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Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures -

Assessment, Durability, Monitoring and Retrofitting of Concrete Structures- B. H. Oh, et al. (eds)
ⓒ 2010 Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, ISBN 978-89-5708-181-5

The flexural toughness of round plastic fiber reinforced shotcrete


specimens with ring-supports
Seung-Hwan Han, Sang-Don Lee & Jeong-Un Lee
Expressway and Transportation Research Institute, Korea
In-Chang Jin
Hicofiber co, Korea

ABSTRACT: The functionality of shotcrete is measured by determining its two-dimensional flexural per-
formance in tunnel structures. Though beam specimens have prevailingly been used to determine flexural
toughness in Korea to date, the need for a more effective testing method has arisen and the panel specimens
used in some other countries are being investigated. The round panel specimens with three support points
have been recognized as a realistic method for testing shotcrete performance. However there are concerns that
this testing method presumes too much about the crack point and is difficult to manage in the field. The objec-
tives of this research are to investigate the behavior of round fiber reinforced shotcrete specimens with ring
supports, and to evaluate its applicability as the standard testing method for evaluating flexural performance.
It is anticipated that this method would not presume the crack path without disturbing the 2-dimensional flex-
ural behavior and that it would also be easy to handle. The specimens used in this study were manufactured
by being sprayed in the field and were tested against other specimens that met Korean. The conclusion of this
study is that the round specimens with ring support provide a quite consistent and rational means for evaluat-
ing the flexural toughness of plastic fiber reinforced shotcrete. Also, this study confirmed that some values
may be provided for classifying the grade of fiber reinforced shotcrete.

1 INTRODUCTION the crack path. This could let the cracks initiate and
propagate to the weakest parts of the specimen.
Fibers have prevailingly been used for reinforcing
the shotcrete lining in tunnel construction. One of
their major roles is to maintain structural stability 2 TOUGHNESS OF SHOTCRETE
under the loose surface of rock spall. This capacity
can be evaluated by examining toughness to endure 2.1 Definitions
loads under the excessive deflections of lining.
Toughness isdefined as the capacity to resiststatic
There are several specified methods to evaluate the
and impact loading. More precisely, it is the energy
toughness characteristics, such as ASTM C 1018,
absorption capacity of structural elements under stat-
ASTM C 1550, and EFNARC (European Specifica-
ic, dynamic, and impact loads.
tion For Sprayed Concrete).
Every agency has its own methods to estimate
These specifications can be classified by speci-
this characteristic. The methods vary according to
men types, namelypanel shape and beam shape.
specimen type, test procedure, and representing in-
Panel specimens are widely accepted as having ad-
dex. All methods have their own advantages and
vantages in simulating the actual 2D behavior of
disadvantages. Therefore it is important to use the
tunnel linings. Round panels have not been adopted
method that is best suited to the details of the situa-
yet in Korea, because of perceived usage difficulties
tion in which one is working.
and arguments regarding thepresumption of the
cracking line in the process of testing , which is in-
duced from the point support condition. 2.2 Specimens
In our research, we examined the feasibility of the
Generally, specimens can be classified as either
smaller round panel in comparison to theASTM C
beam type or panel type specimens. Furthermore
1550. This considered the easiness of handling of
panel type can be divided into the subcategories of
specimens. Furthermore the ring type boundary con-
square panel and round panel. It is widely accepted
dition is used for discarding the pre-assumption of
D (hbeam
J = −the
that , T )∇h type specimens have the advantage of
(1) explicitly accounts for the evolution of hydration
ease in handling and testing, but also have the disad- reaction and SF content. This sorption isotherm
The proportionality
vantage of poorly simulating coefficient
actualD(h,T) is called
2D behavior in reads
moisture permeability and it is a nonlinear function
tunnel lining. On the other hand, the panel speci-
of theare
mens relative
widely humidity
accepted h and temperature
as more T (Bažant
accurately simu- ⎡ ⎤
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balance requires
lating the 2D lining behavior. The square panel is
we (h α c α s ) = G1 (α c , α s )⎢⎢1 − 1 ⎥
+
that the variation in time of the water mass per unit ∞
, ,
usedin the EFNARC guide and the round panel is (g α
c 10 − α c )h ⎥⎥
volume
used of concrete
in the ASTM. (water content w) be equal to the e ⎢
⎣ 1
⎦ (4)
divergence
The lineofsupportthe moisture flux J
is recommended in the EF-
⎡ (g α
∞ − α )h ⎤
NARC square panel, while the three point support is
K (α c α s ) e

