PROJECT ID: CEET/09/24

KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI

Avenue de l’Armée, B.P.3900 Kigali- Rwanda

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL

TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EUROCODE2 AND INDIAN STANARD

APPLIED TO THE DESIGN OF FIVE STORIES REINFORCED CONCRETE
PUBLIC BUILDING”

Submitted by:

GATERA ERIC (REG. NO: GS20020485)

Under the guidance of

Dr.MBEREYAHO Leopold

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING AND

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

SEPTEMBER, 2009
DECLARATION

I, GATERA Eric; declare that the content of this work" Comparative Analysis of
Eurocode2 and Indian codes applied to the design of five storey reinforced concrete
public building " is original work and contribution to the fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of a bachelor of science in civil engineering and environmental Technology
at KIST.
I do declare that at my best knowledge, this work has never presented else where for a
similar award at any university or any other institution of higher learning.

Signature………………………… DATE………………………….

GATERA Eric
REG. N0. GS20020485
DEDICATION

This research project is dedicated to:

Almighty God
My Family
My Colleagues and friends
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am deeply intended to almighty God who has guided me through the whole period of
my studies. My sincere thanks are due all friends and colleagues who helped me in one-
way or another. I am very grateful to all members of my family for their support and
advice.
My special thanks are addressed to the Government of Rwanda for its appreciable policy
of promoting education at all levels.
Again my sincere acknowledgements go to entire administration of KIST and the whole
academic staff.
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. LEOPOLD MBEREYAHO for his
technical and wise advice, suggestions and corrections that made this research project
fruitful.
Finally I express my gratitude to each one who directly and indirectly contributed to
make my studies successful today.
ABSTRACT

The Comparative analysis of Eurocode2 and Indian standard applied to the design of five
story reinforced concrete public building involves a deep study of components of
building by analyzing their elements which are; Slabs, Beam, Columns and Foundation
and compare them in order to know which is economic and efficient.
In this work the structural design is controlled by regulations Codes which are Eurocode2
and Indian standard.
The Limit state method of design was used.
In this study, the subject matter has been arranged in five major parts;
The first one is General Introduction which talks about background to the study,
objectives, significance, scope and methodology.
The second one is related to the Literature review giving same theoretical points talk
about this present study.
The third one consists of characteristic of architectural plans and structural design of
building.
The fourth one is analysis and Discussion of results. It shows the target of our study in
that project.
The last one is conclusion and recommendation about this study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAP.I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1.1. Accessible design for public buildings 1
1.1.2The principles of independence: 1
1.1.3. The dignity: 1
1.1.4. Safety: 1
1.2. PROPLEM STATEMENT 1
1.3. OBJECTIVES 2
1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES 2
1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 2
1.4. JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT: 2
1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 2
1.6. METHODOLOGY: 2
CHAP. II. LITTERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1. DEFINITION OF BUILDING 3
2.2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS 3
1. Residential building 3
2.3. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING 5
2.4. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION 8
2.4.1. CONCRETE 8
5. Cement 9
6. Water 10
2.5.1. INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN STANDARD 10
 3. 5.2. SAFETY AD SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS (IS: 456-1978)
11
2.5.3. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE 12
2.5.4. STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE 12
2. 5.5. REINFORCED CONCRETE: 13
2.5.6. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL 13
2.5.7. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN ACCORDING TOEUROCODE2
16
2.5.7.1. INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE216
2.5.9 STRENGTH CLASSES OF CONCRETE: 18
2.6.0. REINFORCED CONCRETE 18
2.6.1. COMPOSITE ACTION 19
2.6.2. LIMIT STATE DESIGN 20
CHAP III. ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING22
3.1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN; 22
3.2. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING 22
3.3. REINFORCED CONCRET DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2 AND
INDIAN STANDARD 23
3.3.1. DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2: 23
3.4. DESIGN OF BUILDING ACCORDING TO INDIAN STANDARD 44
CHAP IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT 59
CHAP V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION 61
V.I. Conclusion: 61
V.2.Recommendation 61
REFERENCES 62
APPENDIX 63
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
H : Height
L : Effective span
F : Total ultimate load
Gk : Dead load
Qk : Live load
Msx : Moment in direction of span lx
Msy : Moment in direction of span ly
Z : Lever arm
d : Effective depth
k : Effective depth ratio
As : area of steel
b : width
fyk :Characteristic of steel strength of material
fck : Characteristic of concrete strength of material
T…: Diameter of steels used
bf : Length of flange
j : Lever arm factor
fck :Characteristic compressive stress
fy :Characteristic strength of steel
LIST OF FIGURES

Bending moment diagram

Reinforcement detail in the slab
Reinforcement detail in the beam
Reinforcement detail in the column
Reinforcement detail in foundation
CHAP.I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. INTRODUCTION

The Reinforced Concrete Public Story Building is an important element in the

development of country, especially in a business. It can serve as Commercial Building,
Schools, Churches and sports Complexes and so on.

1.1.1. Accessible design for public buildings

When design an accessible environment that meets the needs of people who are blind or
have low vision, it is important to consider the principals of independent, dignity and
safety;

1.1.2The principles of independence:

The movement is independence the national societies, while auxiliaries in the
humanitarian services of the governments and subject to the lows of their respective
countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all time to act
in accordance with the principle of the movement.

1.1.3. The dignity:

Smoking low solutions
Ciglow flameless lighter
The walled digital library
1.1.4. Safety:
- On temperature etc..

1.2. PROPLEM STATEMENT

In our Country the speed in international Business is not related to the speed of
construction of modern Story Reinforced Concrete Public Building. That is why compare
the EuroCode2 and Indian standard in order to know which is the cheapest Design based
on existing material for achieving the modern Building related to the level of Business.

1.3. OBJECTIVES

1.3.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVES

This Project of Construction of five stories Reinforced Concrete Public Building has
General objective to analyse and compare the EuroCode2 and Indian standard in the
Design of five stories reinforced public building for choosing the one which is available
to use in our county and to prove the needed standard in the design of that Building based
on existing materials.

1.3.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

-Design of five stories Reinforced Concrete Public Building in different Standards which
are; EuroCode2 and Indian.
-Comparison analysis of those two standards based on existing materials used in our
Country.

1.4. JUSTIFICATION OF PROJECT:

This comparison will help our investors for choosing the useful standard and related
materials in our country.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

The study will be on comparative analysis of EuroCode2 and Analysis standard to the
design of Building structures. The Roof, Wind, Earth Quake, Temperature, stairs and soil
study will not appear.

1.6. METHODOLOGY:

The methodology used in the project work is;

- Documentation: Books, Internet

- Manual calculation

- Analysis of result

- Comparison of the two standards

- Conclusion &Recommendation

(Reference: Internet)

CHAP. II. LITTERATURE REVIEW

2.1. DEFINITION OF BUILDING

A building can be defined as a structure broadly consisting of Wall, Floor and Roofs,
erected provide covered space for different uses such as Residence, Education, Business,
Manufacturing, Storage, etc. The method adapted for construction and choice of material
to be used in the building depends upon number of factors like character of occupancy,
location site, climate, local materials and fund available.

2.2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, different types of
buildings have been classified in following groups as per national building code:

1. Residential building

These shall include one or two private dwellings, apartment houses (flats), dormitories,
hotels etc.
2. Educational building.

These shall include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving
assembly for instruction, education or recreation.

