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Loads
Loads
Loads - Overview
Ultimate Limit States (ULS) – Strength Design
R i Si Clause 7.2.1
Resistance Factor
i Load Factor
i Si
R i Si Clause 7.2.1
i Si =factored load
Si =specified load
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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2010)
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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2010)
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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 (NBCC 2015)
1.0
(NBCC 2015)
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Loads
Loads - Overview
• Code:
NBCC 2010 – legal requirement
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Loads
Loads - Overview
Load Types
Permanent
• Dead Loads (D) Load due to self weight
• Earth pressure (H): load due to lateral earth pressure including
groundwater
• Pre-stress (P): effects caused by pre-stress
Variable
• Live load (L): due to intended use and occupancy, cranes, liquid pressure
in containers
• Snow (S): load due to snow included associated rain
• Imposed deformations (T): Thermal effects , contraction, expansion, due
to temperature changes, shrinkage, moisture content, creep, and differential
settlement
• Wind load (W): load due to wind
Rare
• Earthquake (E): load due to an earthquake
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Loads
Key principles in load combinations
Principal load
Specified variable/rare load that dominates in a given load
Combination
Companion load
Specified variable load that accompanies the principal load
in a given load combination
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Loads
Importance Categories
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Loads
Dead loads (Cl. 4.1.4)
• Structural Components
• Materials of construction
permanently supported by structure
• Partitions
• Permanent Equipment
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Loads
Live loads due to Use and Occupancy (Cl. 4.1.5)
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Loads
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Loads
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Loads
Live Load Reduction
• Live load reduction based on tributary area (Clause 4.1.5.8)
1. For
i. Assembly occupancy , storage, manufacturing, retail stores,
garages, footbridges
Reduction Factor is
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Loads
Live Load Reduction
2. Assembly occupancy designed for LL< 4.8 kPa and roofs designed
for minimum roof load as specified in Table 4.1.5.3 shall have no
reduction for the tributary area
3. For
Other Assemblies Area > 20 m2
No lower bound is specified for LL magnitude
Reduction Factor is
16
Loads
Live Load due to Snow
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Loads
Live Load due to Rain
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Loads
Live Load due to Wind
Relevant Clause: 4.1.7
Relevant Commentary: I
• Specified wind loading (Cl. 4.1.7.1)
p = specified external pressure acting normal to the surface
Iw =Importance factor for wind load, (Table 4.1.7.1) =1 normally for ULS
q =reference velocity pressure
Ce = exposure factor (function of height and exposure) **
Cg = gust effect factor =2.0 in general for a whole building,
for cladding = 2.5
Cp = external pressure coefficient
Ct = topographic factor
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Loads
Hourly wind pressures to be obtained from
Table C-2 “Design Data for Selected Locations in Canada”
and depend on the geographic location of the building
• Notes:
– Both External and Internal Pressures should be considered
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Loads
Earthquake Forces
• To be covered in CVG4145
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Loads
Load combination factors
or
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Loads
Load Factors in Strength and Stability limit states
• Pre-stress: P 1.00
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Loads
Load factors for Dead Load (Cl. 4.1.3.2(5,8))
• When dead load (D) is acting alone (principal load):
Use 1.4D
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Loads
Load factors for Live Loads (Cl. 4.1.3.2(6,7)
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Loads
Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States
Based on Table 4.1.3.2 **
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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
• Compression Members (Struts, Columns)
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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
– S16 applicable clauses: 10.2, 10.3.2, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, and 13.7
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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
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Loads
Classification of Structural Members
– Connections
• Bolted/Welded
• Simple/Moment Connections
• Connections for HSS members
• Connections for seismic requirements
– Shear walls
– Base Plates
– Stiffener Plates
– Open Web Steel Joists
– Composite Beams
– Plate Girders
– Anchor Rods (anchor bolts)
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Loads
Simple Connection (bolted)
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Loads
Simple Connection bolted/welded
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Loads
Moment Connection (welded)
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Loads
Moment Connection (bolted/welded)
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Loads
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS connections)
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Loads
Open Web Steel Joists
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Loads
Anchor Rods/Base Plates
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Loads
Plate Girders
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Loads
Steel Plate Shear Wall
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Loads
Composite beams
**
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