,
c c − ⎥
10
1
1

− ∂w = ∇each
prescribed in the ASTM round panel. As mentioned
(2) ⎢
Figure 3. Absorption energy and equivalent strength. ⎥
1

before, • J has the meaning whether it does deter- ⎣ ⎦


∂t
mine the crack path or not. In testing the square
Thesystem,
panel water content w can besome
we discovered expressed as the
irregular sum
distor- where the first term (gel isotherm) represents the
3physically bound (adsorbed)
TEST VARIABLES water and the
AND SPECIMENS second
of the evaporable water we (capillary water, water
tion of boundary lines in the process of loading.
term (capillary isotherm) represents the capillary
vapor, and adsorbed
Specifically, part of thewater)
linearand the non-evaporable
support deformed up-
water. This expression is valid only for low content
(chemically
ward and lost bound) waterthewsupport.
contact with
n (MillsWe 1966,
con- 3.1 Test Variables
of SF. The coefficient G1 represents the amount of
Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reasonablethe
cluded that these irregularities possiblyincrease to waterpurpose
The per unitofvolume held inis the
this research gel pores atthe100%
to investigate fea-
assume thatofthe
uncertainty the evaporable
results. water is a function of relative humidity, and it can be expressed (Norling
sibility of the proposed specimen type: the round
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and Mjornell
shape with1997)
ring as
support. Therefore, round panel spe-
degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=we(h,αc,αs) cimens of ASTM C 1550 are considered as control
= age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm specimens for comparison with the proposed round
(Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assumption and G1 (α cspecimens
,α ) = k
c c + kring s s (5)
by substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one
panel s vg αwith c vg α ssupport.
Fiber types containing plastic fiber (Polypropyl-
obtains ene Fiber) c and steel fiber, were used to evaluate the
where k vg and k s
vg are
variability of fiber contents.material parameters.
The contents ofFrom the
plastic
∂w
∂w 1.∂hSquare panel specimen. ∂w maximum
fiber amount
were varied of water, 10kgf/m
by 8kgf/m 3 per unit, volume
3 that can
and 12kgf/m 3
.
− e eα & + ∂α e α& + w&
Figure
+ ∇ • ( D ∇h ) = (3) fill all pores (both capillary pores and gel pores), one
∂h ∂t h ∂α c s n
can calculate K1 as one obtains
c s
3.2 Specimen Preparation
where ∂we/∂h is the slope of the sorption/desorption The preparation of the specimens ⎡
⎢ ⎜g α

and ∞
the
c α ⎞⎟h ⎤⎥
− execution
c⎠ 10

isotherm (also called moisture capacity). The of the testwprocedures


− α s + followed
c0.188 α s − G ⎢ the
s 0.22−e ⎝
prescribed ⎥stan-
1
1

governing equation (Equation 3) must be completed ⎦ (6)


0 1
⎢ ⎥
dard
K (α c methods.
α )= The test specimens ⎣ were prepared by
by appropriate boundary and initial conditions. 1
,
s
being casted and sprayed ⎜ g α − α ⎟h
⎛ in the field. The mix pro-
∞ ⎞

The relation between the amount of evaporable c 1.