3. Institutional building.

These shall include any building or part thereof which is used for purposes such as
medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness or
disease, care of infants, convalescents of aged persons and for penal or detention in
which the liberty of the immates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide
sleeping accommodation for the occupants. It includes hospitals, sanatoria nursing
homes, orphanages jails, prisons, mental hospitals, reformatories etc.

4. Assembly building.

These shall include any building or apart of a building where group of people congregate
or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, periodic, civil, travel and similar
purposes, for example, theatres, motion picture houses, assembly halls, auditoria,
exhibition halls, museums, skating rings, gymnasiums, restaurants, places of worship,
dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations, and terminals of air, surface, marine and
public transportation services.

5. Business building.

These shall include any building or apart of a building which is used for transaction of
business, for the keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes, city halls, town
halls, court houses, library can be classified in this group in so far as principal function of
these is transaction of public business and the keeping of books and records.
6. Mercantile buildings.

These shall include any building or apart of a building in which is used as shops, stores,
market, for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail.
7. Industrial buildings.

These shall include any building or apart of a building or structure, in which product or
materials of a kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed, for example,
refineries, gas plants, mills, dairies, industries etc.
8. Storage buildings.

These shall include any building or apart of a building primarily for the storage or
sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise, like warehouses, cold storages, freight dept,
transit sheds, garages, hangers, grain elevators, stables etc.

9. Hazardous buildings.

These shall include any building or apart of a building which is used for storage,
handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity or which may produce poisonous
fumes or explosions; for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which involve
flame, fumes and explosive, etc.

2.3. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

A building can be broadly divided in two parts: sub-structure and super-structure. The
portion of the building bellow the surrounding ground is known as sub-structure and the
portion above the ground is termed as super structure. The component of a building can
be broadly summarised as under:
1. Foundations

Foundation is the lowest part of a structure bellow the ground level which is indirect
contact with the ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads on the soil on
which the structure rests.
The provision of foundation is made in such away that the soil below the foundation is
not stressed beyond it safe allowable bearing capacity. Depending on type of soil existing
on site, it safe bearing capacity and type of building which is required to be constructed, a
structure may need shallow or deep foundation. In case of load bearing walls, the
foundation could be in the form of spread footings. For framed structures, the foundation
could be in the form of independent column footings, combined footings, piles.

2. Plinth

The portion of the building between the ground surrounding the building and the top of
the floor immediately above the ground is known as the plinth. The level of the
surrounding ground is known as formation level or simply ground level and the level of
the ground floor of the building is known as plinth level.
The plinth height should be such that after proper levelling and grading of the ground
adjoining the building, there is no possibility of the rain water entering the ground floor.
The build up covered area measured at the floor level is termed as plinth area.

3. Walls

Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space in desired pattern. In addition
walls provide privacy, security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other
adverse effects of weather.
The division of floor space varies according to the function required to be performed in
the building. In a well planed layout, the walls divide the space in such manner so as to
achieve maximum carpet area and minimum area of circulation. Walls are constructed by
use of building unit like bricks, stones, concrete blocks etc. The building unit are
bounded together with mortar in horizontal or vertical joints and the construction is
termed as masonry. When bricks are used as building units it is known as brick masonry
and when stones are used as building units it is termed as stone masonry.
Walls can be divided into two categories: load bearing walls and non-load bearing walls.
-A load bearing wall support its own weight as well as the super-imposed loads
transferred to it through floors or roofs.
-A non load bearing wall on the other hand carries its own weight and is not designed to
carry any super-imposed load from the structure. They are normally provided as partition
walls.

4. Columns

A column may be defined as an isolated vertical load bearing member the width of which
is neither less than its thickness nor more than four times its thickness.

5. Floors

Floors are flats supporting elements of a building. They divide a building into different
levels thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic purpose
of a floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items like furniture,
stores, equipment etc. Floor is generally referred to by its location.

A floor provided for accommodation bellow the natural ground level is termed as
basement floor. A floor immediately above the ground is termed as ground floor and
other floors such as first floor, second floor, etc. are termed upper floors.

A floor basically consists of two parts namely: sub-floor and flooring.

The sub-floor is the structural component of the floor which supports all the loads and
flooring is covering layer of desired specification provided over the sub-floor to serve as
a finishing layer.
6. Doors, windows and ventilations

A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual
means of access to a building, room or passage. This can be termed as the most
constantly used moving component in a building.
7. Stairs

A stair may be defined as a structure comprising of a number of steps connecting one

floor to another. The stair must be constructed in such manner that it is safe and
comfortable to use and it should be so located as to permit easy communication.
Stairs may be made from materials like timbers, stones, bricks steels, reinforced concrete
etc. The selection of type of materials to be used depends upon the aesthetical
importance, availability, durability and fire resisting quantity desired

8. Roof

It is the upper most component of a building and its main function is to cover the space
bellow and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc .A roof basically consists of two
components: roof decking and roof covering.

9. Building finishes

A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface of its components is given
appropriate treatment. Building finishes include items like plastering, pointing,
white/colour washing, painting, distempering etc. The building finishes not only protect
the surface from adverse effect of weather but also provide decorative effect.

10. Building services

Building services include services like water supply, drainage, sanitation, lighting,
electricity, acoustics, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fire detection and fire control
etc.
The services like water supply, drainage and sanitation are normally clubbed under the
term `plumbing services’. From consideration of safety of the users, the planning,
designing and detailing of all services should be done based on provision in national
building code and also based on norms prescribed by various statutory municipal bodies.
(Reference: Building Construction Book)

2.4. MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

2.4.1. CONCRETE

A. Definition:

Is a construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland cement) as well as

other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a
coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as
sand), water.

The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be
mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form this structure.

B. COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE

2. Aggregates

Fine and coarse aggregates make up the bulk of a concrete mixture. Sand, natural gravel
and crushed stone are mainly used for this purpose. Recycled aggregates (from
construction, demolition and excavation waste) are increasingly used as partial
replacements of natural aggregates, while a number of manufactured aggregates,
including air-cooled blast furnace slag and bottom ash are also permitted.

Decorative stones such as quartzite, small river stones or crushed glass are sometimes
added to the surface of concrete for a decorative "exposed aggregate" finish, popular
among landscape designers.

Concrete is strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the compression

load. However, it is weak in tension as the cement holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail. Reinforced concrete solves these problems by adding
metal reinforcing bars, glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.

3. Gravel or Coarse aggregate:

Coarse aggregate is widely known as gravel, and consists of small stones that are
generally 10mm (2/5 in) to 20mm (4/5in) in diameter. It is generally used in mixing
concrete or to improve drainage. Gravel is also available in a variety of attractive colours
and is resilient to vehicles being driven over it, therefore is a very popular material for
driveways.

4. Sand:

Sand is a loose, fragmented, naturally-occurring material consisting of very small

particles of decomposed rocks, corals, or shells. Sand is used to provide bulk, strength,
and other properties to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. It is also used as
a decorative material in landscaping. Specific types of sand are used in the manufacture
of glass and as a molding material for metal casting. Other sand is used as an abrasive in
sandblasting and to make sandpaper.

