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Assessment, Durability, Monitoring and Retrofitting of Concrete Structures- B. H. Oh, et al. (eds)
ⓒ 2010 Korea Concrete Institute, Seoul, ISBN 978-89-5708-181-5
ABSTRACT: The functionality of shotcrete is measured by determining its two-dimensional flexural per-
formance in tunnel structures. Though beam specimens have prevailingly been used to determine flexural
toughness in Korea to date, the need for a more effective testing method has arisen and the panel specimens
used in some other countries are being investigated. The round panel specimens with three support points
have been recognized as a realistic method for testing shotcrete performance. However there are concerns that
this testing method presumes too much about the crack point and is difficult to manage in the field. The objec-
tives of this research are to investigate the behavior of round fiber reinforced shotcrete specimens with ring
supports, and to evaluate its applicability as the standard testing method for evaluating flexural performance.
It is anticipated that this method would not presume the crack path without disturbing the 2-dimensional flex-
ural behavior and that it would also be easy to handle. The specimens used in this study were manufactured
by being sprayed in the field and were tested against other specimens that met Korean. The conclusion of this
study is that the round specimens with ring support provide a quite consistent and rational means for evaluat-
ing the flexural toughness of plastic fiber reinforced shotcrete. Also, this study confirmed that some values
may be provided for classifying the grade of fiber reinforced shotcrete.
1 INTRODUCTION the crack path. This could let the cracks initiate and
propagate to the weakest parts of the specimen.
Fibers have prevailingly been used for reinforcing
the shotcrete lining in tunnel construction. One of
their major roles is to maintain structural stability 2 TOUGHNESS OF SHOTCRETE
under the loose surface of rock spall. This capacity
can be evaluated by examining toughness to endure 2.1 Definitions
loads under the excessive deflections of lining.
Toughness isdefined as the capacity to resiststatic
There are several specified methods to evaluate the
and impact loading. More precisely, it is the energy
toughness characteristics, such as ASTM C 1018,
absorption capacity of structural elements under stat-
ASTM C 1550, and EFNARC (European Specifica-
ic, dynamic, and impact loads.
tion For Sprayed Concrete).
Every agency has its own methods to estimate
These specifications can be classified by speci-
this characteristic. The methods vary according to
men types, namelypanel shape and beam shape.
specimen type, test procedure, and representing in-
Panel specimens are widely accepted as having ad-
dex. All methods have their own advantages and
vantages in simulating the actual 2D behavior of
disadvantages. Therefore it is important to use the
tunnel linings. Round panels have not been adopted
method that is best suited to the details of the situa-
yet in Korea, because of perceived usage difficulties
tion in which one is working.
and arguments regarding thepresumption of the
cracking line in the process of testing , which is in-
duced from the point support condition. 2.2 Specimens
In our research, we examined the feasibility of the
Generally, specimens can be classified as either
smaller round panel in comparison to theASTM C
beam type or panel type specimens. Furthermore
1550. This considered the easiness of handling of
panel type can be divided into the subcategories of
specimens. Furthermore the ring type boundary con-
square panel and round panel. It is widely accepted
dition is used for discarding the pre-assumption of
D (hbeam
J = −the
that , T )∇h type specimens have the advantage of
(1) explicitly accounts for the evolution of hydration
ease in handling and testing, but also have the disad- reaction and SF content. This sorption isotherm
The proportionality
vantage of poorly simulating coefficient
actualD(h,T) is called
2D behavior in reads
moisture permeability and it is a nonlinear function
tunnel lining. On the other hand, the panel speci-
of theare
mens relative
widely humidity
accepted h and temperature
as more T (Bažant
accurately simu- ⎡ ⎤
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balance requires
lating the 2D lining behavior. The square panel is
we (h α c α s ) = G1 (α c , α s )⎢⎢1 − 1 ⎥
+
that the variation in time of the water mass per unit ∞
, ,
usedin the EFNARC guide and the round panel is (g α
c 10 − α c )h ⎥⎥
volume
used of concrete
in the ASTM. (water content w) be equal to the e ⎢
⎣ 1
⎦ (4)
divergence
The lineofsupportthe moisture flux J
is recommended in the EF-
⎡ (g α
∞ − α )h ⎤
NARC square panel, while the three point support is
K (α c α s ) e
⎢
,
c c − ⎥
10
1
1
− ∂w = ∇each
prescribed in the ASTM round panel. As mentioned
(2) ⎢
Figure 3. Absorption energy and equivalent strength. ⎥
1
∂ t
The water content w can be expressed as the sum where the first term (gel isotherm) represents the
of the evaporable water we (capillary water, water physically
40 bound (adsorbed) water and the second
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable term35 (capillary isotherm) represents the capillary
By the way, if the hysteresis of the moisture Figure 14. Variation of Peak load of ring supported panel.