portions are describede in⎝ Table
10
c⎠ −1
1

water and relative humidity is called ‘‘adsorption


isotherm”
Figure if panel
2. Round measured
specimen.with increasing relativity The
Table material
1. Mix parameters
proportion and ksvg and g1 can
kcvg
of concrete.
humidity and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in the opposite beIngredients
calibrated by fitting
Cementexperimental
Water F.A.dataC.A.
relevant
SP to
case.Toughness
2.3 NeglectingIndextheir difference (Xi et al. 1994), in free (evaporable) water content in concrete at
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm” will be used with various ages (Di
Quantity(kgf/m 3
) Luzio
478 & Cusatis
174 2009b).
976 663 4.78
reference
There are to both sorption
various ways toand desorption
express conditions.
the toughness of
By the way, if the hysteresis of the moisture
fiber reinforced concrete or shotcrete, such as resid-
2.2TwoTemperature evolution
types of round panel were fabricated. One
isotherm
ual would
strength, be takenflexural
equivalent into account,
strength,twoanddifferent
energy
was the round panel with the size of φ800×75mm,
relation, evaporable water vs relative humidity, must
absorption. Note that,
which at early
is the age, since
standard the chemical
specimen accordingreactions
to the
be Residual
used according
strength,to which
the signis of theone
only variation of the
stress or the associated with cement hydration and
ASTM C 1550, the other is the φ600×75mm round
SF reaction
relativity humidity. The shape of the sorption
average of stresses in the specified deflections, is de- are exothermic, the temperature field is not uniform
panel—the subject ofthis research. Not only the size
isothermnotforonly
scribed HPCasisa influenced by many
discrete value, parameters,
but also in vari- forthe
of non-adiabatic
specimens, butsystems evensupport
also the if the environmental
conditions are
especially
ous ratios those that influence
to strength. extent and
The equivalent rate ofisthea
strength temperature is constant. Heat conduction
different. Specifically, the φ800×75mm round panel
can be
chemical reactions and, in turn, determine pore
mixed form of strength and energy, expressed as a described in concrete, at least for temperature
has the three point support as described in Figure 2
not
structure and pore size distribution (water-to-cement
virtual average strength to certain deflections (Fig. exceeding 100°C (Bažant & Kaplan
and Figure 6, but the φ600×75mm round panel has 1996), by
ratio,
3). Whencement
using chemical composition,theSF
the panel specimens, ratiocontent,
of ab- Fourier’s law, which reads
the ring support as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 7.
curing time
sorption and tomethod,
energy a certaintemperature,
deflection mix additives,
is regarded as
etc.). In the literature various formulations can be
its toughness value. q = − λ ∇T (7)
found to describe the sorption isotherm of normal
concrete (Xi et al. 1994). However, in the present where q is the heat flux, T is the absolute
paper the semi-empirical expression proposed by temperature, and λ is the heat conductivity; in this
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted because it

Proceedings of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010


J = − D ( h , T ) ∇h

The proportionality coefficient D(h,T)


moisture permeability and it is a nonlinea
of the relative humidity h and temperature
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balanc
that the variation in time of the water mas
volume of concrete (water content w) be eq
Figure 4. Round Panel Specimen with ring support. divergence of the moisture flux J