5. Cement

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic
ingredient of concrete, mortar, and plaster. English engineer Joseph Aspdid patented
Portland cement in 1824; it was named because of its similarity in colour to Portland
limestone, quarried from the English Isle of Portland and used extensively in London
architecture. It consists of a mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and aluminium.
Portland cement and similar materials are made by heating limestone

(a source of calcium) with clay, and grinding this product (called clinker) with a source
of sulphate (most commonly gypsum). The manufacturing of Portland cement creates
about 5 percent of human CO2 emissions.

6. Water
Combining water with a cementations material forms a cement paste by the process of
hydration. The cement paste glues the aggregate together, fills voids within it, and allows
it to flow more easily.

Less water in the cement paste will yield a stronger, more durable concrete; more water
will give an easier-flowing concrete with a higher slump.

Impure water used to make concrete can cause problems when setting or in causing
premature failure of the structure.

Hydration involves many different reactions, often occurring at the same time. As the
reactions proceed, the products of the cement hydration process gradually bond together
the individual sand and gravel particles, and other components of the concrete, to form a
solid mass. (Reference: Internet)

2.5.1. INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN STANDARD

In the second Edition, the subject matter has bean thoroughly updated and the revised
Indian Standard Codes IS: 456 – 1978 and IS: 1343 – 1980 have been introduced. Both
these codes differ from their earlier versions in two aspects: (1) some design procedures
have been basically changed and (2) the codes use S/ Units. The second edition
incorporates both these aspects. However, since the change over from the MKS to SI
Units has to be gradual, and since the revised codes have yet not been included in the
teaching curriculum of all the institutions, the design procedures based on earlier versions
of the codes have been retained. The design procedures laid down in the revised codes
have given at the end of each chapter and the illustrative examples, using these new
procedures have been solved in SI Units.
It is hoped the readers will find the book useful in interpreting the provisions of the new
codes. Further suggestions will be greatly appreciated.
(Reinforced concrete structures)

3. 5.2. SAFETY AD SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS (IS: 456-1978)

In the limit state method, the structure is designed to withstand safely all the loads liable
to act on it throughout its life and also to satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as
limitations to deflections and cracking.
The acceptable limit of safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is
called a limit state.
A structure to be designed on the basis of limit state should satisfy the following limit
states:
(a) Limit state of collapse (Safety requirements)

The limit state of collapse of the structure or party of the structure could be assessed from
rupture of one or more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic
instability or overturning. The resistance bending, shear, torsion and axial loads at every
section produced by the probable most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure
using the appropriate partial factors.
The following limit states of collapse are considered in design:

(i) limit state of collapse in flexure

(ii) limit state of collapse in compression
(iii) limit state of collapse in shear
(iv) limit state of collapse in torsion

(b) Limit state of serviceability

The limit states of serviceability consists of
(i) Excessive deflection
(ii) Premature or excessive cracking.
(iii) Corrosion
(iv) Excessive vibrations
Out of these, the important limit states of serviceability are excessive deflection and
cracking.

The deflection of a structure or part there of shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. Cracking of concrete should not
adversely affect the appearance or durability of the structure.

The limit state of excessive deflection and crack width is applicable at service loads and
is estimated on the basis of elastic analysis (working stress method). The limit state of
collapse (or failure), however, depends upon ultimate strength.

Thus the limit state method is a combination of ultimate load and elastic method of
design of limit state of limit state of serviceability in which safety factors are applied to
the characteristic strength of materials.

2.5.3. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

The important properties of concrete, which govern the design of a concrete mix, are:
(i) Strength,
(ii) Durability,
(iii) Workability and
(iv) Economy.
The aim of proportioning a concrete mix will be to find the economic proportion of
cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and water so as to get a mix of given strength,
proper workability and durability.
(Reinforced Concrete structures, Volume1, P)

2.5.4. STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR CONCRETE

Stress Strain curve for Concrete

The code permits the use of any appropriation curve for relationship between the
compressive stress and strain distribution in concrete, subject to the condition that it
results in the production of strength in substantial agreement with test results.
An acceptable stress-strain curve (Fig.14.1) given in Fig.20 of the code forms the basis of
the design in this book.
The compressive strength of concrete in the structure is assumed to be 0.67 f ck (curve 2
of Fig.14.1). The 0.67 factor is introduced to account for difference in strength indicated
by a cube test and the strength of concrete in structure. The initial portion of the curve is
parabolic. At a strain of 0.002(i.e. 0.20/0 strain) the stress remains constant with
increasing load, until a strain of 0.350/0 is reached when the concrete is said to have
failed. The design curve (curve 3 of Fig.14.1) is obtained by using a partial safety factory
γ m =1.5. Thus the maximum compressive stress in concrete is equal to

(0.67/1.5)ƒ ck=0.447ƒ ck≈0.45ƒ ck

2. 5.5. REINFORCED CONCRETE:

Is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars, plate or fibres have been incorporated to
strengthen a material that would otherwise be brittle and have a very low tensile sress.

1. STEEL:

The material steel is an alloy of iron and carbon (small percentage) and other elements in
varying percentages.

The strength, hardness and brittleness of steel increase and ductility of steel decreases
with the increase of percentage of carbon.Depending upon the chemical composition,
different types of steels are classified as: mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon
steel, low alloy steel and high alloy steel. Out of these, the first three types of steel are
known as structural steel, commonly used in steel structures.

2.5.6. STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR STEEL

The stress-strain curve for mild steel is shown in Fig.14.2 while the strain curve for Fe
415 and Fe 500 steel are shown in fig 14.3 and Fig.14.4resoectively.

Stress Stain curve for Fe415 Steel

The modulus of elasticity of all types of reinforcing steel, Es is taken as 2x105N/mm2.
Also, the stress strain relationship for steel in tension and compression is assumed to be
the same.

For mild steel, the stress is proportional to strain up to yield point and thereafter the strain
increases at constant stress. The design yield stress of steel is equal to ƒ (y)/ γ (m). With
a value of 1.15 for γ (m), the design yield stress f yd becomes 0.87 f y.
For cold worked bars (Fe 415 and Fe 500 HYSD bars), there is no definite
yield point; hence yield stress is taken as 0.2 percent proof stress.
The stress-stain curves (Fig.14.3 and Fig 14.4) for these two types of steels are linear up
to a stress of 0.8 ƒ (y) and the strains are elastic.
Thereafter, the stress-strain curves are defined as given below:

Stress Strain curve for Fe500 Steel

(Reference: Reinforced Concrete Design)

2.5.7. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN ACCORDING TOEUROCODE2

2.5.7.1. INTRODUCTION TO EUROCODE2

Although the detailed design methods are generally according to Eurocode2 standards
(EuroCodes), much of the theory and practice is of a fundamental nature and should,
therefore, also be useful to engineers in countries outside Europe.
The search for harmonisation of Technical standards across the European Community
(EC) has led to the development of a series of these structural EuroCodes which are the
technical documents intended for adoption throughout all the members states. The use of
these common standards is intended to lower trade barrier and enable companies to
compute on a more equitable basis throughout the EC.EuroCode2 (EC2) deal with the
design of concrete structures, which has most recently been covered in the UK by British
standard BS8110 which superseded British standard CP110 in 1985. Limit state
principles established by these British standards are also adopted by EuroCode2.