2.2 40Temperature evolution
isotherm would be taken into account, two different
relation, evaporable water vs relative humidity, must Note35 that, at early age, since the chemical reactions
be used according to the sign of the variation of the associated
30 with cement hydration and SF reaction
Peak Load (kN)
relativity humidity. The shape of the sorption are 25exothermic, the temperature field is not uniform
isotherm for HPC is influenced by many parameters, for 20non-adiabatic systems even if the environmental
especially those that influence extent and rate of the temperature
15 is constant. Heat conduction can be
chemical reactions and, in turn, determine pore described
10 in concrete, at least for temperature not
structure and pore size distribution (water-to-cement exceeding
5 100°C (Bažant & Kaplan 1996), by
ratio, cement chemical composition, SF content, Fourier’s law, which reads
0
curing time and method, temperature, mix additives, Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
etc.). 12.
Figure In Crack
the literature
pattern-2 ofvarious formulations
ring supported panel. can be q = − λ∇ (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
T8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg (7)
found to describe the sorption isotherm of normal
concrete (Xi et al. 1994). However, in the present where q is the heat flux, T is the absolute
Fiber Type and Contents
paper the semi-empirical expression proposed by temperature, and λ is the heat conductivity; in this
Figure 15. Peak load of point supported panel.
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted because it
Energy (J)
400
of the relative humidity h and temperature
8 300
& Najjar 1972). The moisture mass balanc
4
200 that the variation in time of the water mas
100 volume of concrete (water content w) be eq
0
0 divergence of the moisture flux J
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
− ∂ = ∇42kg
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast)
(Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg
w
12kg • J 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg
Fiber Type and Contents ∂ Fiber Type and Contents
t
Figure 16. Variation of Peak load of point supported panel. Figure 18. Absorption energy of ring supported panel.
The water content w can be expressed a
of the evaporable water we (capillary wa
Flexural strength of beam specimens was also 30
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-e
evaluated for the same batch of concrete. From the 25 (chemically bound) water wn (Mil
Plastic Plasticobtains
Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
8.00 (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot)
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg
6.00 ∂wFiber
∂hType and Contents ∂w ∂w
− e + ∇ • ( D ∇h ) = e α&c + e α&s + w
4.00 Figure 19. Variance of energy h panel.
∂h ∂tin ring support ∂α ∂α
c s
2.00
As can be seen in the figures, the plastic fiber re-
inforced concretewhere ∂we/∂h isspecimens
and shotcrete the slope ofboth the re-
sorption/
veal a rise in absorption energy as fiber contents are capac
isotherm (also called moisture
0.00
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Cast) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) (Shot) governing
increased. Insufficent dataforequation (Equationof3)the
the performance must be
8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg 8kg 10kg 12kg 42kg plastic fiber specimens with 10kg/m fiber contents conditi
by appropriate boundary3 and initial
Fiber Type and Contents The relation
make the resultsomewhat between However,
inconclusive. the amount of e
water and relative humidity
the plastic fiber reinforced concrete and shotcrete is called ‘‘
Figure 17. Flexural strength of beam specimens.
isotherm” if measured
showed higher absorption energy than even the steel with increasing
humidity
fiber reinforced panels. and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in th
The variance case.
of testNeglecting
results is their difference (Xi et al.