3.3 Test Procedures − ∂ = ∇•J


w

∂ t

Mounted specimens, which were positioned sym-


metrically as shown in Figure 9, were center- Theringwater
Figure 7. Apparatus for the content
sopported can be expressed a
w
panel.
loaded at a constant rate of 4.0±1.0mm/min to cer- of the evaporable water we (capillary wa
tain specified deflections. The net center deflec- vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-e
tions were measured by a displacement gauge at (chemically bound) water wn (Mil
the center bottom of the specimens asthe load was Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reas
applied. The measurement of deflections was con- assume that the evaporable water is a fu
ducted to more than 40mm for the φ800×75mm relative humidity, h, degree of hydration
specimens with point support, and more than degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=w
25mm for the φ600×75mm specimens with ring = age-dependent sorption/desorption
support. (Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assum
by substituting Equation 1 into Equati
obtains
∂w ∂h ∂w ∂w
− e + ∇ • ( D ∇h ) = e α&c + e α&s + w
∂h ∂t h ∂α ∂α
Figure 8. The ring supported panel specimen. c s
where ∂we/∂h is the slope of the sorption/
isotherm (also called moisture capac
governing equation (Equation 3) must be
by appropriate boundary and initial conditi
The relation between the amount of e
water and relative humidity is called ‘‘
isotherm” if measured with increasing
Figure 5. Toughness test of beam specimen. humidity and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in th
case. Neglecting their difference (Xi et al.
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm” will be
reference to both sorption and desorption c
By the way, if the hysteresis of the
isotherm would be taken into account, two
relation,
Figure 9. View of tested evaporable water vs relative humi
panel specimen.
be used according to the sign of the varia
relativity humidity. The shape of the
4 TEST RESULTS isotherm for HPC is influenced by many p
especially those that influence extent and
4.1 Cracking Pattern chemical reactions and, in turn, determ
structure and pore size distribution (water-
The φ800×75mmratio, point cement
supportedchemical composition,
panels have for- SF
malized crackingcuring timedue
patterns and to
method, temperature, mix
the predictable
crack lines that formetc.).asIna result
the literature various con-
of theirsupport formulatio
dition. The three found
primary to describe the sorption
cracks occur at isotherm
the center
Figure 6. Apparatus for the point supported panel.
of the two adjacent concrete (Xi et al. 1994). However, in th
point supports, and they propa-
gate outward frompaper the semi-empirical
the center expression
to the edge as shown in pro
Figure 10. However, the φ600×75mm
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted b
ring supported
panels have no predetermined failure line due to

Proceedings of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010


D (h, T )∇h support condition. The crack loca-
J = − continuous
their (1) explicitly
4.2 accounts
Peak Load for the evolution of hydration
tion and number of cracks might vary according to reaction and SF content. This sorption isotherm
the The proportionality
specimen coefficient
characteristics. D(h,T)
The five or six is cracks
called reads
There are small differences of peak load as the fiber
contents and fiber types were varied in the
moisture permeability and it is a nonlinear function
generally occur in the specimens as shown in Figure φ800×75mm specimens, but it is difficult to distin-
of the
11 andrelative
Figure humidity andeasy
12. It is hnot temperature T (Bažant
to distinguish one guish a trend in variables ⎡ (Fig. 13 & Fig. 14). ⎤ Steel
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balance requires
crack pattern in the ring supported panel, and it is in-
we (h, αreinforced
fiber , α ) = G (α

, α ) 1 − and
concrete shotcrete ⎥show
1
+ a
that the variation in time of the water mass per unit
ferred that the varianceof crack patterns is a natural c s c s ⎢ ∞
(g α the

c )h ⎥⎦ fiber.
− αplastic
1
slightly higher peak load⎢value 10than
1 c
volume of concrete Figure 15, and Figure⎣ 16eshow that the φ600×75
phenomenon of these(water content w) be equal to the
specimens. (4)
divergence of the moisture flux J ring supported panels demonstrate ⎡ 10(g α ∞ −similar
α )h trends⎤ in
1 csteelcfiber ⎥
peak loads. Sprayed K1 (α c , α s ) e
panels⎢ with −1 produce
− ∂ = ∇•J
w
(2) slightly higher average ⎢
peak

loads than ⎥ fiber
plastic

∂ t panels.

The water content w can be expressed as the sum where the first term (gel isotherm) represents the
of the evaporable water we (capillary water, water physically
40 bound (adsorbed) water and the second
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable term35 (capillary isotherm) represents the capillary

Peak Load (kN)


(chemically bound) water wn (Mills 1966, water.
30
This expression is valid only for low content
Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reasonable to of SF.
25
20
The coefficient G1 represents the amount of
assume that the evaporable water is a function of water
15
per unit volume held in the gel pores at 100%
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and relative
10
humidity, and it can be expressed (Norling
degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=we(h,αc,αs) Mjornell
5 1997) as
= age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm 0
(Norling Mjonell 1997).
patternUnder
of pointthis assumption
panel. and G (α c αPlastic c α cPlastic
+ k s αSteel (5)
s ) = k vg ss
Figure 10. Typical crack supported Plastic Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(Cast)c (Cast)vg (Cast)
,

by substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one (Cast)