CONCRETE:
Concrete is a very variable material, having a wide range of strengths and stress-strain
curves. A typical curve for concrete in compression is shown in figure 2,
As the load is applied, the ratio between the stresses and strains is approximately linear at
first and the concrete behaves almost as an elastic material with virtually a fully recovery
of displacement if the load is removed. Eventually, the curve is no longer linear and the
concrete behaves more and more as a plastic material. If the load were removed during
the plastic range the recovery would no longer be complete and a permanent deformation
would remain. The ultimate strain for most structural concretes tends to be approximately
0.0035, irrespective of the strength of the concrete. The precise shape of the curve is very
dependent on the length of time the load is applied. The figure below is typical for a short
term loading.

Stress-Strain curve for concrete in compression

Concrete generally increases its strength with age. This characteristic is illustrated by the
graph in figure 3 which shows how the increase is rapid at first, becoming more gradual
later. The precise relationship will depend upon the type of cement used. That shown is
for typical variation of an adequately cured concrete made with commonly used class
42.5 Portland cement. Euro Code 2 does not permit the use of strengths greater than the
28-day value in calculations, but the modulus of elasticity may be modified to account for
age.
Increase of concrete strength with age: typical curve for a grade 30
Concrete made with a class 42.5 Portland cement concrete.
[Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2, P ]

2.5.9 STRENGTH CLASSES OF CONCRETE:

Class Lowest class for use as specified

C12/15
C 16/20 Plain concrete
C20/25
C25/30 Reinforced concrete
C30/37 Prestressed concrete
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
Note: Prefered classes are underlined
(Reference: Reinforced concrete Design to Eurocode 2)

2.6.0. REINFORCED CONCRETE

Reinforced concrete is a strong durable building material that can be formed into many
varied shapes and sizes ranging from a simple rectangular column to a slender curved
dome or shell. Its utility and versatility are achieved by combining the best features of
concrete and steel. Consider some of the widely differing properties of these two
materials that are listed below;

Concrete Steel
Strength in tension poor good
Strength in compression good good, but slender bars will buckle
Strength in shear fair good
Durability good corrodes if unprotected
Fire resistance good poor-suffers rapid loss of strength
at high temperatures
It can be seen from this list that the material are more or less complementary. Thus, when
they are combined, the steel is able to provide the tensile strength and probably some of
the shear strength while the concrete, strong in compression, protects the steel to give
durability and fire resistance.

2.6.1. COMPOSITE ACTION

The tensile strength of concrete is only about 10 per cent of the compressive strength.
Because of this, nearly all reinforced concrete structures are designed on the assumption
that the concrete does not resist any tensile forces. Reinforcement is designed to carry
these tensile forces, which are transferred by bond between the interfaces of the two
materials. If this bond is not adequate, the reinforcing bars will just slip within the
concrete and there will not be a composite action. Thus members should be detailed so
that concrete can well be compacted around the reinforcement during construction. In
addition, some bars are ribbed or twisted so that there is an extra mechanical grip.

In the analysis and design of the composite reinforced concrete section, it is assumed that
there is perfect bond, so that the strain in the reinforcement is identical to the strain in the
adjacent concrete. This ensures that there is what is known as compatibility of stain
across the cross-section of the members.
The coefficients of thermal expansion for steel and for concrete are of the order of 10× 10
-6 per 0C and 7-12 × 10-6 per 0C respectively. These values are sufficiently close that
problems with bond seldom arise from differential expansion between the two materials
over normal temperature ranges.
The figure 4 below illustrates the behaviour of a simple supported beam subjected to
bending and shows the position of steel reinforcement to resist the tensile forces, while
the compression forces in the top of the beam are carried by the concrete.

Wherever tension occurs it is likely that cracking of the concrete will take place. This
cracking, however, does not detract from the safety of the structure provided there is
good reinforcement bond to ensure that the cracks are restrained from opening so that the
embedded steel continues to be protected from corrosion.
When the compressive or shear forces exceed the strength of the concrete, then steel
reinforcement must be again provided, but in these cases it is only required to supplement
the load-carrying capacity of the concrete.
[Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2, P ]

2.6.2. LIMIT STATE DESIGN

This design of an Engineering structure must ensure that:
(1) Under the worst loading the structure is safe,
(2) During normal working conditions the deformation of the members does not
detract from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure. Despite
the difficulty in assessing the precise loading and variations in the strength of the
concrete and steel, these requirements have to be met. Three basic methods using
factors of safety to achieve safe, workable structures have been developed,
(3) They are :
(1) The permissible stress method in which ultimate strengths of the materials are
divided by a safety of factor to provide design stresses which are usually within
the elastic range.
(2) The load factor method in which the working loads are multiplied by a factor of
safety.
(3) The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by partial factor of
safety and also divides the material’ ultimate strengths by further partial factor of
safety.
[Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2, P ]
CHAP III. ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF
BUILDING
3.1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN;

- Here the software of Archicad was used

-The building has five storeys
-The building occupies the total area of 666.4cm2
- The building has 18.30m of height
- It finally has 60 rooms used as office and their secretary office each other.
-The Plans are on the following pages

3.2.STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING

3.2. ANALYSIS OF BUILDING

A. LOADS:
The basic requirements of any structural component of a building is that it should be
strong enough to carry or support all possible types of loads to which it is likely to be
subjected load coming on a structure may be of three types:
1. Dead load
2. Live load
B. DEAD LOAD:
The Dead load in a building shall comprise of the weight of all walls, partition, floors and
roof shall include the weights of all other permanent construction in the building.
C. LIVE LOADS:
Live loads on floors shall comprise of all loads other than dead loads on the case of
multi-storey buildings.
D.COMBINATION:
-Dead load + Live load
E. FACTOR OF SAFETY:
-Dead load: 1.35
-Live load: 1.5

3.3. REINFORCED CONCRET DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2 AND

INDIAN STANDARD

3.3.1. DESIGN ACCORDING TO EUROCODE2:

DESIGN OF TW0 WAY SLAB

Overall depth = h

1. Solid slab in spanning in one direction

 Lmax
≥ 2,0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴h = ⎜ → ⎟ Lmin
Lmin ⎝ 25 35 ⎠

2. Solid slabs in spanning in two directions

Lmax
≥ 2,0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ h = ⎜ → ⎟ Lmin
Lmin ⎝ 30 45 ⎠

NB; h > 7cm except that the slab of roof

For Panel: P1, P14

L max 690
≡ ≡ 1,11 < 2
L min 620

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ h = ⎜ → ⎟ Lmin
⎝ 30 45 ⎠

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
∴ h = ⎜ → ⎟ * 620 = 20,66cm → 13.77cm
⎝ 30 45 ⎠
h = 17.5cm = 175mm

10
= 150mm
Effective depth =d=175-20- 2

kn
The characteristic material strength of steel = 460 m3
 kn
The characteristic material strength of concrete=25 m3

Dead load

For a 1m width of Slab:

0.15 *1 *1 * 25 = 3.75 kn
Self weight = m

0.04 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.8 kn
Finish = m

0.02 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.4 kn
Floor finish = m

(0.2 *1 *1 * 22) × 2 = 8.8 kn

Wall load = m

g kn
Total K =13.75 m

G × 1.35 = 18.56 kn
k =13.75 m

Live load

q = 3kn / m 2
K

Q = 1 × 1 × 3 = 3kn
K m

Q = 3 × 1.5 = 4.5 kn
K m

kn
Ultimate load = F =18.56+4.5=23.06 m
Calculation of Moments

For positive moments at mid-span

M + sx = Bsx nl x2 = 0.032 * 23.06 * 6.2 2 = 28.36knm

+
M = Bsx nl x2 = 0.027 * 23.06 * 6.2 2 = 23.93knm
SY

For Negative moments

M − sx = Bsx nl x2 = 0.074 * 23.06 * 6.2 2 = 65.59knm

M − sy = Bsx nl x2 = 0.061 * 23.06 * 6.2 2 = 54.07knm

DESIGN

For the moment;