4.3 Energy Absorption
slightly higher in
Normally, the toughness of tunnel shotcrete lining is the ring supported panels than the point supportedwill be
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm”
expressed in terms of energy absorption. The EF- referenceThe
panels, as was expected. to ASTM
both sorption
specifiesandthedesorption
al- c
NARC and ASTM standard test specificationmeth- By the way, if the
lowable discrepancy as 17% between specimens in hysteresis of the
ods for calculating energy absorption were followed isotherm
the same test. Some wouldofbeφ600×75mm
test results taken into account,
pan- two
in this research. relation, evaporable water
els have a higher variance than this value, but all vs relative humi
It was expected that the specimens with ring sup- be used according to the sign of the varia
have less than 23%.
port would have no distinct failure surface and relativity
It can be assumed that thishumidity.
variance can Thebe reduced
shape of the
would show some fluctuating results. The crack isotherm
to the specified value if weforincrease
HPC is influenced
the numberbyofmany p
generally propagates through the structure by fol- especially those that
specimens to a certain value. For convenience, influence extent
only and
lowing the weakest path according to the applied three specimens were tested at each variable, but more determ
chemical reactions and, in turn,
loads, and this has relevance toreal-world behavior. than six specimensstructure and pore size distribution (water-
are recommended.
The test results of absorption energy are shown in ratio, cement chemical composition, SF
figures 18 through 21The first two figures show the curing time and method, temperature, mix
energy value and its variance of φ600×75mm panels etc.). In Energy
4.4 Correlation Between the literature various formulatio
Absorption
with ring support, and the last two figures show the found to describe the sorption
We attempted to ascertain if there was a correlation isotherm
energy values and variance of φ800×75mm with between the ring concrete
supported(Xi et al.
panel and1994). However,
the point sup- in th
point support. paper the semi-empirical expression
ported panel as specified in the ASTM. Some corre- pro
Norling Mjornell (1997) is
lation can be confirmed as shown in Figure 14, but adopted b
⎢ ⎥
w
(2) ties. The applicability of⎣ the φ600×75mm panels ⎦ is
∂ 300 t
evaluated in this research for evaluating the tough-
The
200
water content w can be expressed as the sum whereof the
ness firstspecimen.
the test term (gel isotherm) represents the
100
of the0 evaporable water we (capillary water, water physically bound (adsorbed) water and the second
vapor, and adsorbed water) and the non-evaporable termThe(capillary
(1) isotherm)
crack patterns represents
of the the capillary
φ600×75mm panels
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
(chemically bound) water.
with ring support, are not uniform low
This expression is valid only for content
(Cast) water wn (Shot)(Mills 1966, among the
(Cast) (Cast)
Pantazopoulo8kg & Mills
10kg
(Cast) (Shot)
12kg 1995).
42kg 8kgIt is
(Shot) (Shot)
10kgreasonable
12kg 42kg to
of SF. The coefficient G 1 represents the amount
specimens. But we did not find that these vari- of
assume that the evaporable water is a function of water per unit volume held in the gel pores at
able crack patterns seriously influenced the test 100%
relative humidity, h, degree of hydration, αc, and
Fiber Type and Contents relative humidity, and it can be expressed (Norling
degree of silica fume reaction, αs, i.e. we=we(h,αc,αs)
Figure 20. Absorption energy of point supported panel.
results of toughness.