1

8kg 10kg 12kg


(Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg
obtains
where k and k areFiber materialc
parameters. From the
type and contents
vg
s
vg
∂w ∂h maximum amount
load ofof water per unit
panel.volume that can
− e + ∇ • ( D ∇h) = ∂we ∂w
α&c + e α&s + w&n (3)
Figure 13. Peak ring supported
fill all pores (both capillary pores and gel pores), one
∂h ∂t h ∂α ∂α can 20calculate K1 as one obtains
c s
S.D. of Peak Load (kN)

where ∂we/∂h is the slope of the sorption/desorption 16 ⎡


⎢ 10⎜

g α c∞ − α c ⎞⎟h ⎤⎥
isotherm (also called moisture capacity). The 12 w − 0.188 α s + 0.22α s G
c s − ⎢1 − e ⎝ 1 ⎠

governing equation (Equation 3) must be completed (6)


0 1
⎢ ⎥
K (α c8α s ) = ⎣ ⎦
by appropriate boundary and initial conditions. 1
,

g αc − αc h
∞ ⎞

The relation between the amount of evaporable


10⎜ ⎟
4 e ⎝ 1 ⎠
− 1

water and relative humidity is called ‘‘adsorption


isotherm” if measured with increasing relativity The
0
material parameters kcvg and ksvg and g1 can
humidity
Figure and ‘‘desorption
11. Crack pattern-1 of ringisotherm” in the opposite
supported panel. be calibrated by fitting
Plastic Plastic Plastic experimental dataPlastic
Steel Plastic Plastic relevant
Steel to
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
case. Neglecting their difference (Xi et al. 1994), in free (evaporable)
8kg 10kg 12kg water42kgcontent
8kg 10kgin concrete
12kg 42kg at
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm” will be used with various ages (Di Luzio & Cusatis 2009b).
reference to both sorption and desorption conditions. Fiber Type and Contents

By the way, if the hysteresis of the moisture Figure 14. Variation of Peak load of ring supported panel.
2.2 40Temperature evolution
isotherm would be taken into account, two different
relation, evaporable water vs relative humidity, must Note35 that, at early age, since the chemical reactions
be used according to the sign of the variation of the associated
30 with cement hydration and SF reaction
Peak Load (kN)

relativity humidity. The shape of the sorption are 25exothermic, the temperature field is not uniform
isotherm for HPC is influenced by many parameters, for 20non-adiabatic systems even if the environmental
especially those that influence extent and rate of the temperature
15 is constant. Heat conduction can be
chemical reactions and, in turn, determine pore described
10 in concrete, at least for temperature not
structure and pore size distribution (water-to-cement exceeding
5 100°C (Bažant & Kaplan 1996), by
ratio, cement chemical composition, SF content, Fourier’s law, which reads
0
curing time and method, temperature, mix additives, Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
etc.). 12.
Figure In Crack
the literature
pattern-2 ofvarious formulations
ring supported panel. can be q = − λ∇ (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
T8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg (7)
found to describe the sorption isotherm of normal
concrete (Xi et al. 1994). However, in the present where q is the heat flux, T is the absolute
Fiber Type and Contents

paper the semi-empirical expression proposed by temperature, and λ is the heat conductivity; in this
Figure 15. Peak load of point supported panel.
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted because it

Proceedings of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010


S.D. of Peak Load (kN) 20 700 J = − D ( h , T ) ∇h
600
16
500 The proportionality coefficient D(h,T)
12 moisture permeability and it is a nonlinea

