%
Psychometrics ___________________________________
5.5%
Cognitive ___________________________________
8.0%
Social 21.6%
Personality
4.8%
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Data: APA 1997 28
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Psychology’s Subfields
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Applied
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Psychology’s Subfields: Applied ___________________________________
Industrial
6% ___________________________________
Other
3%
Educational ___________________________________
9%
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Counseling
15%
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Clinical
67%
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Data: APA 1997 30
Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 10
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Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
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A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses,
and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. ___________________________________
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31
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Close‐up
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Your Study of Psychology
Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) ___________________________________
Survey: what you are about to read, including chapter
outlines and section heads ___________________________________
Question: Ask questions. Make notes.
Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and ___________________________________
chapters in entirety.
Review: Marginal definitions. Study learning
outcomes. ___________________________________
Reflect: On what you have learnt. Test yourself with
quizzes. ___________________________________
32
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Close‐up
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Additional Study Hints
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Distribute your time ___________________________________
In class, listen actively
Overlearn ___________________________________
Be a smart test‐taker
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 1 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 11