Mjornell 1997) as
(2) The toughness results of the φ600×75mm panels
= 30age-dependent sorption/desorption isotherm
(Norling Mjonell 1997). Under this assumption and G1 (αthe,α ) = k
c α c + k might
with ring support, s α s discern the toughness(5) of
by 25substituting Equation 1 into Equation 2 one c s vg c vg s
fiber reinforced shotcrete with variable fiber
Coeff. of Variance (%)
contents.
obtains
20
where
(3) vg and k vg are material parameters. From the
It iskcfound s
that the ring supported panel have a
∂w ∂h ∂w
15
∂w maximum
higher amount of water
fluctuation of dataper than
unit volume
the pointthatsup-
can
− 10e e α&c + e α&s + w&n fill all pores (both capillary pores and gel pores), one
+ ∇ • ( D ∇h ) =
ported panel, but the increase is not quite as high
∂h ∂t h (3)
∂α
5 c ∂α
s canascalculate K1 as one obtains
was assumed.
(4) There are many efforts stillneeded in order to use
where0 ∂w Plastic
is thePlastic
e/∂hPlastic slopeSteelof the sorption/desorption
Plastic Plastic Plastic Steel
the φ600×75mm panels for ⎡evaluating
⎢ 10
⎛ ∞ the⎞ tough-
⎜ g α − α ⎟h ⎥
c c
⎤
e ⎝ the
1 c correction
c⎠ − 1 factor.
water and relative humidity is called ‘‘adsorption
Figure 21. Variance of energy in point support panel.
isotherm”
1200 if measured with increasing relativity The material parameters kcvg and ksvg and g1 can
humidity and ‘‘desorption isotherm” in the opposite be calibrated by fitting experimental data relevant to
Energy of 800mm Round Panel (J)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
case.1000Neglecting their difference (Xi et al. 1994), in free (evaporable) water content in concrete at
the following, ‘‘sorption isotherm” will be used with various
This ages (Diwas
research Luzio & Cusatisby2009b).
supported a grant(06-CIT-
reference
800
to both sorption and desorption conditions. A02:Standardization Research for Construction Ma-
By 600 the way, if the hysteresis of the moisture terials) from Construction Infrastructure Technology
2.2 Temperature
isotherm would be taken into account, two different Program funded evolution
by Ministry of Construction &
relation,
400 evaporable water vs relative humidity, must Note that, at early
Transportation age, since
of Korean the chemical reactions
Government.
be used according to the signy =of0.000x + 0.742x + 58.94
2
the
R² =variation
0.401 of the associated with cement hydration and SF reaction
relativity
200
humidity. The shape of the sorption are exothermic, the temperature field is not uniform
isotherm0 for HPC is influenced by many parameters, for non-adiabatic systems even if the environmental
REFERENCES
especially 0 those 200that influence
400 extent
600 and800rate of1000the temperature is constant. Heat conduction can be
chemical reactionsEnergy and,of 600mm
in turn, determine pore described
ASTM 2003,inASTM
concrete, at least
C 1550-03a for temperature
“Standard Test Method not
for
structure and pore size distribution
Figure 22. Correlation between two test results. (water-to-cement
Round Panel (J)
exceeding 100°C
Flexural Toughness (Bažant & Kaplan
of Fiber Reinforced 1996),
Concrete by
(Using
ratio, cement chemical composition, SF content, Fourier’s
Standard,law, whichUSA.reads
Centrally Loaded Round Panel),” Annual Book of ASTM
Vol.04.02,
curing time and method, temperature, mix additives, Bernard, E. S. 2000, “Behavior of Round Steel Fiber Rein-
5etc.). In the literature various formulations can be
CONCLUSIONS q =forced
− λ∇TConcrete Panels under Point Loads,” Materials (7)
and
found to describe the sorption isotherm of normal Structures, RILEM, V.33, pp.181-188.
concrete
It is not easy(Xi etto al.define
1994). theHowever,
characteristicsin therequired
present EFNARC 1999, “European Specification for Sprayed Concrete
where q is United
the Kingdom.
heat flux, T is the absolute
paper the semi-empirical expression
for the safety of permanent shotcrete lining, but proposed by Guidelines,”
temperature, and λ is the heat conductivity; in this
toughness, as defined by absorption energy, is theit
Norling Mjornell (1997) is adopted because