Energy (J)
400
of the relative humidity h and temperature
8 300
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balanc
4
200 that the variation in time of the water mas
100 volume of concrete (water content w) be eq
0
0 divergence of the moisture flux J
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
− ∂ = ∇42kg
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast)
(Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg
w
12kg • J 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg
Fiber Type and Contents ∂ Fiber Type and Contents
t

Figure 16. Variation of Peak load of point supported panel. Figure 18. Absorption energy of ring supported panel.
The water content w can be expressed a
of the evaporable water we (capillary wa
Flexural strength of beam specimens was also 30
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-e
evaluated for the same batch of concrete. From the 25 (chemically bound) water wn (Mil

Coeff. of Variance (%)


test results, it was concluded that there were no sig-
20
Pantazopoulo & Mills 1995). It is reas
nificant variation of flexural strength among the
assume that the evaporable water is a fu
variables. Even higher contents, 12% of plastic fiber 15 relative humidity, h, degree of hydration
shotcrete showed a higher flexural strength of beam
10 degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=w
specimens as shown in Figure 17.
= age-dependent sorption/desorption
5
(Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assum
10.00 0 by substituting Equation 1 into Equati
Flexural Strength (Mpa)

Plastic Plasticobtains
Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
8.00 (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg
6.00 ∂wFiber
∂hType and Contents ∂w ∂w
− e + ∇ • ( D ∇h ) = e α&c + e α&s + w
4.00 Figure 19. Variance of energy h panel.
∂h ∂tin ring support ∂α ∂α
c s
2.00
As can be seen in the figures, the plastic fiber re-
inforced concretewhere ∂we/∂h isspecimens
and shotcrete the slope ofboth the re-
sorption/
veal a rise in absorption energy as fiber contents are capac
isotherm (also called moisture
0.00
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) governing
increased. Insufficent dataforequation (Equationof3)the
the performance must be
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg plastic fiber specimens with 10kg/m fiber contents conditi
by appropriate boundary3 and initial
Fiber Type and Contents The relation
make the resultsomewhat between However,
inconclusive. the amount of e
water and relative humidity
the plastic fiber reinforced concrete and shotcrete is called ‘‘
Figure 17. Flexural strength of beam specimens.
isotherm” if measured
showed higher absorption energy than even the steel with increasing
humidity
fiber reinforced panels. and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in th
The variance case.
of testNeglecting
results is their difference (Xi et al.
4.3 Energy Absorption
slightly higher in
Normally, the toughness of tunnel shotcrete lining is the ring supported panels than the point supportedwill be
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm”
expressed in terms of energy absorption. The EF- referenceThe
panels, as was expected. to ASTM
both sorption
specifiesandthedesorption
al- c
NARC and ASTM standard test specificationmeth- By the way, if the
lowable discrepancy as 17% between specimens in hysteresis of the
ods for calculating energy absorption were followed isotherm
the same test. Some wouldofbeφ600×75mm
test results taken into account,
pan- two
in this research. relation, evaporable water
els have a higher variance than this value, but all vs relative humi
It was expected that the specimens with ring sup- be used according to the sign of the varia
have less than 23%.
port would have no distinct failure surface and relativity
It can be assumed that thishumidity.
variance can Thebe reduced
shape of the
would show some fluctuating results. The crack isotherm
to the specified value if weforincrease
HPC is influenced
the numberbyofmany p
generally propagates through the structure by fol- especially those that
specimens to a certain value. For convenience, influence extent
only and
lowing the weakest path according to the applied three specimens were tested at each variable, but more determ
chemical reactions and, in turn,
loads, and this has relevance toreal-world behavior. than six specimensstructure and pore size distribution (water-
are recommended.
The test results of absorption energy are shown in ratio, cement chemical composition, SF
figures 18 through 21The first two figures show the curing time and method, temperature, mix
energy value and its variance of φ600×75mm panels etc.). In Energy
4.4 Correlation Between the literature various formulatio
Absorption
with ring support, and the last two figures show the found to describe the sorption
We attempted to ascertain if there was a correlation isotherm
energy values and variance of φ800×75mm with between the ring concrete
supported(Xi et al.
panel and1994). However,
the point sup- in th
point support. paper the semi-empirical expression
ported panel as specified in the ASTM. Some corre- pro
Norling Mjornell (1997) is
lation can be confirmed as shown in Figure 14, but adopted b