M + SX = 28.36knm

k=
M SX
= 28.36 × 10 6
= 0.05
bd 2 f ck 1000 × 150 2 × 25

For the lever arm curve; l a = 0.970

M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore

28.36 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.970 × 150 = 487.04
m
 2
( AS = 503 mm )
ProvideT8 at 100mm center m

For the moment;

M + sy = 23.93knm

M + sy
= 23.93 × 10
6
k= 2 = 0.04
bd f ck 1000 × 150 2 × 25

For the lever arm curve; l a = 0.975

M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore:

23.93 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.975 × 150 = 408.85 m

2
( AS = 503 mm )
Provide T8 at 100mm center, m

For the moment;

M = SX = 65.59knm

M SX 65.59 *10 6
k= = = 0.11
bd 2 f ck 1000 *150 2 * 25

For the lever arm curve; 0.990

M
A S
=
0.87 f
Therefore; yk l ad

65.59 × 10 6 2
A = = 1103.65 mm
S
0.87 × 460 × 0.990 × 150 m
 2
1130 mm
Provide T12 at 100mm center, As= m

For the moment;

M − sy = 54.07knm

M + sy 54.07 *10 6
k= = = 0.09
bd 2 f ck 1000 *150 2 * 25

For the lever arm curve; l a = 0.950

M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore

54.07 × 10 6 mm 2
As = 0.87 × 460 × 0.950 × 150 = 948.12
m

2
1050 mm
Provide T12 at 300mm center, A= m
DESIGN OF ONE WAY SLAB

Panel ;P11

Dead load

For a 1m width of Slab:

0.15 *1 *1 * 25 = 3.75 kn
Self weight = m

0.04 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.8 kn
Finish = m

0.02 *1 *1 * 20 = 0.4 kn
Floor finish = m

g kn
Total = K = 4.07 m

Live load

q = 3kn / m 2
K

q = 1 × 1 × 3 = 3kn
K m
 g + 1.5 q )l
Ultimate load = F = (1.35 k k

(1.35 × 4.07 + 1.5 × 3)6.9 = 68.96 kn

F= m

Calculation of Moments;

-Near middle of end span;

M 1 =0.09FL

-At the Middle of interior span;

M 2 =0.07FL

Therefore; F=13.99 and

L=1.4m

Then, M 1 =0.09 × 68.96 × 6.9 = 42.82knm

M 2 =0.07 × 68.96 × 6.9 = 33.30knm

Design

For the moment;

M 1 = 42.82knm

42.82 × 10 6
k= = 0.07
1000 × 150 2 × 25

For the lever arm curve; l a = 0.960

M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore;
 42.82 * 10 6 2
As = = 743.03 mm
0.87 * 460 * 0.960 * 150 m

mm 2
Provide T12 at 150mm center, As =754mm m

For the moment;

M 2 =33.30knm

M2 33.30 × 10 6
= = 0.05
bd 2 f 1000 × 150 × 25
k= ck

For the lever arm curve; l a = 0.970

M sx
As =
0.87 * f yk l a d
Therefore

33.30 * 10 6 2
As = = 571.87 mm
0.87 * 460 * 0.970 * 150 m

2
Provide T10 at 125mm center, As =628mm

DISTRIBUTION BARS

For the Section: As=791.28

 mm 2
As=791.82/3=263.76mm m

mm 2
Provide T6 at 100mm center, As =283 m

mm 2
For the Section =678.24 m

As=678.24
678.24 2
= 226.08 mm
As= 3 m

mm 2
ProvideT8 at200mm center, As =252 m

DESIGN OF BEAM:
Overall depth = h

⇒b>H
3

Normal section of Beams

30 * 20
40*20
45*20
50*20
Provide the Beam of 40cm * 20cm section,
The Load on Beam: P2
Dead load:
a) Self weight of Beam = 0,20 * 0,40 * 25 * 1 = 2KN/m
 b) Wall Load = 0,2 * 3,5*1*22=15,4KN/m
c) Finish = (0,03 *3,7 *1 * 20)x2 = 4,44KN/m
gk = 21,84KN/m
Gk = 1,35 * 21,84 = 29,48 KN/m

d) Panel : P5
Self weight = 0,175 x 0, 7 x 1 x 25 = 3,06KN/m
Finish = 0, 02 x 0, 7 x 1 x 20 = 0,28KN/m
Floor Finish = 0, 04 x 0, 7 x 1 x 20 = 0,56KN/m
gk =3,9KN/m
Total Gk = 3, 9 * 1, 35 = 5,26KN/m

Panel : P6
S1 = 0,7 X 6,9 = 4,83m 2
B + b) h
S1 = ( ⇒ b = 6,9 − 6,2 = 0,7m
2
(6,9 + 0,7)
S1 = x3,1 = 11,78m 2
2

4,83 * F 4,83 * 23,06 KN / m

= = 16,14 KN / m
g= l 6 ,9

Live load:

Panel 5: 1,5 x0,7 x1x3 = 3,15 KN / m

Panel 6 = 1,5 x1x3,1x3 = 13,95 KN / m

1 Uniform distribution load:

P = 5,26 KN / m + 3,15 KN / m = 8,41KN / m

2 Trapezoidal load:

P = 16,14 + 13,95 = 30,09 KN / m

Total = F = 8,41 + 30,09 + 29,48 KN / m = 67,78 KN / m

Calculation of Moments:
Ultimate load = (1, 35 gk + 1, 5 qk ) = 67 , 78 KN / m
Total ultimate load on a span :
67, 78 x 6, 9 = 467,68KN

a) Mid-span of 1st and 3rd spans – Design as a T-section.

Moment: M and Shear: V

M: 0 -0.11FL 0.11FL -0.11FL 0.11FL 0.11FL
0
0.09FL 0.07FL 0.07FL
0.09FL

V:0.45F 0.6F 0.55F 0.55F 0.55 0.6

0.45F

Moment M = 0,09Fl = 0, 09 x 467,68 x 6,9 =290.42KN/m

Effective width of flange = bw +0, 85 L/5 = 290,42KN/m
200 + 0,85 x6900
= 1213mm
= 5
 M 290,42 x106
2
= 2
= 0,05
Therefore, bd fck 1213 x 400 x 25

From the lever – arm curve, la = 0,970

Z = 0,97 x 400 = 388mm

d − z = 400 − 388mm = 12 < hg / 2

So that she stress block must lie within the 180mm thick flange.Therefore;
M 290,42 *106
AS = = = 1870,32mm 2
0,87 * fykz 0,87 * 460 * 388

3,14 * 162
( *10 = 2009,6mm 2 )
Provide 10T 16 bars, 4 (bottom steel)

b) Interior supports – Design as a Rectangular section

M = 0,11Fl = 0,11 * 467,68 * 6,9 =
M = 354,96 KN / m

hogging
M 354,96 *106
= = = 0,69 > 0,167
bd 2 fck 200 * 25 * 3202

Thus, compression steel is required

M − 0,167 fckbd 2
A'S =
0,87 fyk (d − d ' )

354,96 *106 − 0,167 * 25 * 200 * 3202

AS ' = = 2493,71
0,87 * 460(320 − 50) mm
2

This area of steel will be provided by extending the span reinforcement beyond the
supports.
 0,167 fckbd 2
AS = + A' S
0,87 fykZ

0,167 * 25 * 200 * 320 2

AS =
0,87 * 460 * 0,975 * 320

AS = 684,78mm 2 + 2493,71 = 3178,49mm 2

Provide 7T25 plus one T20 bars area = 3434, 37mm2 (top steel)
The arrangement of the reinforcement is shown in figure 7.23 at end support A two T25
bars have been provided as top continuity steel to meet the requirement of item (2) in
section 7.5
c) Mid – span of 2 and span – Design as a T-section
bf = 200 + 0,7 * 340 / 6,9 = 9889,56mm
M = 0,07 Fl = 0,07 * 467,68 * 6,9 = 225,88 KN / m

Using the lever –arm curve, it is found that la = 0,96

M 225,88 *106
AS = = = 1469,83mm 2
0,87 fykz 0,87 * 460(0,96 * 400)

Provide T25 bars, area = 1640mm2 (bottom steel)

SHEAR FORCE :
a) Check maximum shear:
Maximum shear at face of support is
Vsf = 0,6 F − wu * support width /2

= 0,6 * 467,68 − 67,78 * 0,10 = 273,83KN

Maximum design shear resistance VRd 2 = 0,3Vfckbd

Where V = 0,7 − fck / 200 = 0,7 − 25 / 200

V = 0,575
 −3
Therefore VRd 2 = 0,3 * 0,575 * 25 * 200 * 320 * 10

VRd 2 = 276 > Vsf = 273,83KN

b) Shear links at end supports A and D

Asw 1,28(Vsd − VRd1)
=
S dfyk

At distance d from face of support, shear Vsd is

Vsd = 0,45 F = Wu (d + Support width /2)

Vsd = 0,45 * 354,96 − 67,78(0,4 * 0,10)

Vsd = 157,02 KN

Shear resistance of concrete

VRd1 = τRdk (1,2 + 40 p1)bwd

From table 5.1 τRd = 0,30

k = 1,6 − d = 1,6 − 0,4

k = 1,2

For four T25 AS = 1960mm

2

Therefore ρ1 = AS / bwd = 1960 / 200 * 400 = 0,0245

VRd1 = 0,3 *1,2(1,2 + 40 * 0,0245) * 200 * 400 *10−3 = 62,78KN

Asw 1,28(157 − 62,78) * 103

= = 1,20
And so S 400 * 250

Provide R12 links at 130mm center, ASw / S = 1,34

c) Shear links in first and third spans at interior supports B and C.
Distance d from the support face

Shear Vsd = 0,4 * 467,68 − 67,78(0,32 + 0,10)

Vsd = 158,60 KN
Asw 1,28(158,60 − 62,78)103
= = 1,53
S 320 * 250

Provide R12 links in pairs at 140mm centre

ASw / S = 1,53

These R12 double links at 140mm centres are used for 1,12 metres then the design shear

force reduce to V = 0,4 * 467,68 − 67,78(1,12 + 0,10)

V = 104,38 KN

It can be shown using the design equation for ASw / S that single R12 links at 110mm
centres as shown on figure 7,23 are now adequate.
d) Shear links second span, supports B and C Distance d from the support face.

Shear Vsd = 0,55 * 467,68 − 67,78(0,32 + 0,10)

Vsd = 228,75 KN

Calculation would shown R12 links in pairs at 170mm would suffice

e) Minimum links

From table 7.1 ϑw = 0,0022

ASw
= 0,0022 * 200 = 0,44
S

Provide R10 links at 222 centres, ASw / S = 0,71

dfyk ASw
V min = + VRd1
Shear resistance, Vmin, of minimum links + concrete is 1,28 S

400 * 250
V min = * 0,71 + 62,78 =
1031,28

V min = 118,24 KN

f) Extent of shear links

links to resist shear are required over a distance from the face of the support to the point
on the shear force diagram where the shear can be resisted by Vmin provide by the
minimum links plus the concrete.
Vsf − V min
x1 = +d
For the face of the end support the distance x1 is wu

157 − 118,24
x1 = + 0,4 = 0,97m
67,78

For the interior support of the 1st and 3rd spans

158,60 − 118,24
x2 = + 0,32 = 0,91m
67,78

Based on these dimensions the links are arranged as show in figure 7,23 similar
calculations can be carried out for the arrangement of the links in the middle span.

DESIGN OF COLUMN:
Lead load:
Load on the column

3 Self weight of the column = 0,40* 0,40* 25 * 3,5 = 14KN

4 Load from. the slab = [(0,7 * 3,45)2 + 2(3,1 * 3,45)] * 0,15 * 25 = 98.32 KN

5 Load from the Beam = [(0,7 + 3,1 + 3,45 + 3.45) * 0,25 * 25 * 0.5 = 33.43KN

6 Wall load = (0,7 + 3,1 + 3,45 + 3.45) * 0,2 * 3,5 * 22 = 164,78 KN

7 Floor finish = 2(0,7 * 3,45) + 2(3,1 * 3,45) * 0,02 * 20 = 13,38 KN

8 Finish = [(0,7 * 3,45)2 + 2(3,1 * 3,45) * 0,04 * 20 = 20,97 KN

 Total Gk = 344.88 KN * 1,35 = 465.58 KN

Live load:
(For one lever)
qk = 3KN / m 2

qk = [(0,7 * 3,45)2 + 2(3,1 * 3,45)] * 3 = 78,66 KN

Qk = 78,66 * 1,5 = 117,99 KN

Ultimate load: 583.24KN/m

Area used for designing the column:

(3,45 m * 0,7m) *2 = 4,83m2

(3,45m * 3,1m) * 2 = 21,38m 2

Total area = 26,22m2

Imposed load from Roof = 2KN/m2

Than, 26,22 * 2KN/m2 = 52,44KN

qk = 52,44 * 1,5 = 78,66 KN

Dead load:

0,5KN/m2 = 13,11KN
N 5 = 13,11 + 78,66 + (14 * 1,350 = 110,67 KN
N 4 = 110,67 + 583,24 = 693,91KN
N 3 = 693,91 + 583,24 = 1277,15 KN
N 2 = 1277,15 + 583,24 = 1860,39 KN
N1 = 1860,39 + 583,24 = 2443,63KN

Nud = 0,567 fckAc + 0,87 fykAsc

Nud − 0,567 fckAc
Asc =
0,87 fyk
2443,63 * 1000 − 0,567 * 25 * 250 * 250
Asc =
0,87 * 460
Asc = 3892,28mm

Provide 8T 25 bars, area = Asc = 3930mm2

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION:

For the serviceability limit state:

Total design axial Load = 2443,63KN
Section area of column = 400 * 400 = 160000mm2
Provide the bearing capacity = 200KN/m2
Characteristic material strength is:
fck = 30 N / mm 2 and fyk = 460 N / mm 2