Proceedings of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010


the − D (h, T )∇h is notdistinct. This may beovercomed
J = correlation (1) explicitly standard.
accepted accounts The for panel
the evolution
specimens of accurately
hydration
as more test resultsare accumulated. However, ac- reaction and
represent the twoSF content.
dimensional Thisbehavior
sorption ofisotherm
lining,
The proportionality
cording to the results ofcoefficient
this study,D(h,T) is called
we cannot de- readshave been preferred for this reason.
and
moisture permeability and it is a nonlinear function
scribe the correlation as certain. However, the dif- However, the square panel has the disadvantage
of the relative
ference between humidity h andconditions,
two support temperatureprovide
T (Bažant
the of an irregular support⎡ condition, so that,⎤ in the
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balance requires
individual failure mechanism from the other. process of loading,parts⎢ of the support
we (h, α c ,The
α s ) = G (α c , α s )⎢1 −
1 lose

+ their
that the variation in time of the water mass per unit contact. predetermined
1 crack
10(g α

line might ⎥ have a
− α c )h ⎥ in the
volume
700 of concrete (water content w) be equal to the possibility of the non-conservative⎢
⎣ e 1 cestimation ⎦ (4)
divergence
600 of the moisture flux J round panel specimens with point support. Some
⎡ 10(g α ∞ − α )h ⎤
field managers also complain that thec φ800×75mm
1 c
500 K1 (α c , α shave
) e
⎢ − 1⎥difficul-
− ∂ 400= ∇ • J
round panel specimens quality control
Energy (J)

⎢ ⎥
w
(2) ties. The applicability of⎣ the φ600×75mm panels ⎦ is
∂ 300 t
evaluated in this research for evaluating the tough-
The
200
water content w can be expressed as the sum whereof the
ness firstspecimen.
the test term (gel isotherm) represents the
100
of the0 evaporable water we (capillary water, water physically bound (adsorbed) water and the second
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable termThe(capillary
(1) isotherm)
crack patterns represents
of the the capillary
φ600×75mm panels
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(chemically bound) water.
with ring support, are not uniform low
This expression is valid only for content
(Cast) water wn (Shot)(Mills 1966, among the
(Cast) (Cast)
Pantazopoulo8kg & Mills
10kg
(Cast) (Shot)
12kg 1995).
42kg 8kgIt is
(Shot) (Shot)
10kgreasonable
12kg 42kg to
of SF. The coefficient G 1 represents the amount
specimens. But we did not find that these vari- of
assume that the evaporable water is a function of water per unit volume held in the gel pores at
able crack patterns seriously influenced the test 100%
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and
Fiber Type and Contents relative humidity, and it can be expressed (Norling
degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=we(h,αc,αs)
Figure 20. Absorption energy of point supported panel.
results of toughness.
Mjornell 1997) as
(2) The toughness results of the φ600×75mm panels
= 30age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm
(Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assumption and G1 (αthe,α ) = k
c α c + k might
with ring support, s α s discern the toughness(5) of
by 25substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one c s vg c vg s
fiber reinforced shotcrete with variable fiber
Coeff. of Variance (%)

contents.
obtains
20
where
(3) vg and k vg are material parameters. From the
It iskcfound s
that the ring supported panel have a
∂w ∂h ∂w
15
∂w maximum
higher amount of water
fluctuation of dataper than
unit volume
the pointthatsup-
can
− 10e e α&c + e α&s + w&n fill all pores (both capillary pores and gel pores), one
+ ∇ • ( D ∇h ) =
ported panel, but the increase is not quite as high
∂h ∂t h (3)
∂α
5 c ∂α
s canascalculate K1 as one obtains
was assumed.
(4) There are many efforts stillneeded in order to use
where0 ∂w Plastic
is thePlastic
e/∂hPlastic slopeSteelof the sorption/desorption
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
the φ600×75mm panels for ⎡evaluating
⎢ 10
⎛ ∞ the⎞ tough-
⎜ g α − α ⎟h ⎥
c c