Self weight of footing = 0, 4 * 0,4 * 25= 4KN

N
Pression = Af

P ≤ σsoil = 0,02 KN / cm 2 = 200 KN / m 2

N 2443,63
A= = = 12,22m 2
σsoil 200

The footing is a square

afxbf = a 2 f = bf 2
af = bf = 16,22 = 3,49 ≈ 3,5m

Provide af = 3.5m

N
≤ 200 KN / m 2
Verification Af

Section of footing = 3.5 * 3.5 = 12.25m

2

N 2443,66 KN
= 2
= 199.5 KN / m 2
Verification = Af 12.25m

Then, 199.5 ≤ 200 KN / m

2

Moment = Earth pressure * side of footing * cantilever

 9 Cantelever project

bf − bc 3.5 − 4
lc = = = 1.55m
2 2
lc 2 1.55 2
M = p.bf * ⇒M = * 3.5 * 200 KN / m = 840.88KNm
2 2
M
AS = = 21011.37mm2
0,87 * fyz

This As is for 3.5m then As for 1m=21011.37/3.5=6003.24mm2

Provided 20 T 20 bars (As=6280mm2) With S=50mm This is from table A-3

3.4. DESIGN OF BUILDING ACCORDING TO INDIAN STANDARD

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS

L max
≤2
L min

Concrete M 25

δ cb = 5KN/mm 2

δ st = 230 KN / mm 2

Depth of slab =180mm

sapan 620
= 15.5cm
Overall depth = 40 40

Provide Overall depth =18cm

Effective deep = 180-(15-5) =160cm

Loads on slabs:

Self weight slab = 0. 18 × 1 × 25 = 4.25 KN/m

2

= 0. 04 × 1 × 20 = 0.8KN/mm
2
Finishing

= 0.02 × 1× 20 = 0.4KN/mm
2
Floor finishing

0.2 × 22 × 2 = 8.8 KN/mm

2
Wall load =

2
= 14.25 KN/mm

2
Imposed load = 3KN/mm
2
Total load =17.25 KN/mm

= 1.5 × 17.25 = 25.88KN/ mm

2
Design load
Bending moments Calculation

6.9
= = 0.9 ≈ 1
Ly

Lx 6.2

From the table 3.2

Short span moments:
Negative moment at continuous edge.
−
M = α x ω l x =0.047x 25.28x 6.36 =46.76KNm
2 2

Positive moment at mid span =

+
= α y ω l = 0.035x25.28x6. 2 =34.81KNm
2
M 2

Long span
−
= αω l = 0.047 × 25.28 × 6.2 = 46.76KNm
2 2
M
+
= αωl 2
=0.035 × 25.88 × 6.2 = 34.81KNm
2
M

Steel Reinforcement Calculation

Steel for short span (Over supports)

M
= 46.76 × 10 2
= 14.07cm 2
As = Jδ st t 0. 903 × 230 × 160

Provide 14 φ12 bars , As=15.83cm

2

100
=
Spacing = 14 −1 6cm

Steel in mild span :

34.75 × 10 2
= 10.46cm 2
0.903 × 230 × 160
Provide 10 φ12 bars, As =11.3cm
100
= 11
Spacing = 10 − 1 cm

The steel in Long span are the same as for Short span because they have the same
moment.

DESIGN OF SLAB

One way slab:

l = 6.9m center to centre

N = 6.2m centre to centre

Effective depth d and overlord Depth D

L L
= 26 = 20
d for continuous span, a for simply supported slab
L 1
≈ (26 + 20) = 23
d 2

Then modification factor corresponding to p ≈ 0.3%

is to 1.4 for Fc 415 steel (Figure 7.1)

L 6900
d= = = 189.6mm
Then 26 x1.4 26 x1.4

10
d = 200 − 2a = 180mm = 200 − 15 − = 180mm
Keep D = 200m, so that 2

Because in two way Slab I saw 180mm

Use Fe 415 steel, fy = 415N/mm2

M15 concrete fck = 15N/mm2

xu, max
= ( ForFe415steel ) = 0.48
d

Xu max Xumx
Ru = 0.36 fck (1 − 0.416 ) = 0.36 x15 x0.48(1 − 0.415 x0.48)2.074
d d

Computation of design B.M

Wd = 25.80 KN / m 2

But
Live load =4.5KN/m2

Dead load = 21.38KN/m2

 Wd .L2 Wsl 2
+
M ( near the centre) = 12 10

21.38 x6.92 4.5 x6.92

= + = 106.25KN .m
12 10

M ( at support next to end support = -

wdL2 wsL2 21.38 x6.9 4.5 x6.92
( + )= + = 108.63KNm
10 9 12 9

M for intermediate spans

WdL2 WsL2 21.38 x6.9 2 4.5 x6.92

+ = + = 60.27 KNm
M at middle = 24 12 24 12

0.5 fck 4.6 Mu

(1 − 1 − * bd
fy fckbd 2
Ast 1 =

0.5 x15 ⎡ 4.6 *106.25 *106 ⎤

⎢1 − 1 − ⎥ *100 * 180
640 ⎣ 15 * 1000 *180 2 ⎦
=

0.5 *15
[1 − 0]*1000 *180 = 3253mm2
415
= = 32.53cm
2

Provide φ12 bars, AS = 3278mm2

Spacing = 3d = 3 x180 = 540m = 54cm

Hence φ12 spaced 200mm centre to centre

M (middle)

0.5 *15 ⎡ 4.6 * 60.27 x10 6 ⎤

Ast = ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥ x1000 x180 = 1203.4mm
2

640 ⎢⎣ 15 x1000 x180 2 ⎥⎦

Provided: 11 φ12 with spacing of 200mm centre to centre.

Provide 11 φ12 with S=100mm C/C

DESIGN OF BEAM:

Length = 6,9m = 6900mm

Thickness of slab = 200mm

Span 6900
= = 460mm
Depth of Beam = 15 15 (effective depth)

Provide = 500mm adept over cell depth)

Height of Rib = 320 mm; width of rib = 200mm

10 Self weight of beam = 0,32 x 0,2 x25 = 1,6KN/m

11 Wall load = 0,2 x 3,5 x 22 = 15,4KN/m
12 Finish = 0,03 x 3,7 x 20 x 2 = 4,4KN/m
13 Weight of slab = 4,25KN/m

Ultimate load = 1,5 x 24,69 = 37,4KN/m

lo 6.200
bf = + bw + 6 Df = + 20 + 6 *160 =
Frang 6 6

Width bf = 2014mm

Provide 220cm or 2,2m

bw = 200mm
D = 500mm

X .u 3
= = 0.43 ⇒ Xu = 0.43 * D = 0.43x180 = 77.4mm
D 7

If Xu < 0.4 D Du

The contressive zone is in rectangular section

The Df >Xu
yf = 0.15 Xu + 0.65D f = 0.15 x77.4 + 0.65 x180 = 128.61mm
Df 200
= = 0.63 > 0.2
d 320

Xu Xu 2
Muw = w(d − 0.416 Xu ) = 0.36 fck bw(1 − 0.416 )d
d d

129 129
0.36 x15 * * 200(1 − 0.416 *
= 320 320 * 320 2 = 37.1KNm

Muf = Cux (d − 0.5 Df ) = 0.446 fck (bf − bw) Df (d − 0.5 Df )

= 0.446 x15 x(2200 − 200) * 200(320 − 0.5 * 200)

= 588 KNm

Mu1 < MuD; Mu1 = 0.36 fckbfD(d − 0.416 Df ) = 5626 KNm

0.36 fc * Xu * bw 0.36 * 15 * 129 * 200

= = 407.3mm 2
Asw = 0.87 fy 0.87 * 415

0.446 fck (bf − bw * D6 0.446 * 15(2200 − 200) * 320

Asf = = = 11858.8mm 2
0.87. fy 0.87 * 415

For Asw provid = 2φ20 ( AS = 628mm ).

2

Provide
Asf = 38φ20 (= 11932mm 2 )
COLUMN

Self weigh of column = 0.4 x0.4 x 25 x3.5 = 14 KN

Load from slab = [(0.7 x345) x 2 + 2(31x345)]x0.18 x 25 = 15.732 KN

Load from the beam = (0.7 + 3.1 + 3.45 + 3.45) * 0.2 x 25 x 0.5 = 26.75KN

Wall load = (0.7 + 3.1 + 3.45 + 3.45) .0.2 *3.5 x 22 = 164.8KN

Floor finish = 2 x (0.7 x 3.45) + 2 x (31v*v3.45) x 0.02 x 20 = 13.38 KN

Finish = (0.7 * 3.45) x 2 + 2 (31 * 3.45) * 0, 04 x 20 = 21.94KN

Live load = 3 x [(0.7 x3.45) x 2 + (31x3.45) x 2] = 78.66 KN

From the roof = 2 * [(0.7 x3.45)2 + 2(3.1 * 3.45)] = 52.44 KN

Dead load from roof = 26.22 x0.5 = 13.11KN

Load on the column of 5 floor

= 14 + 13.11 + 52.44 = 79.6 KN

Designed load = 79.6 x1.5 = 119.33KN

N5 = 119.33KN
Force on the column of 4th floor
14 + 15.74 + 164.8 + 13.38 + 21.94 + 78.66 = 308.52 KN

Design load = 308.52 x1.5 = 462.78 KN

N 4 = 119.33 + 462.78 = 566.11
N 3 = 566.11 + 462.78 = 1028.89
N 2 = 1028.89 + 462.70 = 1491.67 KN
N1 = 1491.67 + 462.70 = 1954.45 KN

Reinforcement calculation

Let σ SC = 130 N / mm
2
0.5N/mn2

σ bc = 5 N / mm 2

′
P = σ sc * Ac + σ sc Asc =

P − σccAc 1954.55 x103 − 0.5 * 400 x 400

AS = = = 88.8cm 2
σsc 130

Provides 8φ28 ( AS = 98.5cm )

2

Loading calculation

M 20 fy = 415

N1 = 1954.45KN

Pu = 0.4 fck . Ac + 0.67 fyAsc

 Pu − 0.4. fckAc
As =
0.67 fy
1956 + .45 x103 − 0.4 * 20 * 400 x 400
= 2425.65mm 2 = 24.3cm 2
0.67 * 415

Provide 4φ28 (24.6cm )

2

Calculation of stripus
1 2.8
Asw = φ = = 9.3 ≈ 10mm′
3 3

Spacing (10 − 15)φ < a

S = 2.8 x10 = 28 < 40cm

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
Nu = 1954,55 = Ultimate load

= w = 1954.55 KN/m

Size of column = 400 * 400mm

Suppose σ soil = 200KN/m2

Material

Fc 500 steel = 0.75 x500 = 375 N / mm

2

fckM 30 = 30 N / mm 2

w + w′
A=
q
w′ = 10% w = 195.455 KN
(1954.55 + 195.455)
A= = 10.75m 2
200

B2 = A

Our footing is ignore B = A = 10.75 = 3.3mm

Provide 3.5m
B
Mn = Pou ( B − b) 2 =
8
3.3
Mu = 200 * (3.3 − 0.4) 2 = 693.83KNm
8
 0.5 fck ⎡ 4.6Mu ⎤
As = ⎢1 − ⎥ * Bxd
fy ⎣ fckBd 2 ⎦

Mu
d=
Ru.B

Xu max Xu max
Ru = 0.36 fck , (1 − 0.416
d d
Xu max
= 0.53
d
Xu max = 0.53d
Ru = 0.36 * 30 * 0.53(1 − 0.416 * 0.53) = 4.5
693.83 x105
d= = 216.2mm
4.5 x3300
0.5 fck ⎡ 1 − 4.6 Mu ⎤
As = ⎢1 − ⎥ xBxd
fy ⎣ fckBd 2 ⎦

0.5 x30 ⎡ 4.6 x693.83 x106 ⎤

As = ⎢1 − ⎥ x3300 x 210
375 ⎣⎢ 30 x3300 x 2162 ⎦⎥
= 88.6cm 2

Provide 19φ 25(= 9322mm )

2

Spacing = 55mm
CHAP IV. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT

In design of five story reinforced concrete public building, the elements were designed in
two different codes; Euro code 2 and Indian standard. In this design the result of
reinforced Steel are followed;

Table 4.1.
CODES ELEMENTS LOADS MOMENTS DIAMETERS& STEEL
(KN) (KNm) NUMBER AREA(mm)

Euro Code Two way slab 23.06 Mx- = 65.59 10T12 1103.65

Euro Code One way slab 68.96 M = 42.82 7T12 754

Euro Code Beam 467.68 M2=354.96 7T25 3434.37

Euro Code Column 2443.63 8T25 3930

Euro Code Foundation 2447.63 M=2443.66 20T20/m 6280

Indian standard Two way slab 25.88 M- =46.76 14Ø12 1583

Indian standard One way slab 25.80 M1=840.88 11Ø12 1243

Indianstandard Beam 37.4 M=588 2Ø20 for web 11932

Indian standard Column 1954.45 - 8Ø28 98.5
Indian standard Foundation 195.45K M1= 693.83 19Ø25 96.5

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS:
From the table, it is clear that;
For the two way slab, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than
Eurocode2
For the one way, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the beam, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the column, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than Eurocode2
For the foundation, more steel reinforcements were used in Indian standard than
Eurocode2
CHAP V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION

V.I. Conclusion:

According to the results shown in the table 4.1 in different elements of building the
reinforcements obtained from Indian standard are more than those obtained according to
the Eurocode2 either in number or in diameter It means that Eurocode2 is more
economic and efficient than Indian standards.

V.2.Recommendation

Though the designers clarify the characteristic strength of steel material some
constructors do not use these characteristic strength of steel material when purchasing
materials.
We would recommend to R.B.S to assess the behaviour of such constructors.
We would also like to recommend Engineers to choose standards to be used in Design
accordingly, depending on the suitability of the standards to the site conditions.
REFERENCES

1. A Text book of building construction

By Dr. BC Punmia
2. Beton arme, Par Jean Pierre Mougin
BAEL, 91 modifie 99 et DTU associe
3. Building Technology, fifth Edition

4. Comprehensive R.C.C. DESIGN, eight Edition 1998

By Dr. BC Punmia
5. Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures to EC2
Published for the institution of structural Engineers
6. Reinforced Concrete Design to EuroCode 2
By W.H. Mosley
R. Hulse
J.H. Bungey
8. Reinforced Concrete Structures, Volume 1
9. Reinforced Concrete Structures
Fifth Edition, Vol II
10. Reinforced Concrete Structures, Fifth Edition, volume II
11. Steel, Concrete, & Composite Design of tall Buildings, second Edition
By Bungle S.Taranath
12. Twubahimana Desire, Course notes (R.C.D-I&II)
13. Internet
APPENDIX