isotherm(Cast)(also (Cast) called


(Cast) (Cast)moisture capacity).
(Shot) (Shot) The
(Shot) (Shot)
ness ofw fiber−
0.188
c s + α s s −concrete
αreinforced
0.22 G ⎢ − e and shotcrete,
1
⎝ 1 ⎠

governing8kgequation (Equation 3) must10kg be12kgcompleted (6)


0 1

10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 42kg such as developing the energy requirement,⎥⎦ set-
K (αtingα )= ⎣
by appropriate boundary andandinitial
Fiber Type conditions.
Contents 1 c s updetailed procedures
,
to
⎜ g α − α ⎟h
⎛ ∞ ⎞ ensure consistent

The relation between the amount of evaporable methods, and inducing


10

e ⎝ the
1 c correction
c⎠ − 1 factor.
water and relative humidity is called ‘‘adsorption
Figure 21. Variance of energy in point support panel.

isotherm”
1200 if measured with increasing relativity The material parameters kcvg and ksvg and g1 can
humidity and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in the opposite be calibrated by fitting experimental data relevant to
Energy of 800mm Round Panel (J)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
case.1000Neglecting their difference (Xi et al. 1994), in free (evaporable) water content in concrete at
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm” will be used with various
This ages (Diwas
research Luzio & Cusatisby2009b).
supported a grant(06-CIT-
reference
800
to both sorption and desorption conditions. A02:Standardization Research for Construction Ma-
By 600 the way, if the hysteresis of the moisture terials) from Construction Infrastructure Technology
2.2 Temperature
isotherm would be taken into account, two different Program funded evolution
by Ministry of Construction &
relation,
400 evaporable water vs relative humidity, must Note that, at early
Transportation age, since
of Korean the chemical reactions
Government.
be used according to the signy =of0.000x + 0.742x + 58.94
2
the
R² =variation
0.401 of the associated with cement hydration and SF reaction
relativity
200
humidity. The shape of the sorption are exothermic, the temperature field is not uniform
isotherm0 for HPC is influenced by many parameters, for non-adiabatic systems even if the environmental
REFERENCES
especially 0 those 200that influence
400 extent
600 and800rate of1000the temperature is constant. Heat conduction can be
chemical reactionsEnergy and,of 600mm
in turn, determine pore described
ASTM 2003,inASTM
concrete, at least
C 1550-03a for temperature
“Standard Test Method not
for
structure and pore size distribution
Figure 22. Correlation between two test results. (water-to-cement
Round Panel (J)
exceeding 100°C
Flexural Toughness (Bažant & Kaplan
of Fiber Reinforced 1996),
Concrete by
(Using
ratio, cement chemical composition, SF content, Fourier’s
Standard,law, whichUSA.reads
Centrally Loaded Round Panel),” Annual Book of ASTM
Vol.04.02,
curing time and method, temperature, mix additives, Bernard, E. S. 2000, “Behavior of Round Steel Fiber Rein-
5etc.). In the literature various formulations can be
CONCLUSIONS q =forced
− λ∇TConcrete Panels under Point Loads,” Materials (7)
and
found to describe the sorption isotherm of normal Structures, RILEM, V.33, pp.181-188.
concrete
It is not easy(Xi etto al.define
1994). theHowever,
characteristicsin therequired
present EFNARC 1999, “European Specification for Sprayed Concrete
where q is United
the Kingdom.
heat flux, T is the absolute
paper the semi-empirical expression
for the safety of permanent shotcrete lining, but proposed by Guidelines,”
temperature, and λ is the heat conductivity; in this
toughness, as defined by absorption energy, is theit
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted because

Proceedings of FraMCoS-7, May 23-28, 